Taxonomy and Animal Phylogeny Miller and Harley Chap. 7 Number of Species Approx. 1.5 million species known Taxonomy = Systematics = Phylogeny 1
Taxonomic Hierarchy Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens Binomial Nomenclature Ape Mi Feng Apis mellifera Abeille à miel Honeybee Honningbier Representing the Groups Phylogenetic Trees Cladograms 2
Homologies Inheritance due to having shared a common ancestor Analogies (Similarity due to Convergence) Shark: Class Chondricthyes Orca: Class Mammalia Grouping for Classification 3
Protista: Polyphyletic! Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Chromalveolata Discicristata Excavata Alveolata Unikonta Stramenopila Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoa Green plants Paraphyletic = Opinion Hylabatidae Hyobates Pongidae Pongo Gorilla Hominidae Pan Homo Cladistic Approach Pongidae Gorilla Hominidae Hominidae Chimpanzee Human Gorilla Chimpanzee Human 4
Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach Class Reptilia is paraphyletic Animal Phylogeny Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach Class Reptilia is monophyletic 5
Protista Animalia Symplesiomorphies Plesiomorphie = ancestral Apomorphie = derived Porifera Autapomorphies Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Synapomorphies Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia 1) Level of Organization Cellular Tissues Endoderm (digestive tract) Mesoderm (connective tissues, muscles, vascular system) Ectoderm (skin) Organs Organ systems digestive, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory 2 Body Symmetry Asymmetry 6
Radial Symmetry Can divide along radius (-ii) through oral-aboral axis Bilateral Symmetry Cephalization Céphalization Median Plane Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia 3) Embryonic Development Fertilized ovule give a zygote (1 single cell) Cellular division in zygote produces blastula, which is formed of blastomeres surrounding a blastocoel 7
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia 3) Embryonic Development Invagination forms the gastric cavity (by the process of gastrulation) Opening to the invagination called the blastopore Becomes a gastrula, blastocoel eventually fills in Blastopore Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia 4) Tissues and Body Cavities Ectoderm Mesoglea Endoderm Diploblastic Body Plan Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia 4) Tissues and Body Cavities Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate 8
Acoelomate Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Pseudocoelomate Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Eucoelomate Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm 9
5) Protostome Development 5) Deuterostome Development Protista 1 Animalia 2 3 4 5 Cellular Organization 7 6 unicellular (1) Parazoa, w/o tissues (2) Tissue Organization Diploblasts (3) Triploblastes (4) Bilateral Symmetry (5) Embryonic Development Protostomes (6) Deuterostomes (7) Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata 10
Next Class: Protozoa Miller and Harley Chap. 8 Questions? Photo A.Brown 11