H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H

H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H

ÒAvgvi cvibv... g Zz i Av M wk cv ev?ó weevn, c _K emevm Ges ZvjvK wel q evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk AvBb: bvixi eâbv I ÿwzi DcvL vb 1

KwcivBU 2012 wndg vb ivbum IqvP mkj AwaKvi msiwÿz Av gwikv hy³iv óª gyw`ªz ISBN: 1-56432-941-0 cö Q`: ivdv qj wr g br wndg vb ivbum IqvP wek e vcx RbM Yi gvbevwakvi iÿvq wb ew`z GKwU ms v Avgiv ˆelg wb iva, ivr bwzk ^vaxbzv mgybœz ivlv, hy Kvjxb mg q AgvbweK AvPi Yi nvz _ K RbMY K iÿv Kiv Ges Acivax K wepv ii AvIZvq wb q Avmvi Rb wbcxwoz gvbyl Ges AwaKvi Kgx `i cv k `uvovb Avgiv gvbevwakvi j N bi NUbv Z` šíi gva g mz D`NvUb Kwi Ges gvbevwakvi j NbKvix K Revew`wnZvi gy LvgywL `uvo KivB mikvi Ges Ab vb ÿgzvaiiv hv Z ÿgzvi wbcxobg~jk PP vi cwimgvwß NwU q AvšÍR vwzk gvbevwakvi AvB bi cöwz kö v cö`k b K ib mrb Zv `i K Avgiv P v jä Kwi Õmevi Rb gvbevwakviõ GB bxwz K mnvqzvi Rb Avgiv wewfbœ mikvwi mn hvmx I AvšÍR vwzk m úª`vq K ZvwjKvfz³ K i _vwk wndg vb ivbum IqvP n jv GKwU AvšÍR vwzk ms v hvi Kg KZ v/kgx iv we k i 40wUiI AwaK ` k `vwqz cvjb Ki Qb we k i hme kn i ms vwui Awdm i q Q m jv n jv Avg viwvg, ˆeiæZ, evwj b, eªv mjm&, wkkv Mv, R bfv, Mvgv, Rvnv bmevm, jðb, jm G Äjm&, g v, bvb ivwe, wbdbqk, c vwim, mvbd«vwým Kv, UvwKI, U iv Uv, wudwbm, IqvwksUb wwwm, Ges RywiL AviI we ÍvwiZ Z _ i Rb Avgv `i I qemvbu `Lyb: http://www.hrw.org

m Þ ^i 2012 1-56432-941-0 ÒAvgvi cvibv... g Zz i Av M wk cv ev?ó weevn, c _K emevm Ges ZvjvK wel q evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk AvBb: bvixi eâbv I ÿwzi DcvL vb cv`uxkv... 1 mvi-ms ÿc... 2 elg g~jk cvwievwik AvBb... 6 gymjgvb... 7 wn `y... 8 wlª vb... 9 bvix Ges Zv `i cvl `i Dci cvwievwik AvB bi cöfve... 9 Av`vj Z jovb... 10 mvgvwrk mnvqzv... 12 K qkwu iæz c~y mycvwik... 15 M elyvq Abym Z c wz... 18 1. bvixi A_ bwzk Ae vb Ges we qi djvdj... 20 cöÿvcu... 20 bvixi A_ bwzk Ae vi cuf wg... 20 we q Ges Gi A_ bwzk cöfve... 23 bvixi Avqg~jK KvR Ges DcvR b I mâ qi Ici we qi cöfve... 23 eevwnk evwo Z ( ^vgxm n) bvixi Ae`vb... 26 eevwnk m ú `i gvwjkvbv I wbqš Y... 30 2. weevn, ZvjvK I we Q` msµvší AvBb... 31 cvwievwik AvBb... 31 gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb... 34 wn `y cvwievwik AvBb... 41 wlª vb cvwievwik AvBb... 43 weev nvëi m úwë AvB bi Afve... 45 cvwievwik AvB bi ms vi... 47 3. weevwnz, ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c _K emevmkvix bvix `i Dci evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk cvwievwik AvB bi cöfve... 51 cvwievwik wbhv Zb... 51 A_ bwzk wz... 52 evm vb... 54

Lv`... 55 ^v... 56 wkïkªg I wkï `i wk v... 57 4. AvBbx cöwzeükzv... 58 AbvbyôvwbK mg SvZv ev mvwjk... 59 Av`vj Z hz jovb... 60 cvwievwik Av`vj Zi `xn m~wîzv... 61 fiy cvly wba vi Yi A úó gvb`ð... 63 Aev Íe Ges evsv ^iƒc AvBbx cöwµqv... 67 AvBbMZ nqivwb... 73 5. ZvjvKcÖvß, c _K emevmkvix Ges cvwievwik mwnsmzvi wkkvi bvix `i Rb ivóªxq mnvqzv... 76 bvix `i Rb mikvwi AvkÖq K `ª... 76 feny i `i Rb AvkÖq K `ª... 77 mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp... 79 f~wg e Ub Kg m~wp... 82 6. AvšÍR vwzk AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv ` ki eva evakzv... 83 weevn Ges weevn we Q `i mgq cö hvr mgvbvwakvi... 83 wmwi Kb fbk b evsjv ` ki msi Y... 85 eûweevn... 86 Zvjv Ki ÿ Î bvix Ges cyiæ li Rb Amg weavb... 87 ˆeevwnK m úwëi AvBbMZ ^xk wzi Afve... 88 fiy cvly Av`v qi ÿ Î evavmg~n... 90 weevn wbeüb... 92 ^xk Z bq Ggb m ú K i Î bvixi wbivcëv weavb... 92 mvgvwrk wbivcëvi AwaKvi... 93 7. mycvwik... 95 MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikv ii:... 95 msm` m`m e `, gwš cwil` wefvm Ges AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš Yvj qi cöwz;... 95 mgvr Kj vy gš Yvj qi cöwz;... 97 AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš Yvjq Ges mywc«g Kv U i c«avb wepvicwzi c«wz;... 97 gwnjv I wkï welqk gš Yvj qi c«wz;... 99 f~wg gš Yvj qi c«wz;... 99 ag welqk gš Yvj qi c«wz;... 99 vbxq mikvi wefv Mi c«wz;... 100 evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgk bi c«wz;... 100 AvšÍR vwzk `vzv Mvôxi c«wz;... 100 K ZÁZv ^xkvi... 102 cwiwkó - 1... 104 cwiwkó - 2... 106

cv`uxkv hšzzk Kvweb-bvgv, wbkvn&bvgv `b gvni Lvi cvl bvix-cöavb cwievi KvRx Lyjv ZvjvK weevn wksev weevn ciez x mg q Kb v I Zvi cwievi _ K ei wksev Zvi cwievi K Kvb A_ Kwo, Dcnvi ev Ab Kvb ab-m ú` `Iqvi h cö_v cöpwjz Av Q, mwub hšzzk GB cö_v AvBb-weiæ, wkš eûj cöpwjz gymwjg AvB b GwU GKwU weevn Pzw³cÎ GB Pzw³i R b evsjv `k mikv ii GKwU wba vwiz dig vu Av Q `b gvni nj wkqz cwigvy UvKv ev m úwë hv GKRb gymwjg ^vgx Zvi x K weev ni wewbg q cwi kva ev cö`vb Ki Z cöwzköæwze nb Gi Askwe kl wksev cy ivuvb Pvwn`v gvzv ek A_ev weevn-we Q `i mgq wksev g Zz i ci cwi kva Kiv nq GwU ^vgx KZ K wksev Zvi cwievi _ K cwi kva Kiv nq, Ges GB `b gvni A_ wksev m úwë h Kvb iƒ cb cwi kva Kiv h Z cv i mvaviyz ^vgx KZ K x K cö`ë Lv`, e, evm vb eve` hyw³m½z cwigvy A_ ev mvsmvwik LiPcÎB n jv Lvi cvl h cwiev i Kvb cövßeq cyiæl _v K bv mb cwievi n jv bvix-cöavb cwievi Z e, wndg vb ivbum IqvP GB k ãi Øviv GgbwU evsvq bv h, cwiev i cövßeq cyiæl _vk jb mme cwievi K cyiæl-cöavb cwievi ejv n e GKRb jvb mýcövß Kg KZ v whwb gymwjg weevn I weevn-we Q` wbeüb K ib gymwjg m úª`v qi g a we` gvb GK ai bi weevn-we Q` cö_v, hv cvi úwik m wzi wfwë Z n q _v K A bk cwðz e w³i e³e n Q, GwU mvaviyz bvix `i Øviv ïiæ nq Ges Zv `i R b (weevn-we Q `i) GKwU my hvm GLv b _v K, hw` Zviv Zv `i ^vgxi AbyK j Kvb wewbgq g~j ev A_ cö`vb K ib wksev wkqz ^v_ (mvaviyz `b gvn ii `vex) Z vm Kivi welqwu we epbv K ib gymwjg cvwievwik AvB b cyiæl K cö`ë GKZidv ÿgzv, hv Øviv Kvb ÎæwU D jøl bv K ib ^vgx weevn-we Q` NUv Z cv ib GB AvBb e j x ïaygvî Zvjv K ZdB Ri ÿgzv _vk jb weevn we Q` NUv Z cv ib 1

mvi-ms ÿc gymjgvb mgv Ri bvix kdvwj Zvi ^vgx K wb q fvmyi `i mv _ GK evox Z emevm Ki Zb wzwb cwiev ii ÿ Z Lvgv i KvR Kivi cvkvcvwk M n vwji me KvRI wbluyzfv e m úv`b K i _v Kb cö_gev ii g Zv mšívb-m ev niqvi ci kdvwj Zvi ^vgxi wøzxq we qi cwikíbvi K_v Rvb Z cv ib Ges Gi Rb cöwzev` Rvbvb ^vgx Zv K cöpð Rv i jvwv gv ib Ges kvw Í ^iƒc kx Zi mviv ivz wee Ae vq `uvo Kwi q iv Lb GKw`b Kvb GK NUbvq ^vgx Zv K msávnxb bv niqv ch ší gvi Z _v Kb GKmgq kdvwj K cwiz vm K i ^vgx wøzxq Av ikwu we q K ib ZviciI kdvwj fvmyi `i AvkÖ q Ges Zv `i gviwcu mn K i Av Mi MÖv g emevm Ki Z _v Kb KviY Zvi wczv-gvzv GZB `wi`ª h Zv K AvkÖq `Iqvi mvg_ Zv `i wqjbv Ges kdvwj eys Z c iwq jb h, ^vgxi KvQ _ K fiy cvly cviqvi Kvb m vebvi Zvi bb wn `y mgv Ri bvix b ªZv GKwU e emv ïiæ Kivi Rb Zvi mviv Rxe bi mâq ^vgxi nv Z Zz j `b ^vgx H UvKv e emvi Kv R bv LvwU q Ab fv e m wj bqqq K i d j b ªZv hlb Gi cöwzev` Rvbvb Ges UvKv wj diz w` Z e jb ZLb ^vgx Zvi Dci wÿß n q I V Ges GK ch v q QjPvZzixi AvkÖq wb q b ªZv K cvwbi e` j GwmW cvb Kivq b ªZv Avgv `i K Rvbvb, Òcvwb cvb Ki Z wm q `wl Avgvi gyl Ges wfziuv hb Av b cy o hv Q Ó GB NUbvi ci b ªZvi ^vgx cvwj q hvq Gw` K b ªZvi Lv` bvjx cy o hviqvq Kvb wkqz LvIqvi Rb wzwb Lv` mieivnkvix wud ei Dci wbf ikxj n q c ob b ªZv Zvi ^vgx K ZvjvK w` Z Pvb, wkš wn `y cvwievwik AvBb Zvi mb ZvjvK Aby gv`b Ki ebv wlª vb mgv Ri bvix Rqvi cöwzw` bi M n vwjkg ïiæ nq fvi mv o cuvpuv _ K Kv R hw` Kvb Q` c o Ges Zv hw` wb Ri QvÆ g qwu K Ljv Q j f wj q ivlvi Rb I nq, Zvn ji Zvi k vïwo ek i M h Zb cövq mgq wzwb œvb Kivi mgquvi cvb bv `ycy i LvIqvi ci KLbI wsgywb Avm j kvïwo Zvi Dci ÿzä nb Ges Acgvb K ib Rqvi ^vgxi gv S gv S Zv K kvixwikfv e jvwâz Ges MvwjMvjvR K ib Gme kvixwik I gvbwmk wbh vzb mn Ki Z bv c i Rqv ek K qkevi evwo Q o cvwj q wm q GKwU Pv P Ges evev-gv qi evwo Z AvkÖq bb cöwzevib PvP KZ cÿ Ges evev-gv Zv K Rvic~e K ^vgxi evwo Z wd i h Z eva K ib Gw` K ^vgxm n Zvi Dci wbh vzb Av Mi g ZvB Pj Z _v K Avi Kv_vI hviqvi Dcvq wksev Avjv`v evm v bi Rb UvKv cqmvi mvg_ bv _vkvq Rqv Zv `i cvwievwik m~ Î cviqv GK evüexi evwoi eviv `v I ev_iæ g _vkvi e e v K ib Gw` K Zvi ^vgx I fvmy iiv `yb vg iwu q `b h, wzwb Ab GKRb cyiæ li mv _ cvwj q M Qb 2

kdvwj, b ªZv I Rqv mk jb wewfbœfv e evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk cvwievwik AvBb wji AwePvi I bwzevpk AwfNv Zi wkkvi n q Qb Zviv cö Z KB Zv `i ˆeevwnK evwo Z Avw_ Kfv e wksev Ab Dcv q Ae`vb i L Qb wkš evsjv ` ki AvBb ˆeevwnK evwo Z GKRb xi h Ae`vb Zv K ^xk wz `qbv Ges weevn I weevn-we Q `i mgq ˆeevwnK m úwë Z bvixi mgvbvwakvi wbwðz Kivi ÿ ÎI GB AvBb e _ n q Q kdvwj, b ªZv I Rqv `i KD mikv ii Kvb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp ev Zvi my hvm MÖn Yi cöwµqv m ú K AewnZ wq jb bv evsjv ` k weevn, ZvjvK I we Q` msµvší hme AvBb i q Q m wj cöz ÿfv e bvixi cöwz ˆelg g~jk gymjgvb, wn `y I wlª vb m úª`v qi R b Avjv`vfv e wba vwiz Gme wewa-weav bi AwaKvsk eûhym (wkqz wkqz ÿ Î kz eq iii) Av M jlv n qwqj GB AvBb wj weevn I weevn-we Q `i ÿ Î bvixi Zzjbvq cyiæl `i K AZ wak ÿgzv w` q Zwi n q Q Gme AvB b bvix `i R b fiy cvly I `b gvn ii bv g h mvgvb Avw_ K ^ Z i ^xk wz i q Q (hv bvix K cö`v bi R b gymwjg cyiæl weevn Pzw³ Z cöwzáv K i), m wj cövq ÿ Î cwigv Y AwZ mvgvb n q _v K Ges m wj Av`vq KivI AZ ší KwVb djköæwz Z, evsjv ` ki cvwievwik AvBb wj bvix `i K myiÿv `Iqvi cwie Z cövqkt Zv `i K wbcxobg~jk weev ni Rv j ew ` Ki Z Ae`vb iv L wksev weevn f O M j Zv `i A bk K `vwi `ª i mxgvnxb `y f v Mi w` K V j `q A bk ÿ Î GB AvBb wj M nnxbzv, Lv` wbivcëvnxbzv Ges ZvjvKcÖvß ev ^vgx-wew Qbœ bvix I Zv `i Dci wbf ikxj `i ^v nvwbi mgm v ˆZwi Z mivmwi Ae`vb iv L GB cöwz e`bwu 2011 mv j biqv 255 Rb e w³i mvÿvrkv ii wfwë Z Zwi Kiv n q Q mvÿvrkvi`vzv `i g a wq jb evsjv ` ki cvwievwik AvBb wji `ye jzvi wkkvi 120 Rb bvixmn Av`vj Zi mv ek wepvik, AvBbRxex, we klá e w³ Ges mikvwi Kg KZ v Zv `i g~j vq b GKwU welq cwi vifv e D V G m Q Ges mwu n jv, GmKj cvwievwik AvBb weevn, ZvjvK I we Q `i ÿ Î bvixi cöwz ˆelg m wó K i Ges bvixi A_ bwzk AmgZv K cöku K i Zv j cöwz e` b AviI cökvk c q Q h, ^í mg q, ^í Li P Ges mnr c wz Z cvwievwik Ges bvix mgv Ri wewfbœ welqvw` wb úwë Z cvwievwik Av`vjZ cöwzwôz n ji KZ cÿ h_vmg q GB AvBb cö qvm Ki Z e _ nq d j cvwievwik Av`vj Zi KvQ _ K Kvb mydj jv fi Avkvq bvix `i K gv mi ci gvm wksev eq ii ci eqi a i A cÿv Ki Z nq GB cöwz e` b AviI D V G m Q h, evsjv ` ki mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp wj ZI D jøl hvm bvbv cöwzeükzv I NvUwZ i q Q ZvjvKcÖvß wksev ^vgx-wew Qbœ niqvi ci hme bvix Pig A_ bwzk m¼ Ui g a 3

c ob Zv `i A b Ki Kv Q Gme Kg m~wp cöz vwkz mydj cšu Q w` Z e _ n Q KviY A bk bvix GLbI G ai bi mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp m ú K B AewnZ bb evsjv ` k 10 eq ii AwaK eq mi wk kvix ev bvix `i g a 55 kzvs ki ewk n jv weevwnz G ` k A b Ki Kv Q we q Avw_ K wbivcëvi hvmvb`vzv wn m e KvR K i wkš GB we q Avevi A bk ÿ Î Avw_ K m¼ Ui KviY n qi `Lv w` Z cv i we qi ci mvgvwrk Pv c bvixiv PvKzwi Q o w` Z eva n j Ges msmv ii wø Y Kv Ri Pv c A_ Kwi Kv R Zv `i AskMÖn Yi ÿgzv K g M j wksev wb Ri Avq I mâ qi Dci wbqš Y nvwi q dj j cwiev i A_ m¼u ˆZwi n Z cv i mikvwi wn me g Z evsjv ` k ZvjvKcÖvß bvixi msl v cövq 330,000 ZvQvov G ` ki AmsL bvix ^vgx-wew Qbœ n q emevm K ib hvi cök Z msl v GLbI ARvbv evsjv ` ki RvwZmsN Kvw Uª Uxg ÕˆeevwnK Aw wzkxjzvõ K bvix-cöavb cwievi jv Z `vwi`ª Ges Õwbi¼zk I PigÕ `vwi `ª i Ab Zg KviY wn m e wpwýz K i Q Ab w` K evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgkb D jøl K i Q h, ZvjvKcÖvß ev ^vgx-wew Qbœ niqvi ci DcvR bkvix cyiæl m`m K nvwi q djvi Kvi Y bvixiv A bk ekx `vwi`ª cöey n q c ob weevwnz bvixiv Zv `i cwievi, e emv, ÿz-lvgvi Ges Ab vb m úwë iÿvq wewfbœfv e Ae`vb i L P j Qb Zviv cwiev ii mevhzœmn g~jzt grywiwenxb bvbv Kv Ri gva g cwiev ii DbœwZ Z cyiæ li Zzjbvq AwaK kög w` q _v Kb GB cöwz e` bi R b wndg vb ivbum IqvP hme weevwnz bvixi mvÿvrkvi MÖnY K i Q Zviv e j Qb, ivbœvevbœv, N ii cwi QbœZv iÿv, Kvco avqv, Mevw`cïi `Lv kvbv, cvwb msmönmn M n vwji cövq me KvR Zv `i K GKKfv e mvgjv Z nq A b K e j Qb, bvixiv we qi mgq wksev `v úz Rxe b wb R `i Mnbv wewµ K i wksev wb Ri DcvwR Z me A_ ^vgxi nv Z Zz j `Iqvi gva g cwiev i D jøl hvm Ae`vb i L Qb Zv `i Gme Ae`vb ^vgxi bv g m úwë µq, ^vgxi D Pwkÿv jvf, e emvcvwz cöwzôv wksev Zvi ckvmz I e emvi jvb mý ev cviwgu cövwß Z e vckfv e mnvqk n q Q cövq me bvixb e j Qb, Zviv Zv `i ^vgx wksev k ïi evwo Z hšzzk G b w` q Qb h KqRb bvixi mvÿvrkvi Avgiv MÖnY K iwqjvg Zv Z `Lv M Q h, Zv `i GB mxgvnxb Ae`vb m Ë I, bvixiv Zv `i Avq-DcvR b Ges ^vgxi N ii m úwëi Dci Kvb wbqš Y cvb bv ej jb P j cöwz`v b cwiev ii g a Zviv hgb wkqz cv Qb bv, Zgwb we q f O hviqvi ci Zv `i cö`ë A_ bwzk Ae`vb ev g~ j ii Kvb ^xk wz wgj Qbv ^vgx Zv K Q o hviqvi ci evm vb I Lv ` i ms vb Ki Z wm q cöwzwbqz msmövg Ki Z n Q Ggb GKRb gymwjg bvix wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb, Ò Kej Avjøvn&B Rv bb bvix `i K 4

KZUv `y f vm cvnv Z nq Ó wzwb AviI e jb, ÒAvjøvn& Avgv `i K bvix bv evwb q cyiæl evbv Z cvi Zb!Ó `xn w` bi wbw ŒqZvi ci, evsjv ` k GKUv cwiez bi MwZ `Lv hv Q bvixi cöwz cvwievwik mwnsmzv cöwz iv a 2010 mv j GKwU AvBb cöyxz nq G Z ejv nq h, ÕAvw_ K ÿwzõ NUv bv GK ai bi cvwievwik wbh vzb Ges GB AvB b ˆeevwnK ( ^vgxi) evwo Z xi emevm GKwU AwaKvi wn m e ^xk Z nq hviv cvwievwik wbh vz bi wkkvi n Qb Zv `i Rb GB AvBbe j A vqx fiy cvly cövwßi e e v K i w` Z Av`vjZ K GLwZqvi `Iqv n q Q 2012 mv j AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš Yvj qi mnvqzvq evsjv `k jõ Kwgkb gymwjg, wn `y I wlª vb cvwievwik AvB bi ms v ii j ÿ GKwU M elyv mgvß K i 2012 mv ji g gv m evsjv ` ki gwš mfv wn `y weev ni Hw QK wbeüb msµvší GKwU we j Aby gv`b `q AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš YvjqI `Iqvbx Av`vjZ cöwµqvi ms vi, we kl K i mgb Rvwi msµvší welqwu K we epbv Ki Q - hv cvwievwik Av`vj Zi `ÿzv e w Ki e `k Ki ci `kk a i bvix AwaKvi msmvb wji Øviv Ae vnz Pvc m wói d j Gme ÿz`ª wkš iæz c~y c` ÿc biqv n Q GB msmvb wj Ae vnzfv e cvwievwik AvBb Ges G `i cöwµqvmz ms vi `vwe K i AvmwQj Zv `i cö Póvi cöwz mg_ b Rvwb q GB cöwz e`b cvwievwik AvBb I mswkøó AvBbx cöwµqvi ms vi Ges bvixi R b b~ bzg huzkz iÿvkep GLbI envj Av Q Zvi h_vh_ ev Íevqb `vwe Ki Q mbmv _ ZvjvKcÖvß wksev ^vgx-wew Qbœ Ges cvwievwik mwnsmzvi wkkvi bvix `i R b ch vß ivóªxq mn hvwmzv cö`v bii `vwe Rvbv Q weevwnz Rxe b cyiæ li mv _ mgvbvwakv ii wfwë Z cvwievwik m úwëi wnm vq ˆea AwaKvi Ges ^vgx wksev mv ek ^vgxi KvQ _ K ch vß mnvqzv cviqvi AwaKvimn cö hvr ÿ Î mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi myweav cövwß bvixi Rb mywbwðz Kiv cö qvrb GQvov mikv ii f~wg e Ub e e vwui ˆelg nxb niqv `ikvi, hv Z bvix-cöavb cwievi wj myweavewâz ev MYbvi evb i bv _v K evm vb wksev AvkÖq cövwßi my hvmmn mvgvwrk myiÿv e e v KI AviI m úªmvwiz Kiv cö qvrb GB cöwz e` b D jøl _vk Q h, ag xq bzvmn Ab `i KvQ _ K ms v ii weiæ k³ we ivwazv i q Q Zviv Õag xqõ e vcv i mikvwi n Í ÿc cq ` K ib bv Zv `i hyw³ n jv, ag xq wkÿvq ms v ii Kvb RvqMv bb cwievi I a g i mv _ mswkøó AvB bi ms vi memgq Kvb bv Kvb we iv ai Rb ` e wkš GLv b D jøl h, Ab vb ivóª hlv b gymwjg, wn `y I wlª vb RbmsL v i q Q, GgbwK evsjv ` ki gz gymwjg cöavb ivóª wksev hlv b cvwievwik AvB b kvwiqvn& AšÍfz ³ i q Q, mme iv óªi bvix `i AviI e vck AwaKvi wbwðz Kivi Rb cvwievwik AvB bi ms vi n q Q Gme ms v ii ga w` q weevn I weevn-we Q `i e vcv i ag xq wkÿv ev 5

Áv bi eûgvwîk e vl vi cöwzdjb N U Q G Z AviI cögvwyz n q Q h, cöpwjz cvwievwik AvB b hvb _vkzk bv Kb MYRxe bi me ÿ Î we` gvb h Kvb ˆelg `~ixki Y mikvi I iv óªi GKUv eva evakzv i q Q elg g~jk cvwievwik AvBb me P q eo e wzµg A_ vr cvwievwik AvBb e ZxZ 1971 mv j m vaxbzv AR bi ci _ K c&ªewz Z evsjv ` ki AwaKvsk AvBb wj½ I agx q wek vm wbwe k l ˆelg nxbfv e mkj bvmwi Ki Rb cª hvr wkqz AvBbx ms v ii mvnv h, we kl K i cvwievwik mwnsmzv Ges GwmW mš vm we ivax AvBb cöyq bi gva g cvwievwik welq wji cöwz iæz Av ivc Kiv n q Q, h wj mkj ag xq m úà v qi Rb cö hvr wkš weevn, we Q` Ges ZvjvK msµvší cvwievwik AvBb wj, hv `i ek wkqz Avevi Ebwesk kzvãxi mgqkv j cöyxz, gvuvgywufv e GLbI Av Mi gzb i q M Q 2001 mv ji Av`gïgvix Abyhvqx evsjv ` ki e nr msl vmwiô (89.7 kzvsk) gvbyl gymjgvb ` ki gvu RbmsL vi g a wn `y RbmsL v n jv 9.2 kzvsk, eš 0.7 kzvsk Ges wlª vb 0.3 kzvsk weevn, we Q` Ges ZvjvK msµvší wel q gymjgvb, wn `y Ges wl vb `i Rb c _K AvBb i q Q Gme AvBb evsjv `k mycöxg KvU Ges mycöxg Kv U i nvb KvU wefv Mi KZ Z g~jk wm všímn wewfbœ wewae Ges A-wewae (wkš mikvwifv e ^xk Z) AvB bi mswgkªb Z e G ` ki eš iv wn `y AvBb Øviv cwipvwjz g~jzt cvwievwik wel q evsjv ` k PviwU `Iqvbx AvBb i q Q h wj mkj a g i m`m `i ejvq cö hvr m wj n jv - we kl weevn AvBb, evj weevn cªwz iva AvBb, AwffveKZ Ges cöwzcvj AvBb, Ges cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k wb Ri ag cwiz vmkvix e w³i ÿ ÎB Kej we kl weevn AvBb cö hvr nq Ges mkvi Y GB AvB bi cö qvm LyeB mxwgz Õ `IqvwbÕ we Q` AvBb ïaygvî wlª vb ag vej ^x Ges hme ` úwz `Iqvwb weevn AvB bi AvIZvq we q K ib, Zv `i Rb cö hvr wzbwu cvwievwik AvB bi me KÕwUB weevn, ZvjvK, we Q` Ges fiy cvly msµvší wel q bvixi cöwz elg g~jk, hv bx P Av jvwpz n q Q ˆeevwnK m úwëi ^xk wz Ges we Q` ev Zvjv Ki ci ^vgx- xi g a Gi mgvb Askx`vwiZ wbwðz Ki ZI Gme AvBb e _ n q Q GB AvBb wj cövq ÿ Î bvix `i P q cyiæl `i KB ewk myweav cö`vb K i Ges bvix `i K ewâz K i, hw` Kvb m úwëi gvwjkvbv ^ Ë ^vgx- x Df qi mgvb Askx`vwiZ bv _v K Z e Gai bi Askx`vwiZ GKwU e wzµgagx NUbv wek e vs Ki 2006 mv ji GK Rwi c `Lv hvq, RwicK Z 6

bvix `i g a 10 kzvs ki Kg bvixi ÿ Î ˆeevwnK m úwëi (wbr ^ A_ev fvov) `wj j wb Ri bvg AšÍf y³ _vkvi bwri Av Q gymjgvb cyiæl `i eû weevn, Zvjv Ki elg g~jk weavb, bvix `i ejvq weevnkvjxb Ges ZvjvK ciez x fiy cvly cövwßi mxwgz AwaKvi, ZvjvK cö`v bi 90 w` bi evb i fiy cvly bv `Iqv BZ vw` ÿ Î gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb ˆelg g~jk Z e gymwjg cvwievwik AvB bi wkqz BwZevPK w` Ki cöwz iæz Av ivc Kiv Riæix gymwjg cvwievwik AvB b weevn GKwU Pzw³ wn m e ^xk Z GKwU Av`k weevn Pzw³ weevnkvjxb mg q bvix `i Rb AwaKZi A_ bwzk myiÿvi wel q `b `ievi Kivi my hvm ˆZwi K i `q wkš wndg vb ivbum IqvP ch eÿy K i Q h, msmvbwu h 71 Rb gymwjg bvixi mvÿvrkvi MÖnY K i Q weevn Pzw³/Kvwebbvgv m ú K wksev Pzw³ Z `iklvkwl ev AwaKZi myweavrbk kz hy³ Kivi Dcvq m ú K Zv `i Ávb wqj Lye mxwgz weevn Pzw³i kz Abyhvqx wba vwiz `b gvn i xi AwaKvi gymwjg cvwievwik AvB b ^xk Z wkš A bk ÿ Î, we klfv e eq bvix hviv `xn mgq Av M we q K i Qb Zv `i ÿ Î eevwnk m úwë Z wb R `i Ae`v bi Zzjbvq `b gvn ii cwigvy Lye Kg e j cözxqgvb nq AwaKš wndg vb ivbum IqvP ` L Q h, hme ÿ Î Aí eq weevwnz bvix `i ejvq A cÿvk Z ewk cwigv Y `b gvni avh Kiv n q Q mwu A bk mgq KvM R Kj gb mxgve _ K M Q mvÿvrkvi cö`vbkvix bvix `i AwaKvskB ^xkvi K i Qb h, Zv `i ^vgxiv Kvbiƒc cöwzeükzv QvovB wba vwiz `b gvni cö`v bi k Z i ei Ljvc K i Q eûweevn ˆel g i GKwU g~j wfwë wn m ei KvR K i 1961 mv ji gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Aa v `k cöwµqvmz kz Av iv ci gva g eûweevn cöwz iv ai Póv K i GB AvBb Abyhvqx GKRb ^vgx K Zvi me xi cöwz mgvb e envi Ki Z nq Ges eû weev ni ÿ Î Av Mi x A_ev xmy ciezx weev ni Rb m wz w` q Qb g g ^vgx K vbxq mvwjkx cwil `i AbygwZ cöv_ bv Ki Z nq wkš wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi Kv Q mvÿvrkvi cö`vbkvix Ges eû weev ni wkkvi 40 Rb gymwjg bvixi KDB eûweev n m wz `bwb wksev Kvb mvwjkx cwil `i ch v jvpbvi m ylxb nbwb e j Rvwb q Qb we klá `i g Z, vbxq mvwjkx cwil `i m`m iv LyeB Aí cöwkwÿz Ges mikvii eûweev ni weavb AbymiY Kiv n Q wkbv Zv Z`viwK K ibv gymwjg AvBb Abyhvqx weevn wbeüb eva Zvg~jK n ji G msµvší `wjjc Îi mz Zv hvpvb Kiv A bk ÿ Î ek KwVb, KviY weevn wbeübkvix 7

mme `wjjcî nv Z wj L msiÿy K ib Ges cövqkt mme `wjjc Î KviPzwc niqvi m vebv _v K wwwruvj c wz Z K `&ªxqfv e mme Z_ msiÿ Yi Kvb e e v bb Z_ msiÿ Yi GB Ae e vcbvi cyiæl K h_vh_ AbygwZ Qvov eûweev ni my hvm ˆZwi K i `q weevn we Q `i ÿ ÎI gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb bvixi P q cyiæl K ewk my hvm ˆZwi K i `q me gymwjg cyiæ li weevn we Q `i ÿ Î wbi¼zk AwaKvi i q Q, wkš gymjgvb bvixiv ïaygvî weevn Pzw³ Z ^vgx KZ K ^xk Z ÕZvjv Ki AwaKvicÖvßÕ n jb Z e weevn we Q` NUv Z cv ib mvwjkx cwil `i Øviv ch v jvwpz niqvi ci gymjgvb cyiæ li ZvjvK Kvh Ki niqvi K_v _vk ji, we klá `i g Z, GB cöwµqvq weevn we Q` K`vwPr N U _v K Ab w` K GKRb bvix hlb weevn we Q` Pvb ZLb Zv K Aek B Zvi ^vgxi m wz wbwðz Ki Z nq ^vgx- x cvi úwik mg SvZvi gva g we Q` ( gvevivz) NUv Z cv ib gymjgvb bvix Lyjv we Q`I (cvi úwik m wzi gva g GK ai bi we Q`) PvB Z cv ib wkš A bk we kl Ái g Z, bvix `i Rb Lyjv we Q `i GB my hvm ZLbB cö hvr hlb Zuviv ^vgx `i AbyK j wkqz Qvo (mvaviyz `b gvn ii `vwe Q o `Iqv) w` q _v Kb Ab _vq 1939 mv ji gymwjg weevn we Q` AvBb Abymv i bvixiv Av`vj Zi gva g mywbw` ó KviY `wl q we Q` PvB Z cv ib wkš we Q `i GB cöwµqv AZ ší `xn n q _v K `v úz m úk envj _vkv Ae vq x `i fiy cvly cviqvi AwaKvi gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Øviv ^xk Z wkš weevn we Q `i ÿ Î AvbyôvwbK we Q` bvwu ki ZvwiL _ K ciezx 90 w`b ch ší A_ev x hw` Mf ezx _v Kb Zvn j mšív bi Rb bv niqv ch ší xi fiy cvly cövwßi AwaKvi i q Q gymwjg cvwievwik AvB b úófv e wewae bv _vk ji ev Í e Ggb gvgjvi i q Q hlv b x ^vgxi evox cwiz vm K i P j hviqvi ci ^vgx Zvi weiæ ÕAmZxÕ, ÕPwiÎnxbÕ, ÕKZ e wegylõ BZ vw` Awf hvm Av b Ges m ÿ Î cvwievwik Av`vjZ xi weevnkvjxb fiy cvl Yi AwaKvi evwzj K i `b AvBbRxex `i g Z, wepvi Kiv ZLbB bvixi weevnkvjxb fiy cvly Av`v qi Rb AwaK AvMÖnx nb hlb Zviv cvwievwik mwnsmzv ev hšzz Ki Rb wbh vz bi Kvi Y wksev ^vgx-cwiz ³ n q eevwnk evox Q o Ab Î P j hvb wn `y mxwgz AvKv i wewae wn `y cvwievwik AvB bi bvixi cöwz GKB ai bi ˆelg g~jk weavb i q Q wn `y cvwievwik AvBb cöwµqvmz Kvb c~e kz QvovB wn `y cyiæl `i K hzevi Lywk we q Kivi AbygwZ cö`vb K i Q wn `y cvwievwik AvB b cyiæl A_ev bvix Kv ivi Rb B we Q` Aby gvw`z bq Z e 1946 m bi AvswkK wewae wn `y cvwievwik AvBb Abyhvqx wn `y bvixiv AZ ší mxwgz Kvi Y Avjv`v emevm Ges ^vgxi KvQ _ K fiy cvly cviqvi Rb cvwievwik 8

Av`vj Z AvbyôvwbKfv e Av e`b Ki Z cv ib Z e Gme mxwgz AwaKviI evwzj n q hvq hw` Av`vjZ KZ K cögvwyz nq h x AmZx ev Ab a g ag všíwiz n q Qb wksev `v úz AwaKvi cybiæ v i Av`vj Zi RvixK Z Av `k gvb Z e _ n q Qb fiy cvly A_ev c _K emev mi Rb Av e`b Kivi mgq cö_gz wn `y bvix `i cögvy Ki Z nq h Zviv weevwnz h nzz wn `y weev ni Rb AvbyôvwbK Kvb wbeüb e e v bb mkvi Y Zv `i weev ni Z_ cögvy nvwri Kiv ek KwVb n q c o 2012 mv ji g gv m evsjv ` ki gwš cwil` wn `y weev ni Hw QK wbeüb wel q GKwU AvB bi Lmov Aby gv`b K i Q wlª vb wlªóvb cvwievwik AvBbI bvixi cöwz ˆelg g~jk bvix-cyiæl Df qi Rb B weevn we Q` mxwgz ÿ Î Aby gvw`z, wkš bvixi Rb weevn we Q `i ÿî AZ ší mxwgz bvix K e wfpv ii `v q Awfhy³ K i cyiæl weevn we Q` NUv Z cv i Ab w` K bvix KZ K weevn we Q `i ÿ Î ^vgxi weiæ e wfpvi QvovI AviI Ab vb welq hgb, ag všíwiz niqv, al Y, wøzxq weevn, mgkvwgzv, cvkwekzv, `yb eqi a i x K cwiz vm Kiv wksev wbôzizv BZ vw`i cögvy Ki Z nq evsjv ` ki iÿykxj mgv R e wfpv ii Awf hvm Avbv, we klz bvix `i Rb, AZ ší AegvbbvKi wlª vb bvixiv `v úz m ú K i mg q Ges weevn we Q `i ci fiy cvly ev Lvi cvl cviqvi AwaKvix, Z e mb fiy cvly ev Lvi cvl `Iqv n e Zv `i ÕmZxZ Õ ervq ivlvi k Z bvix Ges Zv `i cvl `i Dci cvwievwik AvB bi cöfve evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk cvwievwik AvBb wj we q, ZvjvK wksev we Q `i mgq bvix Ges Zv `i Dci wbf ikxj `i Rb bvbv wecwë W K Av b Gme AvBb bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv Ges bvix-cöavb cwiev i `vwi`ª m wó Z Ae`vb iv L GB cöwz e` bi Rb hme bvixi mv vrkvi biqv n q Q Zv `i A b KB Rvic~e K wksev duv ` c o we q Z eva niqvi K_v Rvwb q Qb Gme we q Z Zviv eva n q Qb, KviY Zv `i Avk¼v wqj hw` ZvjvKcÖvß ev ^vgx-wew Qbœ n q c ob Zvn j Zviv M nnxb n q co Z cv ib Ges wb R K cwipvjbvi g Zv Avw_ K mvg_ ZLb Zv `i bvi _vk Z cv i eûweev ni wkkvi A bk gymwjg bvix Rvwb q Qb h, we q Z evav w` j Zv `i ^vgxiv kvixwikfv e wbh vzb K i Ges ^vgx QvovI mzxb `i nv Z Zv `i K wbm nxz n Z nq D`vniY ^iƒc, dwi`v Rvwb q Qb h, Zvi ^vgx Ges Ab mzx biv Zv K D cvm ivlvmn Zvi Dci kvixwik I gšwlk wbh vzb Pvjv Zv wkš wzwb eys Z c iwq jb h, ^vgx K Q o P j hviqvi A_ B n jv AvkÖqnxb n q cov wzwb 9

e jb, ÒAvgvi Kv_vI hviqvi RvqMv bb ZvB Zviv hz wkqzb KiæK bv Kb Avwg Zv `i mv _ _ K MwQ Ó ZvjvKcÖvß wksev ^vgx-wew Qbœ AwaKvsk bvix Zv `i fqvbk A_ bwzk `ym wzi weeiy w` q Qb eevwnk evwo nvzqvov n q hviqv, iv Ívq emevm, Lv ` i R b wf v Kiv, gv_v MuvRvi Av Qv` bi Rb A b i N i dvbdigvk LvUv, zj _ K ev Pv `i K Avbv- biqv Kiv, fmœ ^v i mv _ msmövg, fqvbk A_ K ó w`bhvcb cöf wz Gme `ym wzi Awe Q` Ask D`vniY ^iƒc Amxgv Rvwb q Qb, Zvi ^vgx Zv K ˆeevwnK evwo _ K Zvwo q `b Ges wzwb Kvb fiy cvly wksev ˆeevwnK m úwëi Ask cvbwb wzwb Zvi 10 ermi eqmx Kb v K A b i N i M nköwg Ki KvR Kivi Rb cvwv q `b Ges wb R QvU g q K wb q iv Ívq wfÿv K i w`bhvcb Ki Z _v Kb GKRb mü`q f - ^vgx wb Ri ÿ Z KvR Kivi wewbg q Amxgv K Lv` I AvkÖq `v bi cö Íve bv `Iqv ch ší Zvi GB Ae v Pj Z _v K Ab w` K gvbvõi ^vgx Zv K cwiz vm K i Ges GKwU Mf cvz n q hviqvi cii gvbvõi ^v cwiph vi Rb Kvb UvKv cqmv bv w` q m Ab Av ikrb bvix K we q K i e m Gici gvbv Kvb DcvqvšÍi bv ` L Zvi weaev nz`wi`ª gv qi Kv Q AvkÖq bb Av`vj Z jovb evsjv ` ki cvwievwik AvBb wj Kvh Ki Kivi cöv_wgk `vwqz n jv cvwievwik Av`vj Zi wkš ev Í e `Lv hvq, cvwievwik Av`vjZ cöwµqvmz Ges cökvmwbk bvbv mgm vq fvivµvší AvBbRxex, mv ek wepvik Ges AwaKvi Kgx iv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K Rvwb q Qb h, Av`vj Zi Av `k Kvh Ki Ki Z eq ii ci eqi cvi n q h Z cv i mgbrvwi wksev bvwuk msµvší Sv gjvi Kvi Y Kv U i iv qi Kvh KvwiZv AviI wejw ^Z nq G ÿ Î b vqwepvi cövwßi Rb wmzvivi `xn A cÿvi NUbvwU D jøl Kiv h Z cv i ^vgx Zv K ZvjvK `Iqvi ci AvBbx mnvqzv cviqvi Rb Av`vj Z gvgjv `v q ii ÿ Î h e vcviwu wmzviv K DØy K i Q Zv wzwb wndg vb ivbum IqvP K Rvwb q Qb wzwb ej Z _v Kb - ÓAvgv K Q o P j hviqvi ci _ K m Avgvi Rb Kvb wkqzb `qwb GgbwK GK UzK iv KvcoI bv Avwg mviv ejv (Lvev ii R b ) wfÿv Kwi Avwg hlb Zv K ejjvg, Avwg Av`vj Z hvw Q, m VvÆv K i ej jv, Õhv, Av`vj Z hv, wk Qz cvwe bv Õ Avwg Av`vjZ _ K wkqz GKUv KLb cv ev?ó cvwievwik AvBb ev Íevq bi ÿ Î weivrgvb Ab vb mgm vi g a i q Q mv msµvší wel q wepvik `i Am½wZc~Y AvPiY, AwbwðZ ivq, AšÍe Z xkvjxb fiy cvl Yi Av `k w` Z e _ niqv, fiy cvly wba vi Yi ÿ Î Kv bv mywbw` ó gvb`ð bv _vkv cöf wz 10

evsjv ` ki cvwievwik AvB b hw`i D jøl Av Q h, wepvi Kiv fiy cvly `Iqvi c ÿ ivq NvlYv Ki Z cv ib, wkš Gi cwigvy ev kz Kx n e m e vcv i AvB b Kv bv mȳ úó e vl v bb D`vniY ^iƒc, gymwjg cvwievwik AvB b fiy cvl Yi cwigv Yi wel q mywbw`ó Kv bv D jøl bb, hw`i mlv b ejv n q Q h, ^vgxi DwPZ Zvi xi Rb Õch vß cwigvyõ fiy cvly wbwðz Kiv Aciw` K wn `y AvB b D jøl Av Q h, Av`vjZ Ó`yÕc i mvgvwrk Ae vb we epbv K i Ges ^vgxi A_ bwzk Ae v we epbvq wb qó fiy cvl Yi cwigvy wba viy Ki eb wlª vb wksev Ab hviv Kv bv ag xq AvBb bv g b we kl weevn AvB b we q K ib, Zv `i Î fiy cvly wba vi Y wepvik mswkøó bvixi ÕfvM Õ, Zvi ^vgxi fiy cvly `Iqvi mvg_ wksev Dfq c i AvPiY we epbvq wb Z cv ib ev Í e `Lv hvq, wepvi Kiv ivq cö`v bi ÿ Î ^vgxi fiy cvly `Iqvi mvg_ Ges xi Afve Awf hvm K we epbvq wb q _v Kb wkš Gme mvg_ ev Afve wba vi Yi gvb`ð ek A úó A bk mgq `Lv hvq, ^vgxiv Zv `i x ÔAmZxÕ ÔKZ e wegylõ ev ÕPwiÎnxbÕ BZ vw` Acev` w` q fiy cvl Yi `vq _ K wb wz cviqvi Póv K i _v K Ab vb ` k fiy cvl Yi cwigvy wba vi Y AwaKZi my úó AvBbx gvb`ð i q Q cövq ÿ Î `v úz m ú K i gqv`, wbf ikxj e w³i wkÿv I DcvR b ÿgzvi Dci mšívb `i `Lvïbv Ges mvsmvwik `vwqz cvj bi cöfve, ^vgx- xi cö Z Ki Avq, Zv `i eqm I ^v Ges GKR bi ckvmz Dbœq b Av ikr bi Ae`vb cöf wz welq Gme gvb` Ði AšÍfz ³ _v K fiy cvly ev gvnivbv msµvší wel q Kv U nvwriv `Iqvi Rb ^vgx K h mgb I bvwuk `Iqv nq mlv bi bvbv mgm v _v K A bk ÿ Î wepvi Kiv AvBbZ h mgq wba vwiz _v K Zv g b P jb bv Avevi hme Kg KZ v mgb Rvwi K ib Zviv Nyl Lvb Gme mgm vi Rb cvwievwik Av`vj Zi gvgjv wb úwë n Z A hšw³kfv e `xn mgq AwZevwnZ n q hvq evsjv `k AvBb Kwgkb 2010 mv j mgb I bvwuk Rvwii cöwµqv ms kva bi mycvwik K iwqj, wkš AvR ch ší ` ki msm` wksev AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš Yvjq D jøwlz ms kvabx ev Íevqb Kivi Kv bv D ` vm MÖnY K iwb fiy cvly ev gvnivbvi `vwe`vi gymwjg bvix K cö_ gb cögvy Ki Z nq h wzwb weevwnzv wn `y bvix `i ejvq GwU GKwU cöavb mgm v, Kbbv wn `y we q Z iwrw ªi Kvb PP v bb gymwjg bvix `i ejvqi GB wbqgwu mgm vi m wó K i, KviY kiv kwiqz g Z weev n Kvb wjwlz cögvy _v K bv gymjgvb m úª`v qi we q Z iwr ªk bi PP vwu bvbv RwUjZvq AvµvšÍ Ges wbeü bi `wjjcî Kw úduv i wksev K `ªxqfv e msi Yi Kvb e e vi bb `vwjwjk cögvycî hw` bv _v K Zvn j wepvi Kiv gšwlk Z_ cögvy we epbvq wb Z cv ib, mwu AvB bb ejv Av Q wkš AvBbRxexiv Rvbvb h GwU ZLbB m e nq hlb mswkøó bvixi Kvb mšívb _v K AvBbwm fv e we q n q Q Zv cögv Y e _ n j bvixiv Kv bv wkqyb `vwe Ki Z cv ib bv 11

hme bvix g b K ib h Zv `i ˆeevwnK m úk AvBbwm Ges mb wek v m `v úz m ú K Rwo q c ob, wkš c i `L Z cvb h cwiw wz wfbœ; mme bvixi Rb Kv bv AvBbx myi vi e e v bb ZvQvov hme bvix fiy cvl Yi ev gvnivbv cövwßi jovb q Rqhy³ nb, Zv `i jovb wkš kl nq bv ^vgxi KvQ _ K cvibv Av`v qi Rb bvix K ivq Kvh Ki Kivi Av `k ev Íevq bi Av e`b Ki Z nq Ges ^vgxi m ú` I Av qi cögvyvw` `vwlj Ki Z nq GB KvRwU AwaKvsk bvixb Ki Z cv ib bv ivq ev Íevq bi Rb Av e`b `vwlj K i Qb Ggb bvix `i mv _ wndg vb ivbum IqvP K_v e j R b Q h eq ii ci eqi AwZµvšÍ n ji Zviv Av`vj Zi ivq ev Íevq bi Av `k cv Qb bv fiy cvl Yi Av `k Kvh Ki n Z GK g ji 18 eqi mgq j MwQj e j Rvwb q Qb GKRb AvBbRxex Avevi GKRb wepvik Rvwb q Qb, mb 1980 mv j `v qi Kiv gvgjv 2011 mv ji Ryb gv mi ev Íevq bi cöwµqvaxb i q M Q Kvb GK bvix g ji K_v D jøl K i GKRb AvBbRxex Rvwb q Qb, Zvi mb g j Zv K GKevi wr Ám K iwq jb, ÒAvwg wk AšÍZ g i hviqvi Av M Avgvi cvibv cv ev?ó fiy cvl Yi ivq cö`vb msµvší Kvh µ g MwZkxjZv Avb Z 2010 mv j evsjv `k AvBb Kwgkb GKwU mycvwik ck K i mwu n jv, cöv_wgk Ae vq fiy cvly `vwei cvkvcvwk fiy cvl Yi ivq ev Íevq bi Rb I AvMvg Av e`b ck Kiv hv e Z e mikvi GLbI G wel q Kv bv ms kvabx MÖnY K iwb cvwievwik Av`vj Z fiy cvly wksev gvnivbvi `vwe`vi bvixi Avmj hy Uv ïiæ nq ^vgxi `v qi Kiv wg _ I nqivwbg~jk cvëv gvgjvi mgquv Z dšr`vix gvgjvi A bk K mvgjv Z nq ^vgxi `v qi Kiv Ô`v úz m úk cybiæ v iiõ Av e`b A bk mgq xi Rb GKwU iæzi mgm v wn m e `Lv `q GB gvgjvq Av`vjZ x K Zvi ^vgxi Kv Q wd i hviqvi wb ` k w` Z cv ib evsjv `k mycöxg Kv U i nvb KvU wefvm wewfbœ mg q `v úz m úk cybiæ v ii A bk gvgjv K AmvsweavwbK e j ivq w` ji ^vgx `i cÿ _ K G ai bi nqivwbg~jk cvëv gvgjv `v q ii cöpwjz aviv GL bv Ae vnz Av Q we kláiv Rvwb q Qb h, x hw` Ni Qvovi mgq wb Ri e envh Kvb wrwbmcî m ½ wb q hvq, Z e ^vgxiv Pywii gvgjv Vz K `q cövq ÿ Î ^vgxiv Gme dšr`vwi Awf hvm cöz vnvi K i wb ji ewkifvm mgq `Lv hvq mme Awf hv Mi Kvi Y x Ges Zvi cwiev ii jvkrb bvbvfv e fqfxwz I nqivwbi AvZ ¼i g a _v Kb mvgvwrk mnvqzv fiy cvly msµvší wel q Av`vj Z Rqx n ji A bk bvixi Kv Q GB werq GKwU ÔwbõjÕ `ŠuoSvc Qvov Avi wkqzb bq KviY A bk mgq `Lv hvq Zv `i ^vgxiv LyeB `wi`ª d j UvKv RvMv oi mvg_ A b KiB _v K bv GB mg Í bvixi Rb ivóªxq mn hvwmzv LyeB `ikvi we kl K i ZvjvKcÖvß ev Avjv`v _v Kb A_ev cvwievwik mwnsmzv Gov Z Pvb Ggb bvix `i 12

Riæix wfwë Z Avkªq `ikvi n q c o mvgvwrk mvnv h i cö qvrbxqzv me P q ewk Abyf~Z nq ^vgxi KvQ _ K Avjv`v nevi ci _ K Avw_ Kfv e ^vej ^x bv niqv ch ší AšÍe Zx Kvjxb mgquv Z mvgvwrk wbivcëv Rvj Kg m~wp Z evsjv ` ki ek iæz c~y AR b i q Q Z e Gme cök íi myweav MÖnY wksev Gi hvm we ewpz niqvi ÿ Î bvix `i K cöpzi mgm vq co Z nq mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi cöz vwkz jÿ c~i Y Gi cwipvjbv e e v K AviI ev Íem Z I hy Mvc hvmx Ki Z n e GB cökí wj Amnvq bvix `i, we kl K i cöwzewüzv, eqm I `ye j ^v i Kvi Y hv `i Rxeb AZ ší SuywKc~Y, Zv `i mgm v I `yive vi ch vß mgvavb w` Z cvi Qbv evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgkb 2011 mv j we` gvb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp wji mxgve Zv KvwU q IVvi j ÿ mvgvwrk wbivcëv msµvší GKwU mgwš^z RvZxq KŠkj cöyq bi wm vší MÖnY K iwqj ` k bvix `i Rb mvzwu mikvwi Avkªq K `ª i q Q Z e wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv _ AvjvcKv j bvix I wkï welqk gš Yvj qi Kg KZ viv ^xkvi K i Qb h ev Í e Ggb Avkªq K `ª AviI `ikvi M nnxb bvix Ges hme bvix wf v K ib Zv `i K feny i AvB bi AvIZvq wf ve wë I iv Ívq evm Kivi Aciv a Avkªq K `ª wb q hviqv nq evsjv ` k G AvBbwU ek A úó Ges wf ve wë AvBbZ Aciva wn m e MY AvBbwUi ms kvab `ikvi, we kl K i GLv b AvkªqnxbZvi Rb ` Ûi h weavb i q Q mwui ms kvab `ikvi M nnxb bvix `i mvgwqk Avkªq jv fi AwaKv ii welqwui wbwðz Kiv cö qvrb evsjv ` k `wi`ª gvby li Rb ek wkqy AvKl Yxq mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp i q Q hgb weaev ev ^vgx cwiz ³ ( ^vgx-wew Qbœ ev ZvjvKcÖvß) bvix `i Rb bm` A_ mnvqzv Kg m~wpwu G ÿ Î GKwU D jøl hvm D`vniY Avw_ K cö qvrbxqzvq welqwu cögvy Ki Z cvi j bvixiv G Kg m~wp Z cöwzgv m 300 UvKv c q _v Kb Z e wkqy wkqy wel qi Rb GB Kg m~wpwu evavmö Í nq mvnvh cviqvi hvm A bk bvixb G Kg m~wp m ú K Rv bb bv A bk bvix g b K ib, Kg m~wp Z eiv mvnv h i cwigvy GZ Kg h mwu Zv `i gšwjk cö qvrb guv bvi Rb h _ó bq A bk mgq UvKv c ZI ek mgq j M hvq cvwievwik Av`vjZ Gme mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi mv _ hy³ bq A_P Gme Av`vj Z A bk bvixb Av mb hv `i mvnvh `ikvi wkš GB Av`vjZ _ K Zviv mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp msµvší Kv bv Z_ cvb bv mikvwi Lvm Rwg f~wgnxb MÖvgxY gvbyl `i gv S wezi Yi GKwU bxwzi mikv ii i q Q hv _ K bvix cöavb cwievi wj DcKvi c Z cv i wkš Gme welq wb q hviv KvR K ib Zviv wndg vb 13

ivbum IqvP K Rvbvb h bvix-cöavb mb cwievi wjb GB bxwzgvjvi AvIZvq myweav c Z cv i, h cwiev i GKRb ÔmÿgÕ Q j mšívb i q Q hme cwiev i GKRb Kb v mšívb i q Q A_ev Kvb mšívb bb A_ev Q j _vk ji m hw` cöwzeüx nq, Z e GB ˆelg g~jk bxwzi Kvi Y bvix-cöavb cwievi niqv m Ë I Zviv Rwgi AwaKvi cv e bv bvixi cöwz ˆelg we jvc, bvmwik I ivr bwzk AwaKvi, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi msµvší ek wkqy AvšÍ RvwZK Pzw³ Z mv ikvix ivóª evsjv `k Gme Pzw³ mvgvwrk wbivcëvi AwaKvimn `v úz Rxe b Ges Gi cwimgvwß Z ^vgx- x Df qi Rb mgvbvwakv ii wbðqzv `q RvwZms Ni wewfbœ cöwzôvb GB mg Í Pzw³i ev Íevqb ch e Y K i GB cöwzôvb wj mvgvwrk ev agx q ARynv Z ev ^vgx Zvi xi fiy cvl Yi `vwqz bq GB hyw³ Z we qi ci bvix `i m úwë Z mgvb AwaKvi bv `evi hyw³wu K cöz vl vb K i Ges `v úz Rxe b xi fib cvl Yi welqwu Av iv h_vh_fv e Kvh Ki Kivi Rb AvBbx ms v ii ZvwM` `q evsjv `k mikvi mn ªvã Dbœqb jÿ gvîv Abyhvqx 2015 mv ji g a `vwi `ª i nvi bvukxqfv e Kwg q Avbvi GK cwikíbv nv Z wb q Q jÿ gvîv c~i Yi mgqmxgv AZ ší KvQvKvwQ P j G ji ˆelg g~jk cvwievwik AvB bi Øviv m ó `vwi`ª wbim bi D ` vm GLbI AZ ší mxwgz evsjv `k mikvi Zvi AvšÍR vwzk `vqe Zvi ZvwM ` wn `y weev ni Hw QK wbeüb Pvjy Kivi e vcv i GKwU wej Aby gv`b K i Q QvU GKwU c` c n ji GwU ek iæz c~y cvwievwik AvBb I bvbvwea cöwµqvi ms vi wb q AvBb Kwgk bi cixÿv-wbix vi e vcv i mikvi mn hvwmzv Ki Q bvix-cyiæ li mgzv cöwzôv, `vwi`ª we gvpb Ges evsjv ` ki bvix `i `y` kv jvn ei ÿ Î evsjv ` ki cöwzköæwz ev Íevq b GB ms vi wj K GwM q biqv AZ ší iæz c~y cwiez bi GB aviv _ K AviI myweav cviqvi Rb wbgœwjwlz c` c jv evsjv `k ivóªxq KZ c i MÖnY Kiv DwPZ 14

K qkwu iæz c~y mycvwik we klá e w³ Ges mykxj mgv Ri msmvb I cöwzwbwa hviv bvix AwaKvi I msl vjny m cö`v qi gvbyl `i wb q KvR K ib Zv `i mv _ civgk µ g weevn, we Q` (c _K emevm), ZvjvK Ges G msµvší Ab vb wel q evsjv ` ki we` gvb AvB bi e vck ms v ii j KvR Kiæb fz³ fvmx mkj cÿ ev m úª`vq K m ú ³ K i ag wksev bvix-cyiæl Kw `ªK ˆel g i weavbgy³ wewfbœ `Iqvwb AvBb cöyq bi Rb GKwU AskM«nYg~jK c«wµqv Pvjy Kiæb AšÍe Z xkvjxb mg qi Rb cvwievwik AvBb ms kva bi gva g Gi elg g~jk w`k jv `~i Kiæb Ges AvBb ev Íevq bi c«wµqv Rvi`vi Kiæb GB j ÿ KZ c wbgœewy Z c` ÿc MÖnY Ki eb: fiy cvly msµvší AvB bi ms vi: fiy cvl Yi cwigvy wba vi Yi ÿ Î cvwievwik Av`vj Zi wepvik `i w`k wb ` kbv `Iqvi Rb mywb w`ó gvb`ð Zix Kiæb GB gvb` Ð we ep welq n e: `v úz m ú K i gqv`; ` úwzi wbf ikxj c i (G Î mvaviyz xi) wk vjvf Ges DcvR b gzvi Dci cwiev ii wkï cwiph v I mvsmvwik `vq-`vwq Z i c«fve; ^vgx- x c«z Ki ez gvb I fwel Z m ve Avq; wbf ikxj c i ( xi) wb R K wb R fiy cvl Yi mvg_ ; ^vgx- xi ^v Ges eqm; wbf ikxj c i Pvwn`v/Afve Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb; Rxeb-RxweKvi Ab vb Dcvq; Ges Aci c ÿi ckvmz Dbœq b wbf ikxj c ÿi Ae`vb xi fiy cvl Yi AwaKv ii mv _ Zvi ÔAvbyMZ Õ, ÕmZxZ Õ, Õ eevwnk KZ e Õ, A_ev ÕPvwiwÎK mzzvõ cöf wz gvb` Ði m úk wejyß Kiæb cvwievwik Av`vjZ I Avcxj msµvší mkj cöwµqv I Kvh cöyvjx ch v jvpbv Kiæb Ges `xn m~wîzv Kgv bvi Rb mme cöwµqv K hy Mvc hvmx Kiæb fiy cvl Yi gvgjvi P~ovšÍ wb úwë bv niqv ch ší wepvik `i AšÍ ez xkvjxb Av `k c«`v bi h gzv i q Q mwu K AšÍe Z xkvjxb fiy cvly c«`v bi Rb e envi Ki Z cvwievwik Av`vjZ wji cöwz Riæix wb ` kbv Rvix Kiæb we Q`, ZvjvK, fiy cvly Ges gvnivbv msµvší gvgjv wj hv Z cvwievwik Av`vj Z ^vaxbfv e I ^ QZvi mv _ cwipvjbv Kiv hvq mrb cvwievwik Av`vjZ wji ` Zv e w Kiæb gvgjvru Ges gvgjvi `xn m~wîzv Kgv Z cö qvrbxq e e v M«nY Kiæb GRb cvwievwik Av`vj Z 15

AviI wepvik wb qv Mi A_ev wepvik `i Dci _ K Ab vb `Iqvwb gvgjvi fvi Kgv bvi e e v wbb Gi cvkvcvwk mgb Rvix Ges Av`vj Zi ivq/wwwµ ev Íevqb c wzi ms vi mvab Kiæb eevwnk m úwëi aviyvi c~y ^xk wz w`b Ges `v úz m úk Aemv bi mgq bvix `i Avw_ K Ges A_ -ewnf ~Z Ae`vbmg~ ni ^xk wz w` q ^vgx- xi g a ˆeevwnK m úwë mgvb fv M e Ub Kivi e e v K Aby gv`b Kiæb mkj ag xq m cö`v qi Rb GB weavb cö hvr n e wewfbœ MYgva g cvwievwik mwnsmzvi weiæ `ke vcx m PZbZvg~jK c«pvivwfhv bi D ` vm M«nY Kiæb Ges Zv hb cöwzeüxevüe nq m welqwu wbwðz Kiæb GB c«pviyvq eevwnk evwo Z emev mi AwaKvi, A_ bwzk wzi wecix Z myi v, gvgjvi wb úwë bv niqv ch ší A vqx fiy cvly cviqvi AwaKvi cöf wz wel qi Dci iæz Av ivc Kiæb cvwievwik mwnsmzv we ivax AvB bi AvIZvq bvix `i c«wzkvi PvIqv K DrmvwnZ Kiæb me a g i Abymvix `i Rb weevn wbeüb eva Zvg~jK Kiæb weev ni c«gvy wn m e mviv ` ki gvby li Kv Q mnrjf nq Ggbfv e weevn msµvší hvezxq Z_ wwwruvj c wz Z msiÿ Yi e e v wbb weevnwe Q ` cyiæl Ges bvixi mgvb AwaKvi I my hvm wbwðz Kiæb eûweev ni bwzevpk djvdj Ges Zvi mv _ cvwievwik mwnsmzvi m úk wel q `ke vcx m PZbZv m wói c` ÿc wbb Ges GB e e v Aemv bi Rb KvR Kiæb G msµvší hvezxq Z_ hv Z wewfbœ MYgva g cviqv hvq Ges mme Z_ cviqvi e e vwu hv Z cöwzeüx evüe nq Zv wbwðz Kiæb ev Í e eûweevn c«_vi c«pjb m ú~y iƒ c `~ixf Z bv niqv ch ší GB cö_v evwz j cöyxz AvBb (hw` _v K) hv Z eûweev ni wkkvi x Ges Zv `i mšívb `i m úwë, gvni Ges fiy cvly cövwßmn hvezxq AwaKv ii myiÿv `q, Zv wbwðz Kiæb eûweevn cö_v evwzj K i Kvb AvBb cöyxz bv niqv ch ší, cyiæ li GKvwaK we q Kivi mvg_ K iva Ki Z cv i Ggb AvB bi K Vvi c«qvm wbwðz Kiæb GQvov ^vgxi Avw_ K mvg_ ev Ae vi my úó Z_ cögvymn Av Mi xi KvQ _ K AbygwZ MÖn Yi kz vejx Ges weev ni bvwu ki mgqkvj cöjw ^Z Kivi e e v wbb 16

we` gvb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp, G Z myweav cviqvi ÿ Î hvm Zvi gvckvwv Ges Av e` bi wbqg wel q bvix `i m PZbZv e w i Rb wewfbœ MYgva g GB m úwk Z Z_ e vckfv e c«pv ii D ` vm M«nY Kiæb Ges Z_ cövwßi e e v hv Z cöwzeüxevüe nq Zv wbwðz Kiæb we` gvb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpmg~ ni mv _ cvwievwik Av`vjZ wji GKUv hvmm~î ev m úk cöwzôv Kiæb c~y v½ mycvwikgvjvi Rb mßg Aa vq `Lyb 17

M elyvq Abym Z c wz GB cöwz e`wu 2011 mv ji gvp _ K A ±vei ch ší cwipvwjz gvv M elyvi wfwë Z iwpz n q Q M elyvi Rb M nxz mvÿvrkvi wj H eq ii gvp _ K Ry bi ga ezx mg qi Ges mvÿvrkvi MÖn Yi e vwßkvj cövq Qq mßvn XvKv kni, gv`vixcyi, MvRxcyi I bvqvlvwj Rjvq Gme mvÿvrkvi MÖnY Kiv nq XvKv kn ii Ici we kl Rvi `Iqvi KviY GLv b bvbv a g i jvk evm K ib Ges GK weivu msl K ^vgxwew Qbœ Ges ZvjvKcÖvß bvix cvwievwik Av`vj Z fiy cvly Av`v qi gvgjv K i Qb Rjv jv _ K mvÿvrkvi biqvi KviY mlv bi bvbv ai bi Rb Mvôx Ges f wgnxbmn wewfbœ A_ bwzk kªyxi gvbyl evm K ib G cuvpwu RvqMvq biqv mvÿvrkv i wkqz DËi`vZv ^vgx _ K wew Qbœ niqv (separation) I weevn we Q `i (divorce) weeiy w` q Qb hv N U Q ` ki Ab Kv bv A j wndg vb ivbum IqvP-Gi GKRb M elk 255 R bi mvÿvrkvi wb q Qb mvÿvrkvi cö`vbkvix `i web vm wb P `Iqv n jv: 71 Rb gymjgvb, 45 Rb wn `y Ges 4 Rb wlª vb bvixi e w³wfwëk ev QvU `jwfwëk mvÿvrkvi biqv n q Q hlv b Zuviv we q, ^vgx _ K wew Qbœ niqv Ges ZvjvK wel q wb R `i AwfÁZvi weeiy w` q Qb 96 Rb AvBbRxex, AwaKvi Kgx I M el Ki e w³ I QvU `j wfwëk mvÿvrkvi biqv n q Q 5 Rb cvwievwik Av`vj Zi cöv³b wepvik (huv `i mk j Av Mi `yõeq ii Kv bv mg q cvwievwik Av`vj Zi wepvik wq jb Ges weevn, ^vgx _ K wew Qbœ niqv I Zvjv Ki gvgjvi wepvwik `vwqz cvjb K i Qb), 5 Rb KvRx ev gymwjg weevn wbeübkvix, 5 Rb BDwbqb cwil` m`m Ges 9 Rb mikvix Kg KZ v e w³wfwëk mvÿvrkv ii Rb bvix `i wpwýz Ki Z vbxq emikvwi ms vi mvnvh biqv n q Q Ges Gme mvÿvrkv ii AwaKvsk biqv n q Q GbwRI jvi Kvh vj q MÖv g wm q mvÿrkvi MÖn Yi ÿ Î DËi`vZv bvixi evwo ev DVv b e m K_v ejv n q Q Gme ÿ Î hzuv m e GKv ší mvÿvrkvi biqv n q Q mvÿvrkv ii D Ïk, DËi`vZv bv PvB j h mvÿvrkvi h biqv n e bv Ges Kxfv e Gme mvÿvrkvi e eüz n e Zv me DËi`vZv K AewnZ Kiv n q Q cö Z K mvÿvrkvi cö`v b gšwlk m wz w` q Qb hme bvix Zuv `i e w³mz AwfÁZv ey bv K i Qb we kl K i Zuv `i Rvbv bv n q Q Zuviv PvB j h Kv bv cö kœi DËi bv-i w` Z 18

cv ib ev h Kv bv mgq PvB j mvÿvrkvi cö`vb _ K weiz n Z cv ib cöwzwu mvÿvrkvi Avav NÈv _ K wzb NÈv ch ší we Í Z n q Q Ges cö`vbkvixi B Qv Abyhvqx evsjv ev Bs irx Z MÖnY Kiv n q Q GKRb Abyev` Ki mvnv h evsjvq mvÿvrkvi biqv n q Q AwfÁZvi weeiy w` Z wm q DËi`vZv bvix hv Z Av iv e`bvi wkkvi bv nb mw` K jÿ ivlv n q Q wkqz bvix K vbxq AvBb mnvqzv cö`vbkvix ms vi Kv Q h Z civgk `Iqv n q Q mvÿvrkvi cö`v bi Rb KvD K m vbx `Iqv nqwb Kej mvÿvrkvi cö`v bi RvqMvq hvzvqv Zi LiP `Iqv n q Q G cöwz e` bi Rb hme weevwnz, ^vgx _ K wew Qbœ I ZvjvKcÖvß bvix mvÿvrkvi w` q Qb MvcbxqZv iÿv I wbivcëvi ^v _ Zuv `i mkj K QÙbv g D jøl Kiv n q Q Kv bv Kv bv ÿ Î Ab vb hme Z_ Zuv `i wpwýz Ki Z mvnvh Ki e m jvi Zuv `i Aby iv a Dn ivlv n q Q wndg vb ivbum IqvP evsjv `k mikvi, RvwZm N, GKv WwgK, GbwRI Ges Ab vb Drm _ K cövß cövmw½k AvBb, bxwzgvjv, Rwic I cöwz e`bi ch v jvpbv K i Q G cöwz e` bi cwimi gymjgvb, wn `y I wlª vb G wzb cöavb a g i ˆelg g~jk cvwievwik AvB bi Kvi Y ^vgx _ K wew Qbœ niqv Ges weevn we Q `i ÿ Î bvixi Ici h cöfve c o Zvi we køl Yi g a mxwgz ivlv n q Q evsjv ` k eš iv cvwievwik AvB bi ÿ Î cöpwjz wn `y cvwievwik AvB bi AvIZvq c ob G cöwz e` b evsjv ` ki cvwievwik AvB bi Ab vb ˆelg g~jk ˆewkó Av jvwpz nqwb A_ev Gme AvB bi weez bi BwZnvm ev Jcwb ewkk Avg j Gme AvBb cöyqb K wn i h ivrbxwz wqj ch v jvpbv Kiv nqwb Gme wel q Ab Î A bk Av jvpbv, ch v jvpbv BZ vw` i q Q G cöwz e` b evsjv ` ki Avw`evmx Rb Mvôx jvi cö_vmz AvBbI Av jvwpz nqwb G cöwz e` bi Ab Zg cöavb Av jvp welq h cvwievwik Av`vjZ Zv GLbI cve Z PÆMÖv g vwcz nqwb hlv b 11wU Avw`evmx Rb Mvôx evm K i hme ÿ Î bvixiv Zuv `i ^vgxm n _ K D Q` n q Qb Ges ^vgx _ K Avjv`v n q evm Ki Qb mme ÿ Î Av`vj Zi n Í ÿc hw` bv-i _v K ZeyI wndg vb ivbum IqvP G K Ô ^vgx _ K wew Qbœfv e emevmõ (separation/separated) e j AwfwnZ K i Q wndg vb ivbum IqvP ÔcwiZ vmõ ev ÔcwiZ ³Õ (abandonement/abandoned) kã e envi K i Q hme ÿ Î ^vgx Kv_vq hv Qb ev Kv_vq Av Qb Zv bv Rvwb q x K d j P j M Qb g b ivl Z n e Ô ^vgx _ K wew Qbœfv e emevmõ Ges ÔcwiZ vmõ Dfq ÿ Î AvBb Abyhvqx weevn ZLbI we` gvb 19

1. bvixi A_ bwzk Ae vb Ges we qi djvdj wzwb Avgv K ej jb, ÒAvgvi ^vgx Avgvi gv_vi Ici Qv` w` q Q Avi wzb ejv Avgvi Lvevi hvmv Q hw` Avwg Zv K Q o hvb Avcwb Avgv K Zv w` Z cvi eb?ó Ñ ewki Avj- nv mb, AvBb mwpe, RvZxq Z Yg~j cöwzeüx ms v (National Grassroots Disability Organization), XvKv, gvp 30, 2011, cvwievwik wbh vz bi wkkvi GK bvix Zuv K G cökœ K iwq jb cöÿvcu Kg ms vb I m úwëi gvwjkvbv _ K ïiæ K i `vwi `ª i wb úly, A_ bwzk Ae vi A bk m~p Ki wbwi L evsjv ` ki bvixiv cyiæl `i P q A bk wcwq q GLv b weevn bvixi A_ bwzk wbivcëv wbwðz Kivi GKwU Drm, wkš Ab w` K Zv Avevi Kg ms vb I Avw_ K m ú `i Ici bvixi wbqš Yi c _ evav n q `uvov Z cv i G Aa v q bvixi mvaviy A_ bwzk cwiw wz Ges weevn bvixi Rb h A_ bwzk e Äbv enb K i Zvi cöÿvcu Zz j aiv n q Q ciezx Aa vq jv Z weevnwe Q` Ges ^vgx _ K wew Qbœ niqv bvix ˆelg c~y cvwievwik AvB bi Kvi Y hme ÿwzi m ylxb nq Zv Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q bvixi A_ bwzk Ae vi cuf wg evsjv ` ki kªgkw³ Z cyiæ li Zzjbvq bvixi AskMÖnY A bk Kg 2009 mv ji me kl GKwU mikvwi Rwi c `Lv hvq 15 eqi I Gi D aÿ cyiæl `i 87 kzvsk Avqg~jK Kv R RwoZ, Gi wecix Z 15 eqi I Gi D aÿ bvix `i gvî 30 kzvsk Avqg~jK KvR Ki Q 1 Ges ÒgRywiwenxb cvwievwik kª g bvixi AskMÖnY cyiæ li Zzjbvq A bk ewk Ó 2 GgbwK g qiv hlb Avqg~jK KvR Ki Z hvb ZLbI Zuviv grywi-ˆel g i wkkvi nb Ges bvix I cyiæ li Av qi g a weivu dvivk i q Q 3 AvšÍR vwzk kªg ms v 2008 mv j grywi 1 evsjv `k cwimsl vb eÿ iv, Òwi cvu Ae gwbuwis Ae Ggcøq g U mv f 2009,Ò ZvwiLwenxb, http://www.bbs.gov.bd/webtestapplication/userfiles/image/latest%20statistics%20release/employsurvey_09.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 19 Rvbyqvwi 2011), c. 2-3 cöwz e`bwu Z ejv n q Q, Òbvixi mwµqzv Kg niqvi Ab Zg KviY evwoi mvsmvwik KvRB bvixi cöavb KvR G ai bi g bvfve Ó 2 c~ e v³, c.4 3 D`vniY wnmv e `Lyb, evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgkb, Òlô câevwl Kx cwikíbv (A_ eqi 2011-2015),Ó cö_g Ask, http://www.plancomm.gov.bd/sfyp-pdf-final%2029-08-2011/sfyp-final-%20part-1-17-08-11[1].pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 18B ww m ^i 2011), c. 153, (ejv n q Q bvixcöavb cwievi jv mvaviyz Kg Avq K i h nzz bvixi DcvR bi mvg_ cyiæ li Zzjbvq Kg Ges grywii Zuviv cyiæ li P q Kg cvb 20

ˆelg msµvší Rwi c ` L Q evsjv ` ki bvixiv cyiæ li P q NÈvq 21 kzvsk Kg Avq K ib 4 Rwg Ges Ab vb m ú `i IciI bvixi gvwjkvbv cyiæ li Zzjbvq A bk Kg 2008 mv ji K wl ïgvwi cöwz e`b (G msµvší cy ivcywi cökvwkz cöwz e`b jvi g a mv úªwzkzg) Abyhvqx gvu K wl Rwgi gvî 2.95 kzvs ki gvwjk bvix 5 2011 mv j RvwZmsN Lv` I K wl ms v KZ K cökvwkz cöwz e` b Rvbv bv n q Q h, evsjv ` k Òcyiæl-cÖavb LvbvÓ ÒbvixcÖavb LvbviÓ P q wø YiI ewk Rwgi gvwjk 6 wb R `i bv g Rwg iwrw ª Kivi ÿ ÎI bvixiv mgm vi m ylxb nb f wg iwrw ª Kvh vjq jv Ab vb ` ki Kvh vj qi g ZvB cyiæl Kgx Øviv c~y hv GKwU iÿykxj mgv Ri bvix `i Rb Amyweav m wó K i 7 f wg iwrw ª cöwµqv AZ ší mgqmv cÿ Ges AvgjvZvwš K RwUjZvq c~y hv bvix `i Rb we kl K i GKwU eo evav Kbbv cövwzôvwbk wkÿv I mvÿizvi w`k _ K Zuviv cyiæ li P q wcwq q Av Qb ZvQvov f wg iwrw ª Kvh vj qi `ybx wz m ú K I BwZg a A bk cöwz e` b DwjøwLZ n q Q 8 c w_exi wewfbœ ` k RbM Yi m ú `i AwaKvi I gvwjkvbvi Ici wfwë K i `kwui g~j vqbkvix ms v ` B Uvib vkbvj cöcvwu ivbum Bb W bvixi m ú `i Ici gvwjkvbvi cwi cöwÿ Z evsjv ` ki Ae v h _ó Lvivc e j gz w` q Q ms vwui m~p K IBwmwWfz³ bq Ggb 83wU ` ki g a evsjv ` ki Ae vb 81 b ^ i wb ` k K i Q ïaygvî Pv` I wr ^vey q evsjv ` ki P q wb P Av Q 9 4 w fb K vcmm, Òw` RÛvi I qr M vc Bb evsjv `k,ó 2008, AvBGjI-Gwkqv-c vwmwdk IqvwK s ccvi wmwir, AvBGjI Kvh vjq, Gwkqv I cökvší gnvmvmixq AÂj, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/documents/ publication/wcms_098063.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 15B deªæqvwi, 2011) 5 evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv, K wl ïgvwi 2008, b f ^i 2010, `Lyb: http://www.bbs.gov.bd/webtestapplication/userfiles/image/cenagri2008/detailedtable.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 27 AvMó 2011), Uwej - 1, c ôv 51 wek e vsk, ÒûBmcvi Uz f q mm: RÛvi GÛ mvk vj UªvÝdi gkb Bb evsjv `k,ó evsjv `k W fjc g U wmwir, ccvi bs 22, 2008, `Lyb: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/intbangladesh/resources/295657-1205740286726/genderreport.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 3 b f ^i 2011), c. 76, c viv 5.11 2006 mv j cwipvwjz wek e vsk RÐvi g~j eva Rwic-G `Lv M Q h, evsjv ` k evev-gvi KvQ _ K Rwg cviqvi m vebv ewk eqmx bvixi (45-60 eqi) Zzjbvq Kg eqmx (15-25 eqi eqmx) bvix `i ÿ Î e o Q 6 RvwZm N Lv` I K wl ms v, Ò` U Ad dzw GÛ GwMÖKvjPvi 2010-11Ó, 2011, `Lyb: http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/sites/default/files/stateoffood&agriculture2011_0.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 20 Rvbyqvwi, 2012), c. 23-4 7 wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K M nxz wrbvz Aviv n Ki mvÿvrkvi wrbvz DB K vb A vjv qý Uz GÛ Wv gmwuk fv qv jý-gi RvZxq mgš^qk mvÿvrkvi biqv n q Q XvKvq, 28 k gvp 2011 8 D`vniY wnmv e `Lyb: Uª výc v iwý B Uvib vkbvj, ÒKivckb Bb ` mvwf m m±i: b vkbvj nvdr nvì mv f, 2010,Ó ww m ^i 2010, http://bangladesh.org/research/executive%20summary_23122010%20final.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 25 k g 2012) Lvbv RwicwU Z `Lv M Q DËi`vZviv mikvwi mev jvi g a f wg cökvmb `ybx wzi w`k _ K Z Zxq Ae v b i q Q e j gz cökvk K i Qb 9 cöcvwu ivbum Gjv qý ÒB Uvib vkbvj cöcvwu ivbum Bb W,Ó 2011, http://www.internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/userfiles/file/atr_2011%20index_web2.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 19 k Rvbyqvwi 2011), c. 66 21

Rwgi gvwjkvbvi ÿ Î bvix h wcwq q Av Q Zvi Rb AskZ `vqx ˆelg g~jk DËivwaKvi AvBb gymjgvb, wn `y I wlª vb `i g a m úwëi DËivwaKvi msµvší welqwu wba vwiz nq H m úª`v qi DËivwaKvi AvBb Abyhvqx 10 mvaviy wnmv e gymjgvb cyiæl h m úwë cvq Zv `i bvix cÿ cvq Zvi A a K 11 wn `y bvixiv DËivwaKvi m~ Î cövß m ú` Kej fvm`lj Ki Z cv i wkš Zv KvD K w` Z cv i bv 12 hme wn `y bvix cyî mšívb Rb w` Z cvi e bv e j wek vm Kiv nq Zviv DËivwaKvi m~ Î Kv bv m ú`b cvq bv 13 wlª vb cvwievwik AvB b DËivwaKvi m~ Î cövß m úwëi Ici bvixi AwaKvi cyiæ li cövq mgvb e j ^xkvi Kiv n q Q Z e ev Í e wlª vb bvixiv me mgq Zv `i cyiæl c ÿi mgvb m úwë cvq bv 14 bvixi DËivwaKvi mxwgz niqv m Ë I mb AwaKviI hv Z Zviv Z vm K i mrb Zv `i Ici mvgvwrk Pvc m wó Kiv nq wkqz wkqz cwiev i Kb v mšívb fwel Z hzuzkz m úwë cv e Zv Zvi ^vgxi cwievi K hšzzk `Iqvi Rb e envi Kiv nq d j ciezx Kv j Kb v mšívbwu K Avi m úwë `Iqv nq bv 15 A bk bvix Avevi wcz M n DËivwaKvi m~ Î cviqv m úwë fvb `i w` q `b GB Avkvq h we q fvo j ev msmv i `y h vm `Lv w` j fvb `i Kv Q mvnvh cviqv hv e 16 10 evsjv ` ki AvBb e e v I cvwievwik AvB bi Ici Av iv Rvb Z wb P Òwe q, weevn we Q` I c _K emevmó kxl K Aa vq `Lyb 11 W. dw bv c iiv, ` d«vkpvw jm: ` mvp di Av BDwbdg wmwfj KvW (XvKv: x, 2002), c. 36 GKRb gymjgvb weaev Zuvi ^vgxi m úwëi AvU fv Mi GK fvm A_ev Pvi fv Mi GK fvm c Z cv ib hv wbf i K i h_vµ g Zuvi mšívbvw` Av Q wkbv ev Q ji N i bvwz-bvzwb Av Q wkbv A_ev wzwb wbtmšívb wkbv Zvi Ici hw` GKvwaK x _v Kb m ÿ Î mb AvU fv Mi GK fvm ev Pvi fv Mi GK fvm Zuv `i mk ji g a mgvb fvm n e g Z e w³i cyî hv cvq Kb v cvq Zvi A a K 12 c~ e v³, c.44-46 13 c~ e v³ DËivwaKv ii ÿ Î Kb vi iæz câg v b: m evevi m úwëi DËivwaKvix ZLbB nq hlb evevi Kv bv cyî mšívb _v K bv A_ev cy Îi w`k _ K bvwz, cy Îi w`k _ K bvwzi Q j A_ev evevi x _v K bv evevi m úwë cviqvi e vcv i Kb vi iæz Avevi wbf i K i Zv `i Q j mšívb Rb `Iqvi mvg_ Av Q wkbv Zvi Ici h AweevwnZ Kb vi ÿ Î wek vm Kiv nq h we q n j m cy Îi Rb w` Z cvi e m úwë cviqvi ÿ Î weevwnz Kb vi P q Zvi AMÖvwaKvi ewk mšívbnxb Kb v, weaev Kb v Ges GKwU g q mšívb i q Q Ggb Kb v evevi m úwëi DËivwaKvix nq bv 14 c~ e v³, c.51-52 wlª vb `i DËivwaKvi AvBb Rvb Z `Lyb DËivwaKvi AvBb 1925, Aby Q` 33 I 34 GKRb wlª vb weaev ^vgxi m úwëi GK-Z Zxqvsk, A a K A_ev cy ivuvb cv eb hv wbf i Ki e h_vµ g ^vgxi mšívbvw` Av Q wkbv, Kv bv mšívb bb wkš fvb evb, KvwRb BZ vw` Av Q A_ev x Qvov KD bb fvb evb wnmv e wlª vbiv m úwëi mgvb fvm cvb 15 wndg vb ivbum IqvP Ges evsjv `k wjmvj GBW mvwf mm Uªv -Gi c v bj AvBbRxex `i g a Av jvpbv, XvKv, 2iv GwcÖj 2011; XvKv wek we` vj qi AvBb wefv Mi Aa vck kvnbvr û`vi mvÿvrkvi, 30 k gvp 2011 hšzz Ki Ici Av iv Z_ c Z G cöwz e` bi ciezx As k Ò ^vgxm n bvixi Ae`vbÓ kxl K AskwU `Lyb 16 c~ e v³ 22

we q Ges Gi A_ bwzk cöfve Avgvi hlb we q nq ZLb Avwg GZB QvU h we qi A_ B eyszvg bv... Avwg KvR K i hw` Kv bv cqmv cvbi evwo wd i Zv ^vgxi nv Z Zz j `B hw` bv `B Z e m Avgv K gv i... Avgv `i GUv mn K ib euvp Z nq Avwg P j Avm Z cvwi, Avjv`v _vkvi Póv Ki Z cvwi, wkš muv n e AZ ší KwVb Ñ mv jvwb (QÙbvg), wn `y, bvqvlvwj Rjv, 22 g 2011 evsjv ` ki AwaKvsk bvixi we q nq Lye Kg eq m: ` ki AvBb Abyhvqx g q `i we qi me wbgœ eqm 18 eqi 17 mikvwi wnmve Abyhvqx ` ki 10 eq ii ewk eqmx bvixi 55 kzvs ki ewk weevwnz 18 15 _ K 19 eqi eqmx 20 jv LiI ewk bvix Ges 10 _ K 14 eqi eqmx AvovB jvl bvix weevwnz 19 eû bvix I evwjkvi Rb we q A_ bwzk wbivcëv `q wkš we q Avevi A_ bwzk w`k _ K ÿwzi e q Avb Z cv i hlb we qi ci g q `i Ici DcvR bg~jk KvR Q o w` q N ii KvR Kivi Rb Pvc m wó Kiv nq Gi d j weevwnz bvixi Av qi Ici wbqš Y I mâq `yõ UvB ÿwzmö Í nq weevwnz bvix cwiev ii Mvn m ú`mn e emv I Ab vb ÿ Î m ú` mâ qi ÿ Î cöz ÿ I c ivÿ `ybfv eb f wgkv iv L wkš ciezx Aa vq jv Z Avgiv `Le hw` Kv bv Kvi Y we q f O hvq Z e AwR Z mme m ú `i Ici bvixi AwaKvi I `Lj cöwzôv Kiv cövq Am e bvixi Avqg~jK KvR Ges DcvR b I mâ qi Ici we qi cöfve we q Ges Gi m ½ h mvgvwrk cöz vkv Rwo q _v K Zv ` ki kªgkw³ Z bvixi AskMÖnY K ÿwzmö Í K i weevwnz bvix cyiæ li P q mvsmvwik Kv R ewk mgq e q K i hv `i mšívb Av Q mme ÿ Î gv-b ev Pv `i `Lfv ji wmsnfvm `vwqz cvjb K i Gme `vwqz cvjb 17 evj weevn wb iva AvBb, 1929, Aby Q` 2(K) cyiæ li Rb we qi me wbgœ eqm 21 eqi 18 evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv, Òccy jk Ub Bqvim GÛ Ifvi evb GR MÖæc, m GÛ g vwiuvj vuvm,ó vwumwukvj BqvieyK Ad evsjv `k (XvKv, evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv, 2010), mviyx 2.10, http://www.bbs.gov.bd/webtestapplication/userfiles/image/sy2010/chapter-02.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 15B Ryb 2011), c. 45 G Drm Abyhvqx ` ki `k eqi eq mi D aÿ bvixi msl v 4,46,42,068 hvi g a 2,81,02,602 Rb bvix weevwnz (2001 mv ji Av`gïgvwi Z cövß Z _ i Ici wfwë K i) GQvov `Lyb evsjv `k cwimsl vb ey iv, wi cvu Ad I qj dqvi gwbuwis mv f 2009, http://www.bbs.gov.bd/webtestapplication/userfiles/image/latest%20statistics%20release/welfaresurvey _09.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 15B ww m ^i 2011), c. 2 19 RvZxq RbmsL v M elyv I cöwkÿy Bbw wudu (wb cvu ) I Ab vb, Òevsjv `k W gvmövwdk GÛ nj_ mv f, 2007,Ó 2009, http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/fr207/fr207[april-10-2009].pdf ( `Lv n q Q 15B Ryb 2011), c. 54 G Rwic PjvKvjxb 20-24 eqi eqmx bvix `i g a cö_g mšívb avi Yi Mo eqm wqj 19 23

Ki Z nq e j Avqg~jK Kv R bvixi AskMÖn Yi mvg_ K g hvq hme bvix Kg eq m we q K i Ges cov jlv gvsc _ eü K i `q KvR cviqvi ÿ Î Av iv ewk evavi m ylxb nq evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgkb Rvbv Q, ÒKg eq m we q Kivi Rb bvixi Ici mvgvwrk Pvc m wó Kiv nq hvi bwzevpk cöfve c o Zvi cov jlv, Av qi my hvm, wm vší MÖn Yi ÿgzvi Ici Ges m Kg eq m mšívb avi Y eva nq Ó 20 2006 mv ji GKwU Rwi c `Lv hvq DËi`vZv ^vgx `i 60 kzvsk Rvwb q Qb Zuv `i x `i Kv bv wbr ^ Av qi Drm bb DËi`vZv x `i Pvi fv Mi wzb fv MiI ewk Rvwb q Qb Zuv `i wbr ^ Kv bv Avqg~jK KvR bb 21 wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi m ½ mvÿvrkv i wkqz bvix Rvwb q Qb we qi ci ^vgx I ^vgxi AvZ xq- ^Rb Zuv `i Avqg~jK KvR Q o `Iqvi Rb Pvc w` q Qb iægvbv Avi. we qi ci mv quvi d v±wii KvR Q o w` Z eva nb Ges Ab RvqMvq P j hvb Zuvi ^vgx, k ïievwoi AvZ xq ^Rb wzwb KvR K ib Zv Pvbwb iægvbv e jb, ÒAvgvi Av Mi RxebB fvj wqj hv L Z B Qv KiZ LZvg, wb Ri Rb wrwbm wkb Z cvizvg we qi ci Avwg Lvwj evmv ZB KvR Ki Z cvwi Ó 22 GKBfv e b~irvnvb Gb.I we qi ci ^vgxi Pv c Zuvi wkûvimv U b wkÿ Ki PvKwi Q o w` Z eva nb 23 GKB e vcvi N U iwebv Avi.-Gi ÿ ÎI whwb we qi ci emikvwi ms vq Zuvi KvRwU Q o w` Z eva nb Kbbv ^vgx Pvbwb wzwb evb i KvR Kiæb Zuvi Avkv wqj KvR K i DcvR b Ki eb wkš Zvi e` j Zuv K Kej evmvi Rb ivbœv, Kvco avqv, evwo cwi vi Avi cvwb Uvbvi KvR Ki Z n Q 24 hme bvix we qi ci Av qi Rb KvR K ib Zuv `i A b K Avevi UvKv bv-i c Z cv ib 2007 mv j m úbœ evsjv `k Rbweb vm I ^v Rwic (mv úªwzkzg Rwic hvi cy iv djvdj cökvk Kiv n q Q) Abyhvqx Rwi ci AvIZvq c o Qb Ggb 14 kzvsk bvix Zuv `i Rvwb q Qb 20 evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgkb, Òlô câevwl Kx cwikíbv (A_ eqi 2011-2015),Ó cö_g Ask, http://www.plancomm.gov.bd/sfyp- PDF-Final%2029-08-2011/SFYP-Final-%20Part-1-17-08-11[1].pdf ( `Lv n q Q 18B ww m ^i 2011), c. 168 21 gvk wcu I Ab vb, ÒGgcvIqvwis DB gb DB_ gvb µv wdbvý: Gwf WÝ d«g evsjv `k,ó B KvbwgK W fjvc g U GÛ KvjPvivj PÄ, 54Zg LÐ, 4 bs (2004), http://repository.library.brown.edu:8080/fedora/objects/bdr:5946/datastreams/pdf/content ( `Lv n q Q 11&B b f ^i 2011), c. 797 22 wndg vb ivbum IqvP _ K iægvbv Avi. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi biqv nq MvRxcy i, 4B Ryb 2011 iægvbv gymjgvb 23 wndg vb ivbum IqvP _ K b~irvnvb Gb. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi biqv nq XvKvq, 4B A ±vei 2011 b~irvnvb gymjgvb wndg vb ivbum IqvP K mvÿvrkvi w` q Qb Av iv hme bvix ZuvivI cövq GKB ai bi AwfÁZvi K_v e j Qb D`vniY wnmv e ejv hvq wlª vb ag vej ^x wjmv Gj.(QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi hv XvKvq 3iv A ±vei 2011 Zvwi L biqv n qwqj; Ges gymjgvb m úª`v qi iwebv Avi. (QÙbvg) mvÿvrkvi hv MvRxcy i 4B Ryb 2011 Zvwi L biqv nq 24 wndg vb ivbum IqvP _ K iwebv Avi. (QÙbvg) mvÿvrkvi hv MvRxcy i 4B Ryb 2011 Zvwi L biqv nq 24

Zuviv Kv Ri Rb Kv bv grywi cvb bv Ges Ab 4 kzvsk e j Qb Kv Ri wewbg q Zuviv UvKv cvb bv, Kej wrwbm cvb 25 we qi d j g q `i wb R `i Avq I mâ qi Ici wbqš Y K g h Z cv i 2007 mv j m úbœ evsjv `k Rbweb vm I ^v Rwi ci AvIZvq DËi`vZv 12 kzvsk weevwnz bvix Rvwb q Qb Zuv `i ^vgxiv wvk K ib Kxfv e x `i DcvR b e q n e, 56 kzvsk ^vgxi m ½ wg j G e vcv i wm vší bb Ges 31 kzvsk wb RB wm vší wb Z cv ib 26 Z e 2006 mv j cwipvwjz GKwU emikvwi Rwi c `Lv M Q DËi`vZv 78 kzvsk bvix Rvwb q Qb ^vgxi m ½ Av jvpbv Qvov wb R `i Avq Kv_vq e envi n e Zv wvk Ki Z cv ib bv 27 bvixi wb Ri Av qi Ici Zvi wbqš Y e o Q wkÿvmz hvm Zv Ges cvwievwik m ú` evovi m ½ 2007 mv j m úbœ evsjv `k Rbweb vm I ^v Rwic Abyhvqx DËi`vZv 42 kzvsk bvix huv `i gva wgk ev Zvi ewk wkÿv i q Q Rvwb q Qb wbr ^ Avq Kxfv e e envi n e m wm vší Zuviv wb Riv bb Gi wecix Z cövwzôvwbk wkÿvnxb bvix DËi`vZv `i 26 kzvsk wb R `i wm všíg Zv wbr ^ Avq e envi Ki Z cv ib GgbUv e j Qb GKBfv e RbmsL v K Avw_ K Ae vi wepv i cuvp fv M fvm Ki j me P q m Qj ev A_ kvjx As ki bvix `i wbr ^ Avq e env i ^vaxbfv e wm vší biqvi ÿgzv me P q wb P _vkv GK-cÂgvs k h bvixiv i q Qb Zuv `i P q ewk 28 we qi d j wbr ^ mâ qi IciI bvixi wbqš Y K g hviqvi m vebv ˆZwi n Z cv i 2006 mv j cwipvwjz GK Rwic _ K `Lv hvq hme bvix Zuv `i wbr ^ mâq i q Q e j Rvwb q Qb Zuv `i g a 90 kzvsk e j Qb ^vgxiv Zuv `i mâq wel q AeMZ Ges 85 kzvsk e j Qb wb R `i mâ qi Ici Zuv `i ^vaxb wbqš Y bb 29 25 wb cvu I Ab vb, Òevsjv `k W gvmövwdk GÛ nj_ mv f, 2007,Ó 2009, http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/fr207/fr207[april-10-2009].pdf ( `Lv n q Q 15, 2011), c. 181-2 mv úªwzkkv j Av iv wwgbpgm Rwic n q Q Z e Zvi Kej cöv_wgk djvdj cökvk Kiv n q Q 2011 mv j 26 c~ e v³, c.182 27 wcu I Ab vb, ÒGgcvIqvwis DB gb,ó c. 797 28 evsjv `k Rbweb vm I ^v Rwic, 2007, c.186-7 29 wcu I Ab vb, ÒGgcvIqvwis DB gb,ó c. 797 25

eevwnk evwo Z ( ^vgxm n) bvixi Ae`vb wzwb ej Zb, ÒAvwg gv `~M vi g Zv Avgvi `kuv nvz Avwg evwo Z KZUv kög `B KD Zvi g~j vqb K i bv evmvi mk ji Rb Avwg ivbœv Kwi wkš wb R LvB mevi k l Ó Ñ gvkmy`v AvLZvi, AvBbRxex, evsjv `k gwnjv cwil`, XvKv, 4 A ±vei 2011 Zuvi GK g j Zuv K G K_v e jwq jb ^vgxm n hviqvi ci bvix bvbvfv e Ae`vb ivl Z ïiæ K i evwo, cvwievwik e emv I Ab vb m ú` e e vcbv I evov bvi gva g cvwievwik m ú` iÿv I e w Z kªg `b weevwnz cyiæli ZvB K i wkš AwR Z m m ú `i Ici cyiæ li h wbqš Y _v K Zvi wkqzb cövq bvixi _v K bv Kv bv Kvi Y we q we Q` NU j bvix Zvi GZw` bi kª gi Kv bv mydj fvm Ki Z cv i bv Kbbv m m ú `i cövq wkqzb Zvi Kv Q Av m bv A_ -ewnf Z Ae`vb evsjv ` k weevwnz bvix cvwievwik m ú` iÿv I e w Z A bk Ae`vb iv Lb hv H m ú `i g~j evovq bvixi G kªg cwievi wuuwk q ivlvi Rb AZ vek K wkš G Ae`vb Zviv Avw_ K ev m ú `i AvKv i iv L bv A_ bwzk weeiyx `b huviv bvixi G kªg K ÒA-A_ bwzkó e j AwfwnZ Kivi cöeyzv Zuv `i g a `Lv hvq hw`i G Ae`v bi my úó A_ bwzk g~j i q Q weevwnz bvix weevwnz cyiæ li P q A bk ewk mgq M n vwj Kv R e q K ib G Z K i Avqg~jK Kv R jvmvi mvg_ Zuv `i K g hvq 30 2007 mv ji GKwU Rwi c `Lv hvq DËi`vZv cyiæl `i 57 kzvsk I bvix `i 55 kzvsk e j Qb bvixiv mvsmvwik Kv R 16-20 NÈv mgq e q K i 31 DËi`vZv 40 kzvs kii ewk bvix I cyiæl DfqB e j Qb evwo Z cyiæliv Kv bv KvRB K i bv 32 wndg vb ivbum IqvP hme weevwnz bvixi mvÿvrkvi wb q Q wb R `i M n vwj Kv Ri weeiy w` q Qb hvi g a i q Q ivbœv, evwo cwi vi, Kvco I evmb Kvmb avqv, Miæ-QvMj Piv bv, 30 BDbvB UW Um G RwÝ di B Uvib vkbvj W fjc g U (BDGmGBW), ÒKvw Uª weªd: evsjv `k,ó 2008, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/pubs/usaid_booklet_bangladesh_508.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 23 k Ryb 2011), c.2 31 Weiv G d«vbgmb I Ab vb, Òevsjv ` k grywiwenxb kª gi gva g A_ bxwz Z bvixi Ae`vb,Ó m Þ ^i 2007, http://www.healthbridge.ca/economic%20contribution%20report.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 6B ww m ^i 2011), c. 13 32 c~ e v³ 14 26

cvwb Avbv Ges wkï, cöexy I ^vgxi AvZ xq- ^R bi `Lfvj I cwiph v Rqv Zvi ^vgx _ K Avjv`v niqvi Av M Zuvi ˆ`bw `b Kv Ri weeiy w` q Qb: fvi mv o cuvpuvq Avgvi w`b ïiæ n Zv Nyg _ K D V bv Ívi Rb iæwu-fvwr evbvzvg mv o mvzuvi g a bv Ív w` Z bv cvi j Avgvi kvïwo PxrKvi ïiæ Ki Zb gqjv Kvco wfrvzvg, mevb K bv Ív w`zvg, Zvici Kvco ayzvg... Zvici Avgvi g q K Pvb Kwi q LvIqvZvg Avgvi g q PvBZ Avwg Zvi m ½ Lwj wkš Iw` K Avgvi kvïwo PxrKvi Ki Zb, ÒKx n QUv Kx? Avgvi Lvevi ivbœv Ki e K?Ó... Avgvi fziuv wqu o hz wkš g q K Q o Avgv K ivbœv Ki Z h Z n Zv, Zvici wqj evmb gvrv cövqb Avgvi Pvb Kivi mgquvi n Zv bv g q K LvIqv bvi ci Zv K Nyg cvovzvg `ycy i LvIqvi ci hw` KLbI wsgywb AvmZ kvïwo Avevi i M DV Zb KvR KLbI dzivz bv 33 eû bvix wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb Zuviv cvwievwik K wlrwg Ges e emv Z webv grywii kªg `b gwngv Gg. e j Qb wzwb ^vgxi mjvb qi e emvq Kvc o dzj Zv jb wkš Kv bv grywi cvb bv 34 kdvwj Gm. K wlrwg Z KvR K i Qb Avevi msmv ii KvR K i Qb wzwb e j Qb, ÒAvwg avb, Mg I Av Li exr ey bwq, dmj Zz jwq Avevi Iw` K evwo ZI Kvco avqv, ivbœvevov, ev Pv K Pvb Kiv bv, LvIqv bv meb Ki Z n q Q Ó 35 Avw_ K Ae`vb: mâq, m úwë, hšzzk eû bvix ^vgxm n hviqvi ci cvwievwik m ú` evov bvi ÿ Î A_ Kwo w` q _v K wkš cöz ÿfv e `Iqv G UvKv-cqmvI we q we Q` NU j diz cviqv cövq Am e n q c o iwebv Avi.-Gi hlb we q nq ZLb Zuvi ^vgxi cwiev ii gvî GKUv Ni wqj iwebv I Zuvi AvZ xq- ^Rb bzzb ` úwzi RvqMvi Ici wu bi Ni Zvjvi LiP `b G Z Zuv `i LiP nq mv o wzb jvl UvKv (4267 gvwk b Wjvi) ÒAvwg Avgvi mg Í mâq w` qwq Avgvi evb I PvPvI (ev gvgv) UvKv w` q Qb meb w` q Qb Zuviv Ñ Kv bi `yj, Pzwo, AvswU, Avmeve, kv Km, w ji Avjgvwi, d vb, mvdv mewkqz `Iqv n q Q Ó 36 33 wndg vb ivbum IqvP _ K biqv wlª vb ag vej ^x Rqv R. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi XvKv, 29 k m Þ ^i 2011 34 wndg vb ivbum IqvP _ K biqv gwngv Gg. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi gwngv gymjgvb XvKv, 19 k g 2011 35 wndg vb ivbum IqvP _ K biqv kdvwj Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi kdvwj gymjgvb XvKv, 19 k g 2011 AwaKvi Kgx Ges Ab vb bvixi gwnjv `i ^vgxi cvwievwik K wlrwg Z I ÿz`ª e emvq webv grywii kªg `Iqvi A bk NUbv D jøl K i Qb D`vniY wnmv e `Lyb wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K M nxz iægvbv Avi. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi, gymjgvb, MvRxcyi, 4B Ryb 2011; GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ `i AwaKvi Av`v q mwµq GKRb e w³i (Bwb cwipqwenxb _vk Z P q Qb) mvÿvrkvi, XvKv, 18B g 2011 36 wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi m ½ iwebv Avi. (QÙbvg) mvÿvrkvi, 4B Ryb 2011 Av iv `Lyb wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi biqv gymjgvb m úª`v qi wbw Gb. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi, MvRxcyi Rjv, 4B Ryb 2011 27

GKBfv e iækmv`v Avi.-Gi evev Zuv K wkqz UvKv w` qwq jb hv wzwb ^vgx K `b Zuv `i `yõr bi bv g Rwg Kbvi Rb wkš ^vgx mb UvKv w` q iækmv`v K ev` w` q wb Ri bv g Rwg K bb 37 wkqz bvix Avevi e j Qb Zuviv ^vgxi ckvmz DbœwZ ev e emv AvMv bvi Rb Zuv `i Av qi UvKv I m úwë hgb Mqbv ^vgxi nv Z Zz j w` q Qb nvwmbv GBP. I Zuvi gv ^vgx K BZvwj Z cvvv bvi Rb mv o wzb jvl UvKv LiP K i Qb c i ^vgx nvwmbv K Z vm K ib 38 AvBbRxex dvinvbv Avd ivr wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi m ½ GK mvÿvrkv i Rvwb q Qb Kxfv e Zuvi g j jxjv Gj. Zuvi evevi KvQ _ K cviqv `yb jvl UvKv ^vgx K `b e emvq wewb qv Mi Rb ^vgx Zuv K gvi Z ïiæ K ib hv Z jxjv e emv q Kv bv Askx`vwiZ `vwe bv K i Zuv K Q o P j hvb 39 cvwievwik Av`vj Zi cöv³b GK wepvik ey bv K i Qb Av ikwu NUbv hlv b g qwu I Zuvi evev Zuv `i mg Í mâq LiP K i g qwui ^vgx K gww Kj K j Ri wkÿv kl Ki Z mvnvh K ib h ^vgx c i g qwu K ZvjvK `b g qwu I Zuvi evevi Kv bv mâqb Avi Aewkó wqj bv 40 hšzz Ki gva g ^vgxi cvwievwik m ú` e w g qwui w`k _ K Av ikwu cöz ÿ A_ bwzk Ae`vb evsjv ` ki cwi cöwÿ Z AwaKvsk ÿ Î K b ev Zvi cwievi ^vgx ev Zvi cwievi K we qi mgq ev KLbI Zvi c i hšzzk wnmv e A_ ev Ab vb m ú` w` q _v K 1980 mv j evsjv ` k hšzzk MÖnY K `Ðbxq Aciva wnmv e wpwýz K i AvBb cvk Kiv n q Q 41 Zv m Ë I cwðz Ges bvix AwaKvi Kgx `i mk jb e j Qb hšzzk cö_v evsjv ` k AZ ší e vß 42 AšÍZ GKwU M elyvq `Lv M Q evsjv ` ki mgv R hšzzk cö_vi we Ívi NU Q 43 37 wndg vb ivbum IqvP _ K biqv iækmv`v (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi iækmv`v gymjgvb XvKv, 27 k g 2011 38 wndg vb ivbum IqvP _ K biqv nvwmbv (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi nvwmbv gymjgvb XvKv, 28 k g 2011 39 wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K M nxz AvBb I mvwjk K `ª cöwzôv bi gvgjv wefv Mi DaŸ Zb AvBb Kg KZ v dvinvbv Avd iv Ri mvÿvrkvi, XvKv, 31 k g 2011 40 wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K M nxz cvwievwik Av`vj Zi GKRb cöv³b wepvi Ki mvÿvrkvi Bwb ` ki 10wU Rjvq GK nvrvi gvgjvi wepvwik `vwqz cvjb K i Qb (bvg I Ab vb Z_ Zuvi Aby iv a Dn ivlv n jv ) 41 hšzzk wb iva AvBb 1980, G AvB bi 3 I 4 Aby Q` Aby Q` 3 Abyhvqx hšzzk MÖnY ev hšzzk MÖn Y mnvqzvi Rb me wbgœ GK eqi _ K cuvp eqi ch ší Kviv`Ð n Z cv i ev Rwigvbv n Z cv i A_ev Rj-Rwigvbv `yb-b n Z cv i Aby Q` 4 hšzzk `vwe K `Ð hvm Aciva wnmv e wpwýz K i GKB kvw Íi weavb w` q Q 42 hšzzk MÖnY `Ðbxq Aciva wnmv e wpwýz niqv m Ë I Kb we Í Z n Q m m ú K cwðz I bvix AwaKvi Kgx iv wewfbœ ZË w` q _v Kb cö_gz, K bi cwievi ZvjvKv ev ^vgx _ K wew Qbœ niqvi weiæ GK ai bi iÿvkep wnmv e hšzzk K ` L _v K wøzxqz, K bi cwiev ii cÿ _ K hšzzk K evev-gvi g Zz -c~e DËivwaKvi wnmv e `Lv nq A_ev cwievi cwikíbv mvgmöx e env ii Kvi Y bvixi mšívbaviy ÿgzv K g hviqvi ÿ Î GK ai bi ÿwzc~iy wnmv e `Lv nq G K wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K XvKv wek we` vj qi AvBb wefv Mi Aa vck kvnbvr û`vi mvÿvrkvi, 30 k gvp 2011; wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i mfvcwz Av qkv Lvbg I AvBb wefv Mi cöavb gvkmy`v AvLZv ii mvÿvrkvi, 29 k gvp 2011 Av iv `Lyb evizv G Í fvjvu, ÒWvDwi Bb iæivj evsjv `k: cvwu wm ckb GR BbwmI iý G Mb ww fvm,ó GwcÖj 2004, http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/3/3520/papers/esteve_volart.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 3iv b f ^i 2011); jywmqvbv myivb I Ab vb, ÒWvR WvDwi BgcÖæf jvbd di eªvbwm? Av U Ad ` we Kv q w_ qvwi Ad WvDwi Bb iæivj evsjv `k,ó ccy jkb KvDwÝj IqvwK s ccvi b ^i 194, 2004, http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/195.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 15B b f ^i 2011); GwiKv I 28

cövq me weevwnz bvix huviv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K mvÿvrkvi w` q Qb Rvwb q Qb Zuviv we q Z hšzzk w` q Qb 44 Gu `i g a Kv iv Kv iv Kv Q ^vgx ev Zuvi cwievi evi evi hšzzk `vwe K i Q Ges A bk ÿ Î Zv mwnsm wbh vz bi iƒc wb q Q D`vniY wnmv e Avmgv G.-Gi K_v ejv hvq whwb ^vgxm n _ K cvwj q G mwq jb hlb Av iv hšzz Ki `vwe c~iy Ki Z bv cvivq ^vgx Zuv K cywo q gvivi ûgwk w` qwq jb Avmgvi K_vq, m [Avmgvi ^vgx] Zvi e emvq DbœwZ Ki Z Pvw Qj... [Zvi] Kv bv UªW jvb mý wqj bv huv Kivi Rb Zviv UvKvi `ikvi n qwqj m Av MB Avgvi me mvbvi Mqbv wb q wewµ K i w` qwqj Avwg hlb UvKv w` Z cvwi bv ZLb m `irv eü K i Avgv K jvwì gv i, Mjv wu c a i Avi gvi Z _v K hzÿy bv Avgvi nvz RLg nq GLb m Avgv K ûgwk `q h Avgv K cywo q gvi e hw`i Avwg GLb Mf ezx m e j Avgvi evev-gv hw` Zv K UvKv bv `q Zvn j Avgv K ek ve wë K i Zv K UvKv G b w` Z n e bqz [ m] Avgv K Q o ` e e j ûgwk `q m e j m GLb mn RB Av ikuv we q K i `yb jvl UvKv hšzzk Avb Z cv i 45 kvnbvr Gm.-Gi ^vgxi Zuv K hšzz Ki Rb wbh vzb K iwq jb Òwe qi mgq Avwg I Avgvi gv wg j 40 nvrvi UvKv w` qwqjvg wzb gvm ci m Av iv 35 nvrvi UvKv `vwe K i Avgvi gv Zvi mvbvi Mqbv eük i L I avi K i mb UvKv Avgvi ^vgx K `b m GB UvKv `vwe K iwqj Zvi gyw` `vkv bi Av iv DbœwZ Kivi Rb 46 Ab vb, Ògymwjg d vwgwj j, wcöbycwuqvj GwMÖ g Um GÛ ` Bgv R Ý Ad WvDwi Bb evsjv `k,ó 2008, http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/intellectual_life/fieldambrustorero_february08_(2).pdf ( `Lv n q Q 15B b f ^i 2011); Ges ivr AiæYvPjg I my ik bvbwz, Ò` cövbm Ad dvwu wjwu: g v ir gv K Um GÛ ` cövbm Ad dvwu wjwu Bb evsjv `k,ó 2008, http://www-personal.umich.edu/~arunacha/an_dowryfertility.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 15B b f ^i 2011) 43 evizv G Í fvjvu, ÒWvDwi Bb iæivj evsjv `k,ó c. 19 (ejv n q Q gymjgvb mgv R hšzz Ki we Ívi NU Q) 44 wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K M nxz weevwnz bvix I AvBbRxex `i mvÿvrkvi Gme mvÿvrkvi biqv n q Q XvKv kni, bvqvlvwj, MvRxcyi I gv`vwicyi Rjvq, g, Ryb, m Þ ^i I A ±vei 2011 wuk qk weevwnz bvix Rvwb q Qb Zuviv hšzzk `bwb evwk me gwnjv e j Qb Zuv `i hšzzk w` Z n qwqj D`vniY wnmv e ejv h Z cv i wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi m ½ mviv Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkv ii K_v gymjgvb GB bvixi mvÿvrkvi biqv n qwqj bvqvlvwj Z, 20 k g 2011 45 wndg vb ivbum IqvP _ K biqv Avmgv G. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi Avmgv gymjgvb XvKv, 24 k g 2011 46 wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K M nxz Bmjvg ag vej ^x kvnbvr Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi XvKv, 2iv Ryb 2011 29

eevwnk m ú `i gvwjkvbv I wbqš Y ^vgxm ni m ú` e e v I Zvi köxe w i ÿ Î xi Ae`vb _vkv m Ë I mme m ú`, vei- A vei me ai bi m úwëi gvwjk I wbqš Yi KZ v Kej ^vgx 2006 mv j evsjv ` k wek e vsk KZ K cwipvwjz wj½ g~j eva Rwic Abyhvqx Rwi ci AvIZvaxb 10 kzvs kii Kg ÿ Î ^vgxm ni m ú ` x `i bvg wqj Avevi Kg eqmx `i (15 _ K 25 eqi eqmx) ÿ Î wzb kzvs kii Kg x `i bvg ^vgxm ni m ú `i g a wqj G ÿ Î fvov Kiv I gvwjkvbv Dfq cökvi m ú`b MY n q Q 47 G ÿ Î AvšÍR vwzk Lv` bxwz M elyv BÝwUwUDU KZ K 2000 mv j cwipvwjz GKwU M elyvi djvdji D jøl hvm evsjv ` ki wzb Rjvq 47wU MÖv g cwipvwjz G Lvbv Rwic Abyhvqx Ò ez gv b Ges we qkvjxb Dfq ÿ ÎB ^vgxiv cövq ixwzgvwdk x `i P q ewk m ú `i gvwjk Ó 48 Ges Ò xi ez gvb m ú `i Mo g~j cwiev ii gvu m ú `i GKUv AwZ ÿz`ª Ask Ó 49 x `i g a 70 kzvsk Mqbvi gvwjk Ges gvî 15 kzvsk cvwievwik vei m ú `i gvwjk 50 wndg vb ivbum IqvP hme bvixi mvÿvrkvi wb q Q mlv b ^vgxm ni m ú `i Ici x `i gvwjkvbvi Abycw wz I wbqš Yi Afv ei welqwu evievi wd i G m Q D`vniY wnmv e mv jvwb Gm.-Gi K_v ejv hvq wzwb e j Qb, ÒAvgiv evwo ˆZwii Rb cöpzi cwikªg K iwq Avgvi Kv bi `yj wewµ K iwq, evb i KvR K i Avq K iwq, gv V Pvl K iwq, Miæ Pwi qwq cqmv hv c qwq me ^vgxi nv Z Zz j w` qwq wkš mewkqzi c i evwo Avgvi ^vgxi bv g Ó 51 bxiv GKUv gyiwmi dv g KvR K i hv c Zb me ^vgx K w` Zb ^vgx Rwg K bb Z e muv ïay wb Ri bv g ÒUvKv Rgv bvi Rb gy L i³ Zz j w` bi ci w`b L UwQ wkš mb mâ qi GLb Kx Av Q Avgvi Kv Q? wk Qz bv,ó bxiv e jwq jb 52 47 wek e vsk, ÒûBmcvi Uz f q mm: RÛvi GÛ mvk vj Uª výdi gkb Bb evsjv `k,ó evsjv `k W fjvc g U wmwir, ccvi bs 22, 2008, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/intbangladesh/resources/295657-205740286726/genderreport.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 3iv b f ^i 2011), c. 76, c viv 5.11 48 GM bm KzBmvgwes Ges e bww ± ww jv weª qi, ÒDB gbm A v mum GÛ B UªvnvDR A v jv Kkb Bb iæivj evsjv `k: Uw s grvim Ad ev M wbs cviqvi,ó wwmkvkb ccvi b ^i 86, B Uvib vkbvj dzw cwjwm wimvp BÝwUwUDU, 2000, http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/fcnbr86.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 3iv b f ^i 2011), c ôvb ^iwenxb 49 B Uvib vkbvj dzw cwjwm wimvp BÝwUwUDU, Ògv`vi-dv`vi wi mv m m GÛ Mvj -eq nj_ Bb iæivj evsjv `k,ó GwcÖj 2000, cwjwm weªd b ^i 3, RÛvi GÛ nvdr nvì A vm c±m Ad dzw cwjwm, http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/mp17_brief03.pdf ( `Lv n q Q 3iv b f ^i 2011), c ôvb ^iwenxb 50 GM bm KzBmvgwes Ges e bww ± ww jv weª qi, ÒDB gbm A v mum GÛ B UªvnvDR A v jv Kkb Bb iæivj evsjv `k,ó c ôvb ^iwenxb 51 wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K M nxz mv jvwb Gm. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi mv jvwb wn `y ag vej ^x mvÿvrkvi biqv nq bvqvlvwj Z, 22 k g 2011 52 wndg vb ivbum IqvP KZ K M nxz bxiv Gb. (QÙbvg)-Gi mvÿvrkvi bxiv wn `y m úª`v qi mvÿvrkvi biqv nq bvqvlvwj Z, 22 k g 2011 30

2. weevn, ZvjvK I we Q` msµvší AvBb evsjv `k bvix AwaKv ii wkqz wkqz ÿ Î ( hgb cvwievwik wbh vzb) A bk k³ AvBb K i Q wkš cvwievwik welq hgb weevn ZvjvK I we Q` AvBb wj cövpxbkvj _ K cöpwjz Ges ˆelg g~jk weevn ev weevn wb úwë msµvší cövq mkj wel qb evsjv ` k wjwlz ev AwjwLZ e w³mz agx q AvBb wji Dc i wbf i Kiv nq G e w³mz agx q AvBb wj bvix `i cöwz AZ ší elg g~jk msweav b ejv n q Q Òivóª wj½ f ` ev Ab Kvb Kvi Y Kvb cökvi ˆelg cö` kb Ki e bv Ges ivóª I MYRxe bi me Í i bvix cyiæ li mgvb AwaKvi jvf Ki eó 53 wkš msweav b e w³mz I cvwievwik Rxe b mgawakv ii welqwu mivmwi D jøl Kiv nqwb cvwievwik I e w³mz chv q bvix I wk kvix `i AwaKvi iÿvq evsjv ` k A bk AvBb cöyqb Kiv n q Q Ges G wj mkj agx q m úª`v qi Rb GKBfv e cö hvr Gi g a we klfv e D jøl hvm nj 2010 mv ji cvwievwik mwnsmzv (cöwz iva I myiÿv) AvBb, eû eqi a i we` gvb i q Q evj weevn cöwz iva AvBb, hšzzk wb iva AvBb, bvix I wkï wbh vzb `gb AvBb Ges GwmW Aciva `gb AvBb 54 evsjv ` k GLb h AvBbUv AZ ší Riæixfv e cöyqb Kiv `ikvi muv nj weevn I we Q` msµvší wel q bvix cyiæ li mgawakvi wbwðzkiy AvBb GB Aa v q evsjv ` k we` gvb cvwievwik AvBbmg~n Ges m wj wkfv e weevn, ZvjvK, we Q` Ges fiy cvl Yi (hw` _v K) welq wj cwipvjbv K i Zv Zz j aiv n q Q GQvovI Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q weevn we Q` ciezx mg q weevn Ëvi m úwë e U bi AvBb Gi Abycw wzi K_v me k l h welqwu wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q mwu n jv GKwU Awfbœ cvwievwik AvBb hv mkj agx q Rb Mvôxi Rb cö hvr n e Ges we` gvb cvwievwik AvB bi chv qµwgk ms vi Ki e GB AvBbwU cöyq bi AZxZ I ez gvb cö Póv Ges cö Ívebvmg~nI Av jvwpz n q Q GB Aa v q cvwievwik AvBb evsjv ` k weevn, ZvjvK, c _Kevm Ges we Q` ciezx A_ bwzk AwaKvi mewkqzb cövq m ú~b fv e e w³mz AvBb Øviv cwipvwjz nq 55 2001 mv ji cwimsl vb Abyhvqx evsjv ` ki msl vmwiô (89.7% Rb Mvôx gymwjg), wn `y kzkiv 9.2 fvm, eš 0.7 fvm Ges Lªx vb 0.3 fvm 56 Z e h mkj RbMY wb R `i K Kvb wbw` ó a g i Abymvix g b K ib bv Zv `i Kvb 53 c~ ev ³ Aby Q` 28(1) Ó Kej ag, Mvôx, ey, bvix cyiæl ev mšív bi Kvi Y Kvb bvmwi Ki cöwz ivóª ˆelg cö`k b Kwi eb bv, (2) ivóª I MbRxe bi me Í i bvix cyiæ li mgvb AwaKvi jvf Kwi eb 54 cvwievwik mwnsmzv (cöwz iva I myiÿv) AvBb 2010, bvix I wkï wbhv Zb `gb AvBb 2000 (ms kvwaz 2003), hšzzk wb iva AvBb 1980 Ges GwmW Aciva `gb AvBb 2002, evsjv ` k Av iv i q Q weªwuk Avgj _ K P j Avmv evj weevn cöwz iva AvBb, 1929 55 evsjv ` k wn `y cvwievwik AvBb eš agv ej ^x `i ÎI cö hvr 56 evsjv `k cwimsl vb eÿ ivi Òevsjv `k Av`gïgvix 2001Ó 2004, we ÍvwiZ `Lyb Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics, Bangladesh: Country Profile, http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm (accessed November 22, 31

cwimsl vb bvb evsj ` k e w³mz AvBb wj mskwjz I AmsKwjZ AvB bi GKwU mswgköy mskjb wj ewkifvmb Kiv n q Q e wuk Avg j, wkqz wkqz 19 kz Ki e w³mz AvBbI Av Q 57 1971 mv j GKwU ^vaxb mve fšg ivóª wnmv e cöwzôv cvevi ci evsjv `k ^vaxbzv c~e mg qi mkj AvBbB MÖnY K i Q 58 GB mskwjz I AmsKwjZ AvBbmgyn evsjv `k mycöxg KvU Ges mycöxg Kv U i nvb KvU wefv Mi e vl vi Dci wbf i K i Ges G ai bi AvBbx wm vší wj GLb AvB bi Drm wn m e cwiwpz e w³mz AvB bi cvkvcvwk wkqz `Iqvbx AvBb i q Q hv weevn ev we Q `i ÿ Î mk ji cöwz cö hvr nq hgb we kl weevn AvBb 1872, evj weevn wb iva AvBb 1929, cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985, AwffveK I cöwzcvj AvBb 1990 59 we kl weevn AvB bi f~wgkv Z ejv n q Q h, GwU Zv `i cöwz cö hvr n e hviv Kvb wbw` ó ag cvjb K ib bv ev mb ai bi agx q Mvôx hv `i weev ni AvBbMZ ˆeaZv wb q cökœ Av Q 60 cvwievwik AvBb we kláiv ej Qb, GB we kl weevn AvBbwU LyeB Kg e eüz nq Ges ev Í e huv nq Zv nj weev ni cvî-cvîx ` GB AvB bi Aax b we q Ki Z n j GKUv NvlYvc Î mb Ki Z nq h Zviv Kvb a g wek vm K ib bv, hvi d j GUv e envi Kiv `ytmva n q `uvovq 61 weevn we Q` AvBb 1869 g~jz: Kiv n qwqj Lªx vb `i Rb hv ciezx Z we kl weevn AvB bi Aax b m úbœ weev ni ÿ ÎI cö hvr nq 62 2011). wn `y m cö`vq GB MYbvi cöwzev` K i Qb Zviv e jb evsjv ` k wn `y Rb Mvôxi msl v Av iv A bk ekx AvBbRxex I wn `y m cö`v qi bzv myeªz PŠayixi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi, 3iv A ±vei, 2011 57 e wuk Avg j e w³mz AvBb mskj bi mg qi ivr bwzk cwiw wz Ges muv wkfv e bvix `i AwaKvi K wzmö K Q Zvi we ÍvwiZ Ab vb Z_ my Î i q Q Ges GB cöwz e` bi AvIZv ewn f~z hgb D`vnib ^i c Janaki Nair, Women and Law in Colonial India (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1996). 58 evsjv `k (we` gvb AvBb MÖnb) Av e`b, 1972 59 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985 wel q we ÍvwiZ Z _ i Rb ciezx ÒAvBbx cöwzeükzvó Aa vqwu `Lyb 2010 mv j msm ` cvwievwik mwnsmzv (cöwz iva I myi v) AvBb cvk n q Q GB AvB bi we ÍvwiZ Z _ i Rb Òweevn Ëvi m úwë AvB bi AfveÓ Ges Òevsjv ` ki weevwnz, ZvjvKcÖvß I c _KevmiZ bvix `i Ici ˆelg g~jk e w³mz AvB bi cöfveó Aa vq `ywu `Lyb cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k Kvh Ki nevi c~ e mkj a g i bvixivb dšr`vix Kvh wewa AvB bi 488 aviv Abyhvqx dšr`vix Av`vj Z fiy cvl Yi `vex wb q h Zb wkš AvBbRxexiv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e jb, cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k Kvh Ki nevi ci IB Av`vjZmg~ ni GB gzv Avi bb mycöxg Kv U i AvBbRxex Ges evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mi Uªv óªi civg kk W. Rvwn`yj Bmjv gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi B gbj hvmv hvm, Ryb 6, 2012; Zahidul Islam, Strengthening Family Courts: An Analysis of the Confusions and Uncertainties Thwarting the Family Courts in Bangladesh (Dhaka, BLAST: 2006), http://www.blast.org.bd/content/publications/family_courts.pdf, pp. 16-17 (accessed June 6, 2012) 60 we kl weevn AvB bi 1872 Ges f~wgkv Ò h mkj e w³ wlª vb, Bû`x, wn `y, gymwjg, cvwm, eš, wkl ev ˆRb Kvb a g i Abymvix bq Ges h mkj e w³ wn `y, eš, wkl ev ˆRb a g i Abymvix Ges hv `i weev ni ˆeaZv wb q m `n i q hvq mbmkj Î weev ni ˆeaZv `IqvÕ 61 wb gœv³ e w³e M i mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi- mviv nv mb, AvBbRxex Ges Abvivix cwipvjk evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv (eøv ), XvKv, gvp 26, 2011; W. dw bv c iiv, cwipvjk, eª vk wndg vb ivbum GÛ wjm vj GBW mvwf mm, XvKv 31 g 2011; myjzvbv Kvgvj, wbe vnx cwipvjk, AvBm I mvwjk K `ª, XvKv, 16 g 2011 62 we kl weevn AvBb 1872, aviv 17 32

ZvwjKv : weevn I we Q` msµvší gymwjg, wn `y I Lªxóvb AvBb wji g~j Dcv`bmg~n gymwjg wn `y wlª vb weevn I we Q` msµvší g~j AvBb weevn / wbeüxkiy gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Aa v `k 1961, 1939 mv ji gymwjg weevn we Q` AvBb, gymwjg weevn I we Q` (wbeüxkiy) AvBb 1974 weev ni Pzw³ I wbeüxkiy Avek K weevwnz wn `y bvixi c _Kevm I fiy cvlb AvBb 1946 weevn iwr óªk bi Kvb weavb bvb Lªx vb weevn AvBb 1872, we Q` AvBb 1869 weevn iwr óªkb Avek K `b gvni weev ni Pzw³ Z `b gvni mywbw` ó _v K `b gvni we qi mgq m úyy ev AvswkK cwi kva n Z cv i wn `y we q Z `b gvni ev Gai bi wkqzb bvb hšzzk eavbbx Ges ag mg_ b K i bv A ea wkš hšzy Ki `vex K HwZnvwmKfv e agx q iƒc `Iqv n q Q hw`i we kláiv hyw³ `Lvb ev Í e a g i mv _ Gi Kvb m úk bb eû weevn ZvjvK cyiæl PviwU weevn Ki Z cv i Z e c~e ez x xm Yi AbygwZ mv c ÿ, mkj xmy K mgghv `v w` Z n e, mvwjmx cwil `i Aby gv`b cö qvrb nq ^vgx: webv Kvi b ZvjvK w` Z cv i, c wzmzfv e cwipvwjz x: webvkvi b ZvjvK w` Z cv i hw` Kvwebbvgvq ^vgx Zv K GB gzv cö`vb K i _v Kb Ab _vq `yr bi m wz Z ZvjvK cö`vb Kiv m e (gyevivz I Lyjv ZvjvK c wz) hw` Av`vj Zi evb i Kvbfv e ZvjvK m e bv nq Z e x Av`vj Z wbw` ó ÿ Î Zvjv Ki Av e`b Ki Z cv ib cyyiæl h Kvb msl K x MÖnY Ki Z cv i c~e ezx x ev xm Yi AbygwZ ev mgghv `vi Kvb weavb bvb c wzmz iÿvker bvb Zvjv Ki Kvb weavb bvb x Av`vj Z c _K emevm Ges fiy cvl bi Av e`b Ki Z cv i Lªx vb `i Rb `b gvn ii Kvb weavb bvb eavbbx Ges ag mg_ b K i bv ea bq ^vgx I x mxgve wkqz ÿ Î Zvjv Ki Av e`b Ki Z cv ib Z e xi Av e` bi ÿî wj LyeB iÿykxj 33

gymwjg wn `y wlª vb weevwnz Ae vq fiy cvly ZvjvK ev we Q` ciezx fiy cvly weevn Ëvi m úwë ms v ^vgx Zvi xi fiy cvly w` Z eva, Z e GUv xi mzxz I ^vgxi cöwz eva Zvi mv _ m ú wkz gymwjg ZvjvKcÖvß bvixi fiy cvl Yi AwaKvi bvb, Z e Zvjv Ki bvwuk `evi beÿb w`b ch ší ev x hw` Mf ezx nb Zvn j mšívb Rb bv niqv ch ší ïaygvî c _K m úwë msmv i xi Ae`vb hvb _vkzk bv Kb weevn Ëvi m úwëi AwaKvi ^xk Z bq vbxq mvwjkx cwil`, cvwievwik Av`vjZ Ges Avcxj Av`vjZ ^vgx Zvi xi fiy cvly w` Z eva, Z e GUv xi mzxz I ^vgxi cöwz eva Zvi mv _ m ú wkz Zvjv Ki weavb bvb x wkqz wbw` ó ÿ Î Av`vj Z c _K evmm n Ges fiy cvl bi Av e`b Ki Z cv ib mzxz I ^vgxi AbyMZ _vkvi kz cö hvr ïaygvî c _K m úwë msmv i xi Ae`vb hvb _vkzk bv Kb weevn Ëvi m úwëi AwaKvi ^xk Z bq cvwievwik Av`vjZ I Avcxj Av`vjZ ^vgx Zvi xi fiy cvly w` Z eva, Z e GUv xi mzxz I ^vgxi cöwz eva Zvi mv _ m ú wkz x ZvjvK ciezx fiy cvly `vwe Ki Z cv i ïaygvî c _K m úwë msmv i xi Ae`vb hvb _vkzk bv Kb weevn Ëvi m úwëi AwaKvi ^xk Z bq cvwievwik Av`vjZ I Avcxj Av`vjZ Zvjv Ki ÿ Î mycöxg Kv U i nvb KvU wefv Mi gyl RywimwWKkvb i q Q gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb ewki fvm evsjv ` ki gymwjg Rb Mvôxi Rb mywbœ nvbvdx AvBb cö hvr 63 gymwjg cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1961 AvB b GB gzev `i wkqz Ask mskjb I ms kvab Kiv n q Q 64 Ab vb AvBb h wj gymwjg weevn Ges we Q `i mv _ m úwk Z m wj n jv gymwjg weevn we Q` AvBb-1939 Ges gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeüxkiy) AvBb- 1974 weevn Pzw³ I wbeüxkiy gymwjg weevn GKwU Pzw³i gva g m úbœ nq hv Kvwebbvgv ev wbkvnbvgv bv g cwiwpz evsjv `k mikv ii GKwU Av` k Kvwebbvgvi dig vu i q Q huv MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i 65 Kvwebbvgv Z 63 gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb (kwiqv) cö qvm AvBb, 1937 64 evsjv `k (we` vgvb AvBb envjkib) Av `k 1972 65 gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeüxkib) AvBb 1974, wewa-9 34

e w³mz Z_ hgb cvî-cvîxi bvg, Rb vb, ˆeevwnK Ae v, cvî-cvîx `i ˆeevwnK m ú K i wewfbœ kz, hgb `b gvni wksev fiy cvl Yi cwigvy BZ vw` D jøl Kivi my hvm i q Q 66 GKwU Av`k Kvwebbvgv Z weev ni Dfqc ÿi Rb Ôwe kl kz Õ hgb, ZvjvK ev we Q` ciezx Z wk n e Zv ms hvr bi my hvm i q Q 67 wndg vb ivbum IqvP h 71 Rb bvixi mv vrkvi wb q Q Zv `i g a GB Kvwebbvgvi iæz ev Gi wewa wji gva g wkfv e wb R `i AwaKvi mg SvZvi gva g msiÿy Kiv hvq m wel q Ávb ev Rvbv kvbvi cwiwa AZ ší mxwgz 68 gymwjg weevn Aek B g v ir iwróªvi ev KvRx Øviv wbewüz n Z n e 1974 mv j gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeüxkiy) AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv `k mikvi mb`cövß KvRx `i wb qvm K i _v Kb g v ir iwróªviiv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb A bk bvixb Am PZbZv I `vwi`ªzvi Kvi Y weevn wbeü b e _ nb 69 D`vniY ^iæc ejv h Z cv i GKRb gymwjg weaev wndg vb ivbum IqvP Gi mvÿvrkv i e j Qb, wzwb Zvi g q K we q w` q Qb KviAv bi Dci ei-k bi nvz i L kc_ K i KviY Zvi c ÿ Kvwe bi UvKv, e ii hšzz Ki `vwe ev we qi AvbyôvwbKZv Kivi mvg_ wqjbv Ges GB ` úwz c i weevn wbeüb K ibwb 70 AvBbRxex I gvbevwakvi Kgx iv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb, GB ai bi cö_v cöpjb _vkvi K_v 71 KvRx Ges gvbevwakvi Kgx iv e jb, A bkb Gwd WwdU Gi gva g bvuvixi Kv Q weevn K ib huvi Kvb AvBbx ˆeaZv bvb 72 `b gvni gymwjg weevn Pzw³ Z úó K i ejv n q Q h, ^vgx K Zvi x K Aek B GKUv wbw` ó cwigvy UvKv ev m úwë gvni wn m e w` Z n e 73 Gi GKUv Ask we qi mgq evkxuv ciezx mgq cwi kva Ki Z n e ZË MZfv e `L j `b gvn ii AwaKviUv bvix `i m úwëi AwaKvi A bkvs k msiÿy Ki Z cv i wkš wndg vb ivbum IqvP h mkj bvix `i mvÿvrkvi wb q Qb Zv Z `Lv hvq h gvnivbv wbav i Y bvix `i LyeB Kg ev Kvb f~wgkvb bvb Ges 66 c~ ev ³, AwZwi³ Z _ i Rb Ò gvniò Ges ÒfiY cvlyó wk ivbv gi Aa vq wj `Lyb 67 gymwjg weevn Ges ZvjvK (wbeübxkiy) wewa 1975, wewa 9, Kvwebvgvi 17, 19 Ges 20 Kjvg 68 g-ryb 2011 mv j XvKv, bvqvlvjx, gv`vixcyi, Ges MvRxcyi Rjvq gymwjg bvix `i m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi ekxifvm bvixivb Rvb Zb h Zviv we qi gvni wbw` ó Kivi Î f~wgkv ivl Z cvi Zv wkš Zviv Kvwebvgv Z Ab Kvb kz hvm K i mg SvZvi K_v Rvb Zb bv wkqz Î hlv b bvixiv e hviv e j Qb, h mgq Zv `i we q n q Q mb mgq Kvb wbw` ó Kvweb bvgv wqj bv Kgx ivi GB K_v wbwðz K i Qb 69 g, 2011 bvqvlvjx I gv`vixcyi Rjvi 5 Rb g v ir iwróv ii (Aby iv a bvg cökvk Kiv nqwb) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 70 20 g 2011 mv j bvqvlvjx Rjvi gymwjg bvix RvevB`vi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 71 25 g 2011 mv j AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, gww qkb I i vwcw imcý BDwbU, bxbv Mv ^vgxi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv _ mv vrkvi 72 c~ ev ³ 19 g, 2011 AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, gww qkb I i vwcw imcý BDwbU, bxbv Mv ^vgxi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv _ mv vrkvi A bk bvixivb wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb h, Zviv wbeüb QvovB weevn K i Qb Ges wek vm K ib GUv ˆea 19 g 2011 mv i XvKv Z gymwjg bvix gywbivi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi. 73 gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeüxkib) wewagvjv 1975 wewa 9, wbkvnbvgv gvni hšzzk _ K wfbœ, hšzzk Mfxifv e we Í Z GKwU mvgvwrk cö_v huv ^vgx ev ^vgxi cwievi we qi mgq Ges we q ciezx Z K bi c i wbku _ K UvKv, Dcnvi ev Ab Kvb m úwëi wnmv e `vex K ib 35

ewkifvm bvix Rv bbbv Zvi `b gvn ii cwigvy KZ wqj 74 h c wz Z `b gvni wbav ib Kiv nq mlv b mgm v i q Q gy`ªvùxwz I RxebhvÎvgv bi e w cviqvi Rb `xn w` bi weevwnz Rxeb k l GK mg q GB gvn ii cwigvy LyeB bmy n q `uvovq wndg vb ivbum IqvP bvix `i Ges cöv³b cvwievwik Av`vj Zi wepvik `i gvnivbvi wel q mvÿvrkvi wb q ` L Q h A_ bwzk wbivcëv `evi ÿ Î GB gvnivbvi cwigvy LyeB Kg `ybwu gvgjvq `Lv M Q, `yrb bvix we qi GKhyM c i gvnivbv `vex K i Q- GK gvgjvq gvn ii cwigvy 101 UvKv 75 Ges Ab gvgjvq 2.5 UvKv 76 wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi msiÿ Y Ab vb h gvgjv wj i q Q mlv b gvnivbv 51 nvrvi cvpukz UvKv Ges 600 UvKv gvî 77 Ab RvqMvq `Lv M Q h, ^vgx GZ ekx gvnivbv avh K i Q h m h ciezx Z H gvnivbv cwi kva Ki Z cv i Zvi Kvb wbðqzv bvb Ges hlb weevn we Q` nq ZLb gvnivbvi wkqzb cwi kva K i bvb, A_ bwzk wbðqzvi bv g gvnivbv kyayb KvM R Kj g 78 x weevn we Q` ciezx Z h Kvb e Kqv `b gvni cvevi AwaKvix wkš bvix `i c ÿ GB AwaKv ii AvBbUv ev Íevqb Kiv `y:mva 79 eûweevn Ò`yB x `yb mšívb - GKRb zj kl Ki Z cv iwb, GLb wikkv Pvjvq, Av ik mšívb K jr kl K i QÓ gvkmy`v Av³vi, AvBbRxex, evsjv `k gwnjv cwil`, XvKv, Ryb 1, 2011 ÒwK mi AbygwZ? ^vgx wøzxq we q Kivi Av M GKUv K_vI e jwb Zviv hlb Pvq ZLbB we q Ki Z cv ió AvQgv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, bvqvlvjx Rjv, 20 g, 2011 evsjv ` ki wewfbœ GjvKvq eû weev ni cöpjb Anin, hw`i wkqz wkqz m~î ej Q GUvi cwigvy n«vm cv Q 80 wndg vb ivbum IqvP msm nxz Z _ i g a Kgc ÿ 40 Rb bvix eû weev ni g a i q Qb Ges me wj NUbv ZB `Lv hvq, GmKj bvixi AwaKv ii Ici eû weev ni AZ ší 74 g I Ryb 2011 mv j XvKv, MvRxcyi gv`vixcyi I bvqvlvjx Rjvi Kgc 50 Rb gymwjg bvixi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi wndg vb ivbum IqvP Av iv A bk bvix `i mv _ K_v e j Qb hviv Rvb Zbv Zv `i gvni KZ wqj& Zviv A b KB wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb h Zviv GKwU mv`v KvM R Av½y ji Qvc w` q Qb Ges c i ï b Qb IUvB Kvweb bvgv wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi- kvnbvr (QÙbvg) gymwjg, bvqvlvjx Rjv, 20 g 2011, Av bvqviv (QÙbvg) gymwjg, bvqvlvjx Rjv, 21 g, 2011 dwi`v (QÙbvg) gymwjg, bvqvlvjx Rjv, 22 g, 2011 75 GKRb cöv³b wepvi Ki m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ ey bv D jøl Kiv n jv bv) 76 20 g, 2011 Zvwi L bvqvlvjx Rjvi gymwjg bvix AvLZvivi (QÙbvg) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 77 20 I 21 g, 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Rjvi Avwgiv (QÙbvg) Ges RvevB`vi (QÙbvg) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 78 wndg vb ivbm Iqv Pi wewfbœ cwigv bi gvn ii Z_ msmön K i Q A bk ÎB gvn ii cwigvb 50,000 UvKv Kg Ges wndg vb ivbm Iqv Pi msmönxz Z _ i g a m ev P gvni 1 j 50 nvrvi UvKv 79 ciezx ÒAvBbx cöwzeükzvó Aa vqwu Z `Lyb 80 D`vniY ^iƒc `Lyb; OECD, Social Institutions and Gender Index, http://genderindex.org/country/bangladesh (accessed April 3, 2011) 36

weiæc cöwzwµqv i q Q ewki fvm bvixivb e j Qb ^vgx Av ikuv we q Kivi m ½ m ½ Zv `i K cwiz vm K i Q hvi Kvi Y Zviv evmm n Ges A_ bwzk mn hvmwzvi AwaKvi nviv Qb 81 KD KD Avevi e j Qb eû weevn Ges cvwievwik wbh vz bi g a GKUv hvmm~î i q Q hlbb xiv ^vgxi wøzxq we q wb q cökœ K i ZLbB ^vgxiv gviai ïiæ K i 82 GKRb AwaKvi Kgx GKUv NUbvi K_v e j Qb- hlv b x Zvi ^vgx K wøzxq we q wb q cökœ Kivq ^vgx Zv K GwmW wb ÿc K i Q 83 kixqv AvBb Abyhvqx GKRb cyyiæl PviUv ch ší we q Ki Z cv i wkš gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Aa v `k GB ÿ Î wkqz c wzmz iÿvke Ri weavb K i Q 84 GKRb cyiæl wøzxq we q Ki Z PvB j Zv K vbxq mikv ii Pqvig v bi eivei Av e`b Ki Z n e GB g g h, Zvi ez gvb x wøzxq weev ni AbygwZ w` q Qb 85 Gici Pqvig vb mvwjkx cwil` WvK eb, hlv b wzwb wb R _vk eb Ges ^vgx I xi Dfq cÿ _ K wbhy³ Kiv cöwzwbwaiv _vk eb GB cwil` ïaygvî ZLbB AbygwZ ` e hlb Zviv mš ó n eb h weev ni cö Íve ÒcÖ qvrbxq I b vq m½zó 86 Ges weev n kz hy³ Ki Z cvi eb 87 cö qvrbxq I b vqm½z ej Z wk evsvq Zv AvB b e vl v Kiv nqwb Z e gymwjg cvwievwik AvB bi wewa Z GKUv we ÍvwiZ ZvwjKv i q Q hlb eû weevn K cö qvrbxq I b vqm½z MY Kiv n e m wj nj- ez gvb xi mšívb avi Yi AÿgZv, kvwiixk cöwzeükzv, `v úz m úk cvj b kvixwik AÿgZv, `v úz Rxeb cybi v i Av`vj Zi wwwµ bv gvbv 88 ZË MZfv e GB mvwjkx cwil` ^vgx `i wøzxq weev ni AbygwZ `evi mgq ez gvb xi A_ bwzk AwaKvi wbwðz Kivi Rb wkqz AwZwi³ kz Ry o w` Z cv ib 89 h mkj cyiæl GB c wz AbymiY Ki Z e _ Zviv ez gvb x ev xm Yi gvnivbv cwi kva Ki Z eva 90 Ges x ^vgxi weiæ dšr`vix gvgjv `v qi Ki Z cv ib hvi kvw Í m e v P GK eq ii Kviv`Û ev 10,000 nvrvi UvKv ch ší Rwigvbv x weevn we Q `i Rb Av e`b Ki Z cv ib 91 weevn Pzw³ Z ei-k b Zv `i ˆeevwnK Ae vi K_v D jøl Ki Z eva Ges g v ir iwróªvi muv hvpvb K i `L eb Av`k Kvwebbvgv Pzw³ Z mywbw` ófv e Rvb Z PvIqv nq h, cv Îi Kvb ez gvb x i q Q wkbv, hw` _v K Zvn j m wøzxq we qi Rb mvwjkx cwil` _ K h_vh_ AbygwZ wb q Q wkbv 92 Kvwebbvgv bvix `i K AwZwi³ 81 g, Ryb m Þ ^i I A ±vei 2011 Zvwi L XvKv, bvqvlvjx, gv`vixcyi Ges MvRxcyi Rjvi bvix `i m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 82 19 g, 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Rivi gymwjg bvix kwg jv (QÙbvg) 22 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Rjvi gymwjg bvix nvwg`v, 4 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL MvRxcyi Rjvi gymwjg bvix wbw (QÙbvg), 19 g, 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Rjvi gymwjg bvix kdvjx (QÏbvg) 22 g,2011 bvqvlvjx Rjvi dwi`v, gnwmbv Ges mvb`vi (QÙbvg) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 83 31 g 2011 ZvwiK XvKv Rjvi gymwjg bvix gv jkv (QÙbvg) Zvi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 84 gymxjg cvwievwik AvBb Aa v `k 1961 aviv 6 85 c~ ev ³ 86 c~ ev ³ 87 c~ ev ³ 88 gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb wewagvjv 1961, wewa 14 89 gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Aa v `k 1961 aviv (6), gymwjg weevn we Q` AvBb, 1939, aviv 29(iia) 90 c~ ev ³ 91 c~ ev ³ 92 wbkvnbvgv, evsjv `k gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeüxkiy) wewagvjv 1975, wewa 9, Kjvg 21 37

myiÿvi Rb mg SvZv Z mnvqzv K i, huv AvBbRxexiv g b K ib eû weevn iv ai ÿ Î eo ai bi myiÿvi KvR Ki Z cv i 93 hgb gqgbwms ni GKRb AvBbRxex wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e jb, Zvi GKRb g j Kvwebbvgv Z kz w` qwqj h, hw` ^vgx cybivq we q K i Zvn j Zvi Rb c _K evmm ni e e v Ki e 94 gymwjg cvwievwik AvB b Kvb ^vgx GKvwaK x ivl j Zv `i cöwz mgzvi ( GUv e envi Kiv n q Q gymwjg cvwievwik Aa v ` k) ev mgfv e (GwU e envi Kiv n q Q evsjv `k mycöxg Kv U i nvb KvU wefv M) g~j vqb Ki e 95 eû weevn wbqš Y I cöwz iv ai Rb AvB bi c wz jv Lye `ye jfv e cö qvm nq bvix, we klá Ges Kg KZv iv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb vbxq mikvi hviv eû weev ni welqwu `Lvi `vwq Z i q Qb Zviv Zv `i KZ e wvkgz cvjb K ib bv Zv `i cöwkÿ Y `ye jzv Ges GB wel q Áv bi LyeB Afve hv weev ni wbeüb c wzi `ye jzv I eûweevn iv a AvBbx myiÿvi c _ evav gv`vixcyi wjm vj GBW ms vi GK Kgx i g Z ekxi fvm mvwjkx cwil`b AKvh Ki- Òmvwjkx cwil` jv K Kvh Ki Kivi Rb A bk KvR Ki Z n e Zv `i `vwqz cÿ `i K bvwuk `Iqv, hlb Zviv eû weev ni `ilv Í cvb ZLb cÿmy K mg SvZvi Rb WvKv Ges GB wel q wm vší wj h_vh_fv e msiÿy Kiv Ó 96 wndg vb ivbum IqvP h 40 Rb gymwjg bvix hviv eûweev ni g a Av Qb Zv `i mvÿvrki wb q Qb Zviv mk jb e j Qb Zviv ^vgx `i Av ikuv weev ni K_v NUbv NUvi A bk c i ^vgx, k ïievoxi jvkrb A_ev cwiev ii Ab m`m ev eüzi Kv Q ï b Qb ZvB hw`iev wzwb Gi weiæ wkš GUvi cöwzev` ev cöwz iva Kivi Kvb my hvm wqjbv Zv `i g a KD mvwjkx cwil ` cöwzwbwa wb qvm K ib bvb hw`i AvBb GUv ej Q hgb mvqivi ^vgx Zvi AbygwZ bv wb q eûevi we q K i Qb mvqiv e j Q- ÒhLb Avgvi Q ji eqm GK eqi ZLb Avgvi ^vgx wøzxq we q K i, Avwg GUv RvbZvg bv wkš GKw`b m wøzxq x K evwo Z wb q Gj wøzxq xi RvbZ bv h Zvi Av Mi eš Av Q m Avgv `i mv _ wzb eqi wqj, Zvici P j hvq Zvici Avevi Avgvi ^vgx P j hvq Ges Av ikwu eš wb q Av m hlb m PZz_ we qi Rb hvq ZLb Avwg eys Z cvwi, KviY g q cÿ we qi Av qvrb KiwQj Ges GUv GKB GjvKvi g a Ó 97 wibvii Kvb my hvm wqj bv Zvi ^vgxi wøzxq we q cöwz iva Kivi, hlb m k ïievoxi GKUv dv b Rvb Z cvij h k ïievoxi jv Kiv GB we qi Av qvrb K i Q Zvi ^vgx Zv K e jwqj m Zvi gv qi Pv c c o we q Ki Z eva n q Q Zv bv n j Zvi gv AvZ nz v Ki Zv wibv e j Q ÒAvi Avwg hw` AvZ nz v Kwi muv wvk nz?ó 98 bvix `i Rb mvwjkx cwil ` h q Zv `i ^vgx `i eûweev ni `iÿv Í cöwz iva 93 1jv GwcÖj 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv ói Rjv chv hi AvBbRxex `i m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi Av jvpbv mfv 94 c~ e v³ 95 Rmwgb myjzvbv ebvg gvnv ` Bwjqvm (1997) 17 BLD 4 96 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy i gv`vixcyi wjm vj GBW G mvwm qk bi Kgx bwgzv ivbx ` Ëi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 97 20 g 2011 bvqvlvjx Rjvi gymwjg bvix mvqivi (QÙbvg) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 98 24 g, 2011, XvKv Rjvi gymwjg bvjx ixbvi (QÙbvg) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 38

Kiv LyeB `y:mva wkqz Kg KZv, we kláiv e j Qb mvwjkx cwil ` LyeB Kg bvix `i K mvwjk`vi wn m e wbhy³ Kiv nq huv bvix `i Rb Av iv A ^w ÍKi 99 GKRb BDwbqb cwil `i Pqvig vb e j Qb mvwjkx cwil `i m`m wn m e bvix `i wbhy³ Kiv LyeB iæz cyy G Z K i bvixiv wbtms Kv P I gy³ g b Zv `i mgm vi K_v ej Z cvi eb Ges m`m ivi Zv `i mgm v wj eys eb wkqz ÿ Î bvixiv hlb mvwjkx cwil ` Av mb ZLb Zviv cyiæl m`m `i mv _ K_vB e jb bv 100 vbxq Kg KZv hviv mvwjkx cwil` Kvh Ki ivlvi `vwq Z Av Qb Zviv mikvi _ K LyeB ^í cöwkÿy I mn hvwmzv c q _v Kb 101 ZvQvov mvwjkx cwil` wji mvwe K A bk `ye jzv i q Q huv `Lvi `vwqz vbxq mikvi gš Yvj qi eûweevn msµvší wel q vbxq Kg KZv `i Kvh ejx I cöwz e`b msmö ni GKwU cöwµqv GB gš Yvj qi i q Q 102 eûweev ni ÿ Î `~e j weevn wbeüb c wz cöwzeükzv wn m e KvR K i evsjv ` k ïaygvî gymwjg `i Rb weevn wbeü bi e e v i q Q wkš GUv _vkvi cii ev Í e `Lv hv Q h, GwU eûweevn cöwz iv a Zgb Kvb KvR Ki Q bv A-wbeÜxKiY weevn K A ea K ibv wbeüxkiy c wz Kw úduvivbrw bq, Rjv jvi g a I Kvb mgš^q bb ZvB cyiæl B PQ Ki j wfbœ wfbœ Rjvq wm q A bk wj weevn wbeüb Ki Z cv ib 103 wkqzw`b Av MI GKRb cyiæl GKB Rjvq cözviyvi gva g wfbœ bvg `wl q GKvwaK we q wbeüb Ki Z cvi Zv, wkš 2011 mv j bzzb wbqg Abyhvqx weev ni cÿmy K weev ni mgq fvuvi AvBwW KvW `Lv Z n e 104 ZvjvK evsjv ` k gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Av`vjZ e e vi evb i wewfbœ ai bi ZvjvK Aby gv`b K i me P q ekx `Lv hvq webv Kvi Y GKZidv ZvjvK cyiæ li m ú~y ÿgzv i q Q Zvjv Ki gva g weevn we Q` NUv bv Ab w` K bvix `ii webv Kvi Y ZvjvK `evi ÿgzv i q Q mlv b hlv b ^vgx Kvwebbvgv Z x K mb ÿgzv w` q Qb 105 webv Kvi Y Zvjv Ki GB ÿgzvi cvkvcvwk ^vgx I xi hš_ m wëi gva g ZvjvK n Z cv i (gyeviz) Lyjv Zvjv Ki cöpjb Kg, GB Zvjv Ki gva g x ZvjvK `vwe K i Ges mlv b ^vgxi 99 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi wjm vj GBW G mvwm qk bi Kgx bwgzv ivbx `Ë Ges BD ikv Av³v ii m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 100 28 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi Rjvi BDwbqb cwil` mfvcwz KvRx Aveyj evkv ii m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi Av iv `Lyb; AvjgMxi gvnv ` wmivr DwÏ bi, Shari a law and society: Tradition and Change in the Indian Subcontinent (Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1991), hlv b 1991 mv ji GKUv M elyv D jl K i ejv nq cyi l cöavb mvwjwk cwil` LyeB Kg Î cyi l `i cybivq weev ni Av e`b bv KvP K i 101 19 g 2011 Zvwi L evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwzi wgzvjx Rvnvb (Kg m~px Kg KZv); 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vix cyi wjm vj GBW G mvwm qk bi bwgzv ivbx `Ë Ges BD ikv Av³vi ; gv`vixcyi I bvqvlvjx Rivi BDwbqb cwil `i m`m `i mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 102 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi wjm vj GBW G mvwm qk bi Kgx bwgzv ivbx `Ë I BD ikv Av³v ii m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 103 g 2011 Z bvqvlvjx I gv`vixcyi Rjvi g v ir iwróvi `i (Aby iv a bvg AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 104 c~ ev ³ 105 c~ ev ³ 39

m wz Avek K AwaKvi Kgx, AvBbRxex Ges KvRxiv e j Qb ( huv wezwk Z) GB ai bi Zvjv Ki ÿ Î x K GKUv g~j w` Z nq - mvaviyz mwu UvKvi wewbg q ev gvn ii `vex Q o `qvi gva g nq 106 1939 mv j gymwjg weevn we PQ` AvB bi Aax b Av ik ai bi Zvjv Ki cöpjb i q Q huv n jv bvixiv Av`vj Zi Kv Q Zvjv Ki Av e`b Ki Z cv ib GB AvB b bvixiv Kvb& Kvb& ÿ Î ZvjvK PvB Z cv ib Zv mywb w`ó Kiv Av Q 107 we kláiv e j Qb- GUv e nr cwim i e envi Kiv nqbv, KviY Av`vj Z c wzmz RwUjZv I `xn m~wîzv i q Q ^vgxi GKZidv webv Kvi Y ZvjvK `evi ÿgzv K wkqzuv msiÿy Kivi Rb gymwjg cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v ` k wkqz c wzmz e e v Pvjy Kiv n q Q ZvjvK Kvh Ki Kiv Rb GB AvBb Abyhvqx cÿmy ZvjvK w` Z PvB j (mvaviyz ^vgx, Z e Kvwebbvgvq ÿgzv `Iqv _vk j xi) h cÿ ZvjvK PvB e Zv K Ab cÿ K Ges vbxq mikv ii Pqvig vb K bvwuk w` Z n e bvwuk cvevi 30 w` bi g a Pqvig vb mg SvZv Kivi Rb mvwjkx cwil` MVb Ki eb hw` cÿøq mg SvZv bv K i Z e Pqvig vb bvwuk cviqv _ K 90 w` bi ci ZvjvK Kvh Ki n e, Avi hw` x Mf ezx nb Zvn j mšívb R b i ci 108 bvix, AvBbRxex I AwaKvi Kgx iv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb cyiæliv ZvjvK `evi ÿ Î GB c wzi cvëvb `q bv ev h _ Q e envi K i hgb bvwu k c~ e i ZvwiL `Lvq hv Z K i GB 90 w` bi fiy cvly bv w` Z nq 109 fiy cvly A-msKwjZ gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Abyhvqx ^vgx eevwnk Ae vq Zvi x ev xm Yi fiy cvly Ki Z eva Gi g a Lv`, e, I wbivcëv AšÍ fz³ x GB fiy cvl Yi AwaKvi ZLbB cv e hlb m fvj Pwi Îi AwaKvix Ges ^vgxi cöwz eva _vk e 110 x weev ni Pzw³ Z GB fiy cvl Yi cwigvy I kz mywbw` ó K i D jøl K i w` Z cv ib 111 wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi 106 gww qkb GÐ i vwcw imcý BDwb Ui wmwbqi WcywU ww i±i bxbv Mv ^vgxi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi, XvKv, 19 g 2011; `k eq iii AwaK mgq a i jvb mýavix GKRb KvRxi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi (Aby iv ai cöwÿ Z bvg Ges we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ), g 2011; WBjx vi cwîkvq cökvwkz iscyi cvwievwik Av`vj Zi Gwm v U RR& gvnv ` Avãyi ingv bi jlv Khula Talaq and essence of service of notice, Law and Our Rights, 27 g 2006, `Lyb: http://www.thedailystar.net/law/2006/05/04/advocacy.htm (me kl `Lv n q Q 23 Ryb 2012) 107 Î wj n jv: ^vgx 4 eqi a i wb LvuR, m `yb eqi a i fiy cvly w` Z e _ n q Q ev Ae njv K i Q m AvBbMZ cöwµqv Abymib bv K i Av ikwu x MÖnY K i Q m 7 eqi ev AwaK mg qi Rb Kviv` Û `wûz n q Q m Kvb hyw³msmz KviY e ZxZ 3 eq ii AwaK mgq a i `v úë `vwqz cvj b e _ n q Q cyiælz nxbzv, `yb eqi a i gvbwmk fvimvg nxb ev Kzô ev gvivz K hšb e vwa Z AvµvšÍ xi 16 eqi eq mi c~ e weevn n q Q Ges 18 eqi c~y nevi ci x weevn Am xkvi K i Z e weevwnz _vkv Ae vq mnevm nqwb ^vgx Zvi cöwz wbózi AvPib K i (AvB b wbózizvi aib ejv n q Q) Ges gymwjg AvB b ^xk Z Ab vb KviY gymwjg weevn we Q` AvBb 1939, aviv 2 108 gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Aa v `k 1961, aviv 7 109 16 g 2011 Zvwi L AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv Rexb, 1jv Ryb 2011 Zvwi L evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i AvBbRxex gvkmy`v Ges Ab vb iv 28 g 2011 ZvwiL evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv ói AvBbRxex dwi`v Bqvmwgb I Ab vb `i m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 110 `Lyb, c iiv, The Fractured Scales, c -30; W. Zvmwjgv gbmyi, Gender Equity and Economic Empowerment: Family Law and Women in Bangladesh (Dhaka: British Council, 2008), c -66. cö dmi gbmyi e j Qb Òeva xi k Z i GKgvÎ e wzµg n jv hlb ^vgx gvn ii GKUv Ask x K cö`v b e _ nq (PvwnevgvÎ cö`v b eva `b gvni) 111 gymwjg weevn Ges we Q` (wbeüxkiy) wewagvjv 1975, wewa 9, Kjvg 20 40

mv _ h bvixiv K_v e j Qb Zv `i Kv ivib GB m ebvi wel q Kvb aviyv wqj bv 112 Av`vj Zi wm vší Abyhvqx GKRb ^vgx hw` ˆeevwnK Rxe b xi fiy cvly w` Z e _ nb Z e x Av`vj Zi wbku 6 eqi ch ší AZxZ fiy cvly `vwe Ki Z cv ib 113 GKRb gymwjg bvix ZvjvK ciezx Z Zvjv Ki bvwuk cvevi 90 w`b ch ší ev hw` mšívbm ev nb Zvn j mšívb Rb bv niqv ch ší fiy cvly cvevi AwaKvix 114 evsjv `k mycöxg Kv U i Avcxj wefvm nvb KvU wefv Mi GKwU ivq cwiez b K i GKwU wezwk Z iv q e j Qb h, BmjvwgK AvB bi nvbvdx gzev` gymwjg bvix `i ZvjvK ciezx fiy cvl Yi AwaKvi `q bv 115 A bk bvix AwaKvi Kgx Ges AvBbRxexiv GB iv qi mgv jvpbv K i Qb Ges e j Qb mycöxg Kv U i GB e vl vwu LyeB UKwbK vj Ges µzwucyy 116 wn `y cvwievwik AvBb wn `y weevn I we Q` wn `y AvB bi `vqfvmv gzev` Øviv cwipvwjz nq ïaygvî wn `y weevwnz bvixi c _K evmm n I fiy cvl Yi AvBb- 1946 e ZxZ Ab vb mkj AvBbB A-msKwjZ weevn Ges eû weevn wn `y weevn agx q AvPvi Abyôv bi gva g m úbœ nq, Kvb weevn Pzw³ ev wbeübki Yi cö qvrb nq bv 117 AvBbRxexiv e j Qb h, A bk wn `y bvix Rv bb bv AvB bi ` wó Z GKUv ˆea agx q weevn Abyôvb ej Z wk eysvq 118 wkqz wkqz wn `y ` úwz Kvb agx q AvPv ii g a bv wm q ïaygvî fmez MxZvi Dci nvz i L weevn m úbœ K ib 119 AvBbRxexiv Av iv e j Qb wkqz wkqz ÿ Î weev ni cÿmy bvuvixi Kv Q hvb Ges GKUv mvaviy Gwd WwdU ˆZix K i NvlYv `b Zviv ^vgx x, Zviv Kvb agx q AvbyôvwbKZvi wfzi hvb bv 120 weev ni wbeüb bv _vkvq h mkj bvix Zv `i ^vgx _ K c _K n q fiy cvl Yi Av e`b K ib Zv `i Rb Av`vj Z weevn cögvy Kiv KóKi AvBbRxex Ges bvix AwaKvi Kgx iv eû eqi a i wn `y weevn wbeüb 112 g Ges Ryb 2011 Zvwi L XvKv, bvqvlvjx gv`vixcyi Ges MvRxcyi Rjvi gymwjg bvix `i m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 113 Rvwgjv LvZzb ebvg iv Íg Avjx, 16 BLD(Ad) (1996)61 114 c iiv, The Fractured Scales, c -29 115 gv: ndryi ingvb ebvg kvgmybœvnvi emg 15 BLD ( 1995) 34 116 17 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z AvBbRxex dšwrqv Kwig Ges 30 gvp 2011 ZvwiL eªvk Ges wndg vb ivbum I wjm vj GBW mvwf mm Gi cwipvjk W. dwóbv c iivi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 117 Ag~j P `ª gv`k ebvg ivóª 35, DLR, 160 (1983) Av iv `Lyb W. kvnvbv û`v, Double Trouble : Hindu Women in Bangladesh A Comparative Study, Dhaka University Studies, Part-F, vol. 9 issue 1,1998, c -111 118 Ag~j P `ª gv`k ebvg ivóª, c~ e v³, gvgjvq Av`vjZ wez wk Zfv e e j Qb h, GKwU wn `y ˆea weev ni Rb `ybwu agx q AvPvi m úbœ n Z n e GKwU n jv Av bi m y L kc_ Ges Av ikwu mßc`x (mvz cvk Nviv) g 25, 2011 ZvwiL evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv ói DcwiPvjK (AvBb) dwi`v Bqvmwgb, 19 g 2011 mv j AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi wmwbqi DccwiPvjK bxbv Mv ^vgx Ges 30 gvp 2011 ZvwiL XvKv wek we` vj qi AvBb wefv Mi Aa vck kvnvbvr û`vi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 119 cy ev ³ 120 g 2011 mv j bvqvlvjx I gv`vixcyi Rjvi 5 Rb KvRxi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi (Aby iv ai cöwÿ Z bvg cökvk Kiv nqwb) 41

eva Zvg~jK Kivi AvBb cv ki `vwe Rvwb q Avm Qb wkš wn `y m úª`v qi k³ cöwzev `i Rb muv m e n Q bv wn `y eš I Lªx vb HK cwil `i mfvcwz wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb, RbM Yi cöej evav _vkv m Ë I A bk wn `y bzviv e w³mzfv e wbeüb c wz Pvb wzwb e jb, Òwn `y bzviv weevn wbeü bi wec ÿ wkš hlb e w³mz chv q mgm vq c ob hgb cyî we ` k hv e ZLb Zviv Xv Kk ix g `x i Av m we qi mb` cî bevi Rb cöwz mßv n Avgiv 4/5wU mb`cî cö`vb KiwQ GB g g h, GB gw ` i weevn m úbœ n qwqj Ó 121 2012 mv ji g gv m evsjv `k gš xcwil` wn `y weev ni Hw QK wbeübkiy AvB bi Aby gv`b w` q Qb 122 wn `y AvBb cyiæl `i eûweevn Aby gv`b K i GKvwaK x Mªn Yi Kvb mxgv ev c~e kz QvovB hw` ^vgx cybivq weevn K i Z e x cvwievwik Av`vj Z c _K evmm n I fiy cvl Yi Av e`b Ki Z cv ib 123 c _KxKiY I fiy cvly evsjv ` k wn `y cvwievwik AvB b ZvjvK Aby gvw`z bq 1946 mv ji weevwnz wn `y bvixi c _K evm vb I fiy cvly AvBb Abyhvqx wn `y bvixiv wkqz wkqz mxgve ÿ Î Av`vj Zi wbku c _K evm vb I fiy cvl Yi wwwµ PvB Z cv ib ÿî wj n Q- ^vgx hw` Kz- iv M AvµvšÍ nb huv xi gva g msµwgz nqwb, x K AZ ší wbôzifv e i L Q huv Zvi mv _ emev mi Rb wbivc` ev cöz vwkz bq, ^vgx x K bv e j Zv K cwiz vm K i Qb, cyb:weevn, Ab a g agv šíwiz n q Q, iwÿzv i L Q ev Af vmmz Kvi Y iwÿzvi mv _ emevm Ki Q Ges Ab vb b vq msmz KviY 124 GKRb wn `y bvix fiy cvl Yi AwaKvi cv eb bv hw` m AmZx ev Ab a g agv šíwiz ev `v úz m úk cyb:iæ v i Av`vj Z wwwµ cvj b e _ nb 125 121 3 A ±vei 2011 mv j wn `y, eš, I Lªxóvb HK cwil `i mfvcwz Ges m`m KvRj `ebv _i m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 122 ÒXvKv di wn `y g v ir jó, w` wn `y, g 22, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3443443.ece (me kl `Lv n q Q 22 g 2012); Registration Optional for Hindu Marriage, 21 g 2012; http://www.thedailystar.net/newdesign/latest_news.php?nid=37859 (me kl `Lv n q Q 22 g 2012) 123 weevwnz wn `ybvixi c _K evmm n Ges fiy cvly AvBb 1945 aviv 2 124 cy ev ³ 125 weevwnz wn `y bvixi c _KevmM n Ges fiy cvly AvBb 1946, aviv 2 42

b ªZvi NUbv 126 wn `y e w³mz AvB b ZvjvK Am e ZvB Ggb wk wbôzizg NUbvi ÿ ÎI hgbwu N U Q b ªZvi ÿ Î b ªZv GKRb 20 eq ii wn `y bvix, we q K iwqj GKRb KvwiMi K h wb R GKwU e emv Lyj Z P qwqj Ges mrb b ªZvi Kv Q UvKv P qwqj Pvi eqi nvmcvzv j KvR K i b ªZv `yjÿ UvKv Rwg qwqj Ges Gi cy ivuvb m ^vgxi nv Z Zz j `q mb UvKv wb q ^vgx e emv bv K i evev-gv K UvKvUv w` q `q Gici b ªZv mb UvKv PvB Z ïiæ K i Ges m ú K I wz³zv ïiæ nq b ªZvi ^vgx Zv K gviai ïiæ K i 2009 mv ji GK iv Z b ªZv hlb Amy wqj Zvi ^vgx Zv K cvwb LvIqv bvi K_v e j GwmW LvB q `q b ªZv e j Ò m Avgv K e j Avwg Zvgvi Rb Lvevi cvwb G bwq, Avwg wkqzuv Lvevi ci g b nj Avgvi gyl Ges wfziuv Av b cy o hv Q Ó b ªZvi ^vgx GB Avµg bi ci cvwj q hvq Ges cöwzwbqz MÖdZvi duvwk w` q Pj Q AvR ch ší b ªZv wkqz L Z ev cvb Ki Z cv i bv GKwU e vm _ K GKwU wud ei gva g Zvi cvk wj Z Lvevi mieivn Kiv nq b ªZvi Mvmj I ev_iæ g hvevi Rb mve ÿwyk mvnvh `ikvi, ZvB Zvi weaev gv K PvKix Q o Zvi mv vk Z n Q b ªZv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j- Ò m ïay b vq wepvib Pvqbv, m ZvjvK PvqÓ Ò m e j Avwg Zv K RjLvbv Z `L Z PvB Ges Avwg hlb nvmcvzvj _ K Qvov cve ZLb Avwg Zv K ZvjvK `e hw` Avwg Zv K we q Ki Z cvwi, Avwg ZvjvKI w` Z cvwi Ó b ªZv Rv bbv h, Zvi GB AKíbxq wbôzi NUbvi cii wn `y e w³mz AvBb Zv K Zvjv Ki AbygwZ ` e bv wlª vb cvwievwik AvBb Lªx vb we q I ZvjvK 19 kz Ki `Iqvbx AvBb Øviv cwipvwjz Gi g a gyl AvBb nj- Lªx vb weevn AvBb- 1872 Ges weevn we Q` AvBb- 1869 weevn Lªxóvb weevn `ybrb ^vÿxi mvg b cv`ªx, mb`cîavix agx q gš x ev weevn wbeük Øviv m úvw`z nq 127 weevn Aek B wbewüz n Z n e 128 Lªx vb AvB b eûweev ni AbygwZ bvb K v_wjk `i Rb Pv P AbywôZ we q Lªx xq agxq AvBb Ges `Iqvbx AvBb `ybwu `& vivb cwipvwjz nq 126 31 g 2011 ZvwiL bgªzvi mv _ XvKv Z wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi GwmW mvifvbfim dvd Ûk bi e e vcbv cwipvjk gwbiv ingv bi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi 4Vv m Þ ^i 2011 ZvwiL B- gbj hvmv hvm GB hvmv hv Mi gva g wndg vb ivbum IqvP bgªzvi wpwkrmv I kvixwik Ae v m ú K Rvb Z c i Q 127 wlª vb weevn AvBb 1872, aviv 5 128 wlª vb weevn AvBb, 1872 aviv 27-37 43

ZvjvK I fiy cvly Lªx vbiv 1869 mv j weevn we Q` AvBb Abyhvqx ZvjvK w` Z cv i GB AvBb Abyhvqx ^vgx Zvi x K e wfpv ii Awf hv M ZvjvK w` Z cv ib 129 Ab w` K x `i K Aek B e wfpv ii cvkvcvwk Ab GK ev GKvwaK Kv h i cögvy w` Z n e hvi g a AšÍ f~³ nj- ^vgxi Ab a g agv šíwiz niqv, mgkvgxzv, A-Aby gvw`z hšb m úk, al Y, eûmvwgzv, cïi mv _ mnevm, `yeqi a i x K cwiz vm, cvkwekzv I wbôzizv 130 Lªx vb AvB bi Zvjv Ki ÿî jv GZB mskx Y h cövqb ^vgx Ges xiv Av`vjZ _ K ZvjvK cvevi Rb e wfpv ii Awf hvm Av bb hv A bk mgqb wg_ v n q _v K evsjv `kx mvgvwrk cöÿvc U Av`vj Z bvix `i Rb GUv LyeB AegvbbvKi Ae vi ˆZix K i wndg vb ivbum IqvP G ikg bvix `i mv _ K_v e j Qb hv `i ^vgxiv Zv `i weiæ e wfpv ii wg_ v Awf hvm G b Av`vj Z Zvjv Ki Av e`b K i Q wizvi ^vgx Zv K GKhy Mi ekx mgq a i cwiz vm K i Q Ges we ` k P j wm qwqj Kv Ri Rb m GLb evsjv ` k wd i Q Ges e wfpv ii Awf hvm G b Zvjv Ki Av e`b K i Q wizv e j ÒAvwg GZ weeªz n qwq h, Avwg hv `i K wpwbbv Zviv ch ší G m Avgv K e j Q Avgvi ^vgx hv ej Q Zv Z Zviv `ytwlz Avwg Lvivc Pwi Îi bb Avgvi cöwz ekx, evev-gv ev GjvKvi gvbyl K cökœ Kiæb GgbwK Avgvi ^vgxi c ÿi AvBbRxex Avgvi Kv Q G m `ytl cökvk K i Q Ó 131 2006 mv j evsjv `k AvBb Kwgkb GB weevn we Q` AvBbwU chv jvpbv K i Qb Ges mycvwik K i Qb h, weevn we Q `i gvgjvi ÿ Î Zvjv Ki cwimi wj Av iv cök Í Kiv Ges G wj ^vgx- x Df qi Rb GKB ivlvi gva g GB AvB b bvix I cyiæ li g a h AmgZv I ˆelg i q Q Zv `~i Kivi cö qvrb Ó 132 Kwgkb Av iv e j Q h Ò ^vgx- xi hš_ m wz Z ZvjvK cö`v bi weavb K GKUv cwimi wn m e AšÍ f~³ Kivi cö qvrbxqzv `Lv w` q QÓ Ges GB weavb Pvjy Kivi Rb Kwgkb mycvwiki K i Qb 133 Z e evsjv `k mikvi GLbI ch ší AvBb Kwgk bi GB mycvwik Abyhvqx ZvjvK AvBbwU ms kvab K iwb weevwnz bvixi m úwë AwaKvi AvBb-1874 weevwnz Lªx vb bvix `i wbr ^ gryix ev Av qi Dci wbqš Y ivlvi Rb hv weevn Ëvi m úwë _ K Avjv`v GKRb ZvjvKcÖvß ev we Q ` _vkv Lªx vb bvixi Rb e w³mz AvBb fiy cvl Yi AwaKvi w` q Q Z e kz i q Q h Zv K mzx n Z n e 134 wlª vb bvixiv 129 ZvjvK AvBb 1859, aviv 10 130 c~ ev ³, ZvjvK AvB bi Aa vq 3(10) - Z ejv n q Q ÒGKRb x Rjv Av`vjZ ev D P Av`vj Z Zvjv Ki Av e`b Ki Z cvi eb wb b v³ ÿî wj Z; ^vgxi wlª vb ag Q o Ab a g agv šíwiz niqv Ges Aci Kvb bvixi mv _ weevn eü b Ave n q Qb, Kv iv mv _ e vwfpv i wjß n q Qb, eûmvwgzv Ges e vwfpvi K i Qb, Aci Kvb bvixi mv _ we q Ges e vwfpvi, al Y, mgkvgxzv I cvkwekzv, e wfpvi I b ksmzv, A- Aby gvw`z hšb m úk, al Y, eûmvwgzv, cïi mv _ mnevm, `yeq ii ekx mgq a i xi LuvRLei bv biqv Ò 131 27 m Þ ^vi 2011 Zvwi L XvKvq ixzv (QÙbvg) I A ±vei 2011 Zvwi L mvivnõi (QÙbvg) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 132 evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi, A Final Report on the Proposed Amendment of the Divorce Act, 1989 (Act IV of 1869) along with a draft of the Divorce Act, 1869 (Amendment) Bill, 200_, 2006, http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports/72.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 5 Ryb 2012), unpaginated 133 c~ e v³ 134 W. dw bv c iivi The Fractured Scales c : 51 44

Av`vj Zi wbku ZvjvK ciezx fiy cvl Yi Av e`b Ki Z cv i Ges hw` gvgjv Pjgvb _v K Z e AšÍeZx Kvjxb fiy cvly PvB Z cv ib weev nvëi m úwë AvB bi Afve msmv i I cwiev ii m úwë Z bvixi A bk iæz c~y Ae`vb _vkvi c ii evsjv ` k weevn Ëvi m úwë cwipvjbvi Rb Kvb AvBb bvb 2010 mv ji cvwievwik wbhv Zb cöwz iva AvBb GB duvkuv wkqzuv c~iy K i Q GUv cvwievwik wbhv Z bi wkkvi bvix `i Ò hš_ evmm nó emev mi AwaKvi `q 135 GB AvB b cvwievwik wbhv Zb wn m e m mkj Kvh K eysvq hv ÒA_ bwzk wzi KviYÓ G wji g a i q Q mb ai bi welq hlv b ^vgx Zvi x K m úwë e envi I cwipvjbv n Z `~ i iv L h m úwëi AwaKvix m cvwievwik m ú K i Kvi YB, Zvi ˆ`bw `b Pvwn`v K A ^xkvi K i Ges we qi mgq Dcnvi wn m e hv c q Q Zv e envi _ K ewâz K i 136 hvb nvk, cvwievwik wbhv Zb cöwz iv ai GB AvBb Qvov Kvb `Iqvbx ev e w³mz AvBb weevn Ëvi m úwë Z bvix `i AwaKvi ev ZvjvK ciezx Z Gi e Ub wel q Kvb ^xk wz, msáv ev wbqš Yi wel q Kvb wewagvjv bvb 137 Òweevn Ëvi m úwëó msµvší Kvb mskwjz AvBb bv _vkvq evsjv ` k ÒwbR ^ m úwëói GKUv welq `uvwo q M Q weevwnz Rxe b ^vgx- x wb Riv wb R `i gz K i m úwëi gvwjkvbv AR b Ki Z cv ib GKR bi m úwë Z Av ikr bi f~wgkv ev msmv i Zvi f~wgkv ZvjvK ciezx mg q IB m úwëi Ici Kvb `vexi Î ^xk Z bq huv cö_g Aa v q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q h, evsjv ` ki ekxi fvm m úwëi AvbyôvwbK gvwjkvbv cyiæl `i, myzivs GB ev Íe Rxe bi wbr ^ m úwëi welqwu Zzjbvg~jKfv e bvix `i kvw Í `q Ges msmv i Zv `i f~wgkv K cvk KvwU q hvq GB AvBbx eâbv evsjv ` k ZvjvKcÖvß I c _K emevmiz bxiv `i cyiæl `i Zzjbvq A bk ekx A_ bwzk Kó I `vwi `ª i SzuwKi g a d j ˆeevwnK evmm n ev ^vgxi PvKzix ev e emvq x `i KZ eo Ae`vb i q Q 135 cvwievwik mwnsmzv (cöwz iva I myi v ) AvBb 2010 aviv 10 me-15 GB AvB bi Kvb Awdwmqvj Bs irx Abyev` bvb evsjv `k wjm vj GBW mvwf mm Uªv ói Bs irx Abyev ` ejv n q Q GB AvBb 10 avivq bvix `i hš_ M n evm Kivi AwaKvi `q Ges 15 aviv Av`vjZ K GB AwaKvi Kvh K ii Rb emev mi AwaKv ii Av `k `evi gzv `q 136 c~ ev ³, Z (N) avivq Avw_K wzi msáv `Iqv n q Q Ges 5wU Îi ey bv Kiv n q Q hlv b Avw_ K wz m úbœ n q Q e j aiv n e evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv i Abyev` Abyhvqx G jvi g a i q Q: 3(N)-A: AvBb ev cö_v Abymv i ev Kvb Av`vjZ ev Dchy³ KZ cÿ KZ K cö`ë Av `k Abyhvqx msÿz e w³ h mkj Avw_ K myweav, m ú` ev m úwë jv fi AwaKvix Zv n Z Zv K ewâz Kiv ev Dnvi Dci Zvi ˆea AwaKvi cö qv M evav cö`vb; 3(N)-Av: msÿz e w³ K wbz e envh wrwbmcî cö`vb bv Kiv ; 3(N)-B Òweev ni mgq cövß Dcnvi ev xi ev Ab Kvb `vb ev Dcnvi wnmv e cövß Kvb m ú` n Z msÿz e w³ K ewâz Kiv ev Dnvi Dci Zvi ˆea AwaKvi cö qv M evav cö`vb Z(L)C) Òmsÿz e w³i gvwjkvbvaxb h Kvb vei ev A vei m úwë Zvi AbygwZ e ZxZ n ÍvšÍi Kiv ev Dnvi Dci Zvi ˆea AwaKvi cö qv M evav cö`vb 3(L)-G) ÒcvwievwiK m ú K i Kvi Y h mkj m ú` ev my hvm myweavw` Z msÿz e w³i e envi ev fvm`l ji AwaKvi i q Q Zv n Z Zv K ewâz Kiv ev Zvi Dci ˆea AwaKvi cö qv M evav cö`vb 137 weevn PjvKvjxb mg q ` úwë Z AwR Z hš_ m úwë ev Zv `i hš_ cö Póvq AwR Z e w³mz m úwë wby q Ges wefvr b wewfbœ ` k wewfbœ AvBbx cöwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq Kvb Kvb Î GUv K ÒmgwóMZ m úwë ejv nq hlv b a ib biqv nq h, weevn PjvKvjxb mg q AwR Z mkj m úwë ZB ^vgx- xi hš_ gvwjkvbv i q Q ÒmgwóMZ m úwëi c wz Z mvaviyz weevn c~ e i DËivwaKvi ev Dcnvim~ Î Kvb Dcv q AwR Z m úwë K c _ K e w³mz m úwë aiv nq wkqz wkqz ` k ÒmgwóMZ m úwë Ges Òc _K m úwëó `ybuv c wzb i q Q Ges GLv b ` úwë `i K we qi mgqb Zviv Kvb c wz Z cwipvwjz n e muv wbav iy Kivi AbygwZ `q wkqz wkqz ` k c _K m úwë c wz Av Q wkš Zvi hš_ cöqvm Ges hš_ Askx`vix Z i gva g AwR Z `v úz m úwëi ^xk wz `q Ges mb m úwëi wefvrb Î Zv `i cö Z Ki KZUzKz Ae`vb i q Q muv we epbv K i wkqz RvqMvq hg wdwjdvbb Ges BwÛqvi Mvqv ivr Z m ú~y mgwómz m úwëi c wz hlv b mkj m úwëi hš_ m úwë wnmv e we ewpz n e Zv m we qi Av M ev weevn PjvKvjxb mgq, hlbb AwR Z nvk bv Kb 45

muv Kvb welqb bq Kvb e vcvib bq Zviv KZUv mvsmvwik I cwiev ii m`m `i `Lv kvbv Ki Qb AvBb G wji Kvb wkqzb we epbv K ibv A bk bvixb wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb, Zviv eq ii ci eqi msmv i kªg `evi cii Zv `i K ˆeevwnK M n Z vm Ki Z eva Kiv n q Q ïaygvî wkqz AjsKvi Avi QvULv Uv wrwbrc Îi ekx wkqz m ½ wb Z cv ibwb 138 Ab vb `k hgb gvj qwkqv, wm½vcyi, B `v bwkqv, wzdwbwmqv, gi v Ges Zzi Zv `i AvBb ms vi K i Q 139 weevwnz bvix `i ZvjvK ciezx Z weevn Ëvi m úwëi Ask cö`v bi gva g h mkj ` k gymwjg, wn `y I Lªx vb mkj m cö`v qi Rb Mvôx i q Q Ges m mkj 138 24 g 2011 mv j gymwjg bvix Avmgvi (QÙbvg) m ½ wndg vb ivbm Iqv Pi mv vrkvi m ½ wndg vb ivbm Iqv Pi mv vrkvi K i wkfv e ^vgxiv bvix `i nqivbx Kivi Rb Pzwii gvgjv `q hlb Zviv ïaygvî wkqz e w³mz mvgmöx wb q Ni Q o P j hvq GB wel q we ÍvwiZ Z _ i Rb ÒAvBbx nqivbx Aa vqwu `Lyb 139 gv jwkqv Z 1984 mv ji BmjvwgK cvwievwik AvB bi ( dwv ij Uwi UvwiR) 54 aviv Zvjv Ki mgq gymwjg ` úwz `i m úwë e U bi welqwu wbhš Y K i 58 aviv Av`vjZ K weevnkvjxb mg q AwR Z m úwë ev weevnc~e Ae vq _vkv Kvb c ÿi m úwë hwui g~j ciez x Z Ab cÿ ev `ybc ÿi hš_ cö Póvq Õ gvuvgywufv e e w Õ c q Q, mmkj m úwë e U bi ÿgzv `q GB m úwë e U bi mgq Av`vjZ wewfbœ welq we epbv Ki eb hvi g a i q Q ÓA_, m úwë ev kö gi gva g `Iqv cö Z K c ÿi Ae`v bi cwigvyó, Ges Gme welq we epbvq wb qb ÓAv`vjZ cwiev ii m úwë ^vgx- xi g a mge U bi e vcv i wm vší ` ebó GKB ai bi weavb i q Q gv jwkqvb jõwidg AvBb (weevn I ZvjvK) 1976 Gi 76 avivq, hwu gvj qwkqvi A- gymwjg `i Rb cö Rvh `Lyb: http://www.agc.gov.my/akta/vol.%204/act%20164.pdf#http://www.agc.gov.my/akta/vol.4/act164.pdf# (me kl `Lv n q Q 29 deªæhvix 2012) wm½vcy i gymjgvb ` úwz `i ˆeevwnK m úwë e U bi welqwu 1966 mv ji GWwgwb ªkb Ae gymwjg jõ G v± (2009 mv ji A ±ve i ms kvwaz) Abyhvqx cwipvwjz nq `Lyb: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=docid%3a%223e90fc65-b364-434b-b2dc-ced1d9608640%22%20status%3apublished%20depth%3a0;rec=0 (me kl `Lv 5 Ryb 2012) wzdwbwkqv Z 1998 mv ji 98-91 bs AvBb ÕjR Ab w` wiwrg Ad KwgDwbwU Ad cöcvwu weuzbb úvd RmÕ - Gi Aby Q` 1 ^vgx- x K weev ni mgq ev weevn ciez x Z Kvb GKwU MvôxMZ m úwëi e e vq AšÍf y³ niqvi AwaKvi `q `Lyb: http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/csp/biens1000.htm# (me kl `Lv 29 deªæqvix 2012 gi v Z Õw` g iv vb d vwgwj KvW ( gš`viqvbv) 2004Õ -Gi 49 bs Aby Q ` ejv n q Q h, ^vgx- x `yb cÿb c _K c _K m úwëi gvwjk, Z e Zviv weevwnz Ae vq AwR Z m úwëi e Ub I e e vcbv wel q GKUv Avjv`v Pzw³ K i wb Z cv ib G ai bi Kvb Pzw³ bv _vk j m úwë e U bi wm v šíi ÿ Î wb b v³ welq wj we epbvq Avb Z n e - Ò ^vgx- xi cö Z Ki kög, cvwievwik m úwëi Dbœq b Dfq c ÿi wb ew`z Kg cö Póv I `vq-`vwqz Ó BZ vw`, `Lyb: http://www.hrea.org/moudawana.html#24 (me kl `Lv 29 deªæqvix 2012) B `v bwkqv Z 1974 mv ji weevn AvBb (1bs AvBb) Gi Aby Q` 35 Abymv i ˆeevwnK m úwëi welqvw` cwipvwjz nq 35 bs Aby Q ` ejv n q Q, weev ni mgq AwR Z m úwëi gvwjkvbv ^vgx- x Df qi Z e ^vgx ev xi DËivwaKvi m~ Î cviqv m úwë wksev Zv `i g a KD hw` Dcnvi wn m e Kvb m úwë c q _v Kb m wj mswkøó c ÿi e w³mz m úwë wn m e we ewpz n e, hw` bv Zviv mme m úwëi wel q Ab Kvb wm vší bb `Lyb: http://sdm.ugm.ac.id/main/sites/sdm.ugm.ac.id/arsip/peraturan/uu_1_1974.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 14 ww m ^i 2011) Zzi `Iqvbx Kvh wewa 2001 Gi Aby Q` 186-237, c ôv 173 (DB gb wjwfs AvÛvi gymwjg jr& cy Í K Knowing Our Rights: Women, family laws and customs in the Muslim World, 2006 wk ivbv g hfv e D jøwlz Av Q) Abyhvqx ˆeevwnK m úwë e U bi welq wj cwipvwjz nq `Lyb:http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/import/english/pubs/pdf/knowing%20our%20rights/kor_2 006_en.pdf (me kl `Lv 29 deªæqvix 2012) wdwjcvb bi gymjgvb `i ˆeevwnK m úwëi welq msµvší AvB bi Rb `Lyb - w` KvW Ad gymwjg cvi mvbvj jôr Ad w` wdwjwcý, cöwm WwÝqvj wwwµ bs- 1083 Gi Aby Q` 14, 37 Ges 38 Aby Q` 14 Z ejv n q Q, weevn m úk cöwzôvi mgq GKwU wbw` ó ch vq ch ší ^vgx- xi g a m úwë msµvší m úk Kgb n e Zv wba viy Kiv h Z cv i Aby Q` 37 G ejv n q Q eevwnk m úwë cö_gz weev ni Pzw³ Øviv, Zvici AvB bi weavb Abymv i Ges Zvic i cö_v Øviv cwipvwjz n e Aby Q` 38 G ejv n q Q, weevn Pzw³i AeZ gv b ^vgx- x wdwjcvb bi BmjvwgK AvBb I `Iqvbx Kvh wewa AbymiY Kiv QvovI ˆeevwnK m úwë K m ú~y fv e Avjv`v m úwë wn m e we epbvi bxwz g b Pj eb `Lyb: http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecreeno1083.htm (me kl `Lv n q Q 5 Ryb 2012) wdwjcvb bi A-gymwjgiv 1987 mv ji wdwjwcý cvwievwik AvBb Øviv cwipvwjz n eb, `Lyb: http://www.chanrobles.com/executiveorderno209.htm (me kl `Lv 22 g 2012) GKB mv _ `Lyb wdwjwc Ýi `Iqvbx Kvh wewa 1950, http://www.chanrobles.com/civilcodeofthephilippinesfulltext.html (me kl `Lv 5 Ryb 2012) 46

` ki AvBb agx q AvB bi AvBbx ˆeaZv i q Q m mkj ` ki weevn Ëvi m úwë AvBb i q Q 140 evsjv ` k weevwnz ` úwziv hš_ bv g m úwë wkb Z cv i hgb Rwgi ev evwoi `wjj `yr bi bv g ivlv, Kvb ikg AvBbx Aby gv`b QvovB cvwievwik m úwëi hš_ Askx`vi n Z cv ib bvix `i bv g Lye Kg m úwëi gvwjkvbv _vkvi c ii wkqz ` úwz GB ai bi c` c bb hlb Zviv GUv K i, GwU `ybrb KB GK ai bi A_ bwzk wbðqzv `q wndg vb ivbum IqvP `ybrb weaevi mv vrkvi wb q Qb hv `i weevn Ëvi m úwë Z hš_ gvwjkvbv wqj, huv Zv `i ^vgxi gyzz i ci GB m úwë ivl Z Ges fvov `evi gzv w` q Q 141 Av ikrb bvix wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb, wzwb Ges Zvi ^vgx hš_fv e GKUv Rwg wk bwq jb Ges Rwgi `wj j `ybr bi bvgb `q huv ciezx Z hlb Zvi ^vgx Zv K cwiz vm K i ZLb mb Rwg Z Zvi 3 mšívb I weaev gv qi Rb GKUv evox evbv bvi AwaKvi `q 142 `Lv hvq h, weevn Ëvi m úwë msµvší AvBb cöyq b agx q evavuv g~j evav bq hgbwu i q Q e w³mz AvBb ms v ii Î i Ykxj agx q bzv `i KvQ _ K Av m, hv ciezx Z Av jvpbv Kiv n e eiâ GUv mikv ii ivr bwzk mw` Qvi Afve cvwievwik AvB bi ms vi evsjv ` ki ^vaxbzvi 40 eqi ci AZ ší iæz c~y wkqy AvBb ms v ii c` c bqv n q Q hvi g a wkqz n Q bvix `i AwaKvi i vq we klz cwiev ii fz i bvix `i cöwz wbhv Zb cöwz iv a 143 wkš hlbb weevn we Q` ev ZvjvK Ges we Q` ciezx A_ bwzk AwaKv ii welq wj Av m, mblv b Lye Kg cwiez bb G m Q e wuk Avgj _ K P j Avmv mskwjz Ges AmsKwjZ e w³mz AvBb, GgbwK wkqz AvBb 1860 mv jii mgv R I cvwievwik Rxe b e vck cwiez b Avmv m Z I G wj K úk Kiv nqwb ^vaxbzvi ci GKUv D jøl hvm ms vi n jv 1974 mv ji gymwjg weevn I ZvjvK (wbeüb) AvBb hw`i GB ms vi weevwnz Ges ZvjvKcÖvß ` úwzi AwaKv i Zgb Kvb gšwjk cwiez b K iwb ^vaxbzv ciezx mg qi Av ikwu D jøl hvm ms vi nj 1985 mv ji cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k GB ms vi bvix `i c ÿ AvBbx cöwzkv ii Rb AšÍZc ÿ cvwievwik Av`vjZ I cöwµqv wji g a GKUv buiqvk cöwzôv K i Q, hlv b AwZwi³ Kvb ms vi QvovB we` gvb cvwievwik AvB bi ev Íevqb Kiv n Q 144 ˆelg g~jk we` gvb Ae vwu mgv R e vckfv e MÖnY hvm Zv c q Q e j cvwievwik AvBb wji ms vi n Qbv, GB hyw³wu wvk bq cök Zc A bk bvix AwaKvi Kgx, GbwRI Ges e w³em 140 c~ e v³ 141 18 g 2011 Zvwi L XvKvq gymwjg bvix kvnbvr (QÙbvg) Ges wn `y bvix gxbvi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mvÿvrkvi 142 19 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix bvwdmvi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mvÿvrkvi 143 D`vniY ^iƒc `Lyb bvix I wkï wbh vzb `gb AvBb 2000 Ges cvwievwik mwnsmzv (cöwz iva I myi v) AvBb 2010 144 cvievwik Av`vjZ wel q we ÍvwiZ Z _ i Rb ciez x Z Av jvwpz ÒAvBbx cöwzeükzvó Aa vqwu `Lyb 47

ms v ii K_v e j Avm Qb KD KD `xn mgq a i GKUv ag wbi cÿ Awfbœ cvwievwik AvBb cöyq bi K_v e j Avm Qb hv mkj a g i Rb cö hvr n e 145 mv cöwzkkv j wfbœ agx q m cö`v qi Rb wfbœfv e AvBbx ms v ii Ici Rvi `qv n Q ms v ii h Kvb c wzb evsjv ` ki cvwievwik AvBb jv K AvšÍR vwzk gvbevwakvi AvBb wji mv _ GKB KvZv i wb q Avm Z cv i wkš GB ms vi wj DËß ivr bwzk Ges agx q cwi e ki Kv Q nvi g b GK APjvqZ bi g a AvU K Av Q mkj agx q m cö`v qi Rb GKwU mgwš^z e w³mz AvBb cöbq Yi cö ÍvewU Lye Kg RbwcÖqZv c q Q evsjv `k AvBb Kwgkb 2005 mv j BDwbd g d vwgwj KvW Gi cö Ívebv we epbv K i ` Lb Ges Kvb ai bi M elyv ev mvgvwrk Pvwn`v wksev c w_exi Ab ` ki msweavb ms kvabxi D`vniY we epbv bv K ib `ªæZ mwu K cöz vl vb K i 146 m úªwz bvix `i wkqz msmvb BDwbdg d vwgwj Kv Wi `vex cöwzwbqz K i hv Q wkš AvBb cö YZv ev Kg KZv `i GB welquv we epbv Kivi Kvb D ` vm j Kiv hv Qbv ez gvb mg q eis cvwievwik AvBb ms v ii welqwu ekx j Yxq 2012 mv j evsjv `k AvBb Kwgkb gymwjg, wn `y I wlª vb m úª`v qi cvwievwik AvB b Abym Z weevn Ges Zvjv Ki welq wj wb q GKwU M elyv kl Kivi ci mme AvBb ms v ii Rb mycvwik K i Q 147 wlª vb cvwievwik AvB bi ÿ Î, Kwgk bi wi cv U Ab vb wel qi g a, Gi 2006 mv ji mycvwik wji Dci iæz Av ivc Kiv n q Q Ges Kwgkb Zvjv Ki Î bvix I cyiæ li g a weivrgvb ˆelg `~i Kivmn ^vgx- xi hš_ m wz K Zvjv Ki wfwë wn m e AvB b AšÍf y³ Kivi Rb mikv ii cöwz AvnŸvb Rvwb q Q 148 Abyiƒcfv e, wn `y cvwievwik AvBb ms v ii cö qvrbxqzvi Dci iæz w` q Kwgkb eûweevn wbwl Ges weevn wbeüb eva Zvg~jK Kivmn wn `y ` úwz `i weevn we Q ` Aby gv`b `Iqvi Rb mikv ii Kv Q mycvwik K i Q 149 145 GKwU Awfbœ cvwievwik AvB bi `vwe Z bvix AwaKvi Av `vj bi h BwZnvm m m ú K we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbvi Rb `Lyb c iivi jlv Õw` d«vk&pviw jmõ 146 evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi cöwz e`b Report on a reference by the government towards the possibility of framing out of a uniform family code for all communities of Bangladesh relating to marriage, divorce, guardianship, inheritance etc,ó 18 RyjvB 2005, `Lyb: http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports/69.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 30 gvp 2011) XvKvq 3 A ±vei 2011 evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi Pqvig vb W: kvn& Avjg-Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 147 12 AvMó 2012 ZvwiL hym Rjv RR& Ges evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi wmwbqi wimvp Awdmvi kviwgb wbmv ii mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi B- gbj hvmv hvm wzwb Rvbvb h, gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb ms v ii wel q Kwgk bi wi cvu ZLbI P ovší nqwb Z e wlª vb Ges wn `y cvwievwik AvB bi ms vi m úwk Z P ovší cöwz e`b AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš Yvj qi Kv Q cvvv bv n q Q 148 evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi cöwz e`b Final Report on the Law Commission s Recommendations for the Amendment of the Divorce Act of 1869 (Divorce of Christian Couples) and Enactment of a New Law on Adoption by the Christians, `Lyb: http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports.htm (me kl `Lv n q Q 26 Ryb 2012) 149 Ówn `y cvwievwik AvB bi ms v ii Rb ckk Z mycvwikgvjv m ú K evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi P ovší cöwz e`bó, AvMó 2012 wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi Kv Q Gi Kwc i q Q hym Rjv RR& Ges evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi wmwbqi wimvp Awdmvi kviwgb wbmv ii mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi B- gbj hvmv hvm, 12 AvMó 2012 48

AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš Yvjq RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg m~wp (BDGbwWwc)Õi A_ vqb wb q AvBb Kwgk bi M elyv wj Z mnvqzv w` Q 150 GKBfv e GwcÖj 2012 mv j GKwU emikvwi ms v mvd_ Gwkqvb Bbw wudu Ad GWfvÝW wjm vj GÛ wndg vb ivbum vwwr ( mbjm) gymjgvb, wn `y Ges wlª vb m úª`v qi cvwievwik AvBb ms v ii c ÿ 3wU M elyv cöwz e`b cökvk K i Q 151 cö Z KUv agx q msmv bi g a cvwievwik AvBb ms v ii cö ÍveK I mgv jvpk i q Qb i Ykxj agx q ivr bwzk bzviv gymwjg AvB bi ms vi K ` pfv e cöwzev` K ib Zviv `vex K ib h GwU kixqv AvB bi e vl v _ K c_åó n e 152 Ab w` K, Ab vb `k hv `i cvwievwik AvBb kixqv AvBb K AšÍfy ³ K i ev D jøl hvm gymwjg Rb Mvôx i q Q, Zviv ˆelg `~i Kiv ev Kgv bvi Rb Zv `i AvBb ms vi K i Q hgb, wzdwbwkqv Ges Zzi eûweevn m ú~y wbwl K i Q Ges gi vi g Zv `k eûweevn iva Kivi Rb LyeB k³ cöwµqv ïiæ K i Q 153 gvj qwkqv, B `v bwkqv, wm½vcyi, wzdwbwkqv, gi v Ges Zzi me ` kb ZvjvK ciezx ˆeevwnK m úwë e U bi weavb i q Q 154 wn `y m cö`v qi g a I e w³mz AvBb I mskjb ms vi wb q Av jvpbv Pvjy i q Q, wkš D jøl hvm evavi i q Q 2011 mv j bvixkgx Ges agx q bzviv evsjv ` ki fzi AvÂwjK civgk mfvi Av qvrb K i hvi D Ïk wqj wn `y cvwievwik AvBb we klz weevn Ges ZvjvK wel q GKwU Lmov AvBb ˆZix Kiv 155 wn `y weevn AvBb cöyq b bvix RvU bv g GKwU msmvb 3000 Km vww msmön K i hv Z `Lv bv n q Q wn `y bvixiv elg c~y e w³mz AvB bi Kvi Y wkfv e `~` kvi wkkvi n Qb 156 GB Av jvpbvi dj wn m e GB RvU ïaygvî weevn wbeüb AvBbB bq weevn Ges Zvjv Ki Î 150 c~ e v³ Av iv `Lyb- 9 GwcÖj 2012 Zvwi L XvKv RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg m~wp-i `v qj gylvr xi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi B gbj hvmv hvm BDGbwWwc mgw_ Z cö gvwus GK mm Uz Rvw m GÛ wndg vb ivbum Bb evsjv `k cök í mnvqzvi Ask wn m e GB Znwej `Iqv n Q 151 biwib Zvgvbœv Ges Ab vb, gymwjg DB gbm ivbum AvÛvi evsjv `k j: cöwfkbm, cwjwmr GÛ cö vkwu mm wi j UW Uz KvmUzwW GÛ MvwW qvbwkc (XvKv: mbjm, 2012); W. kvnbvr û`v, Kge vwus RÛvi BbRvw m: wn `y j Bb evsjv `k (XvKv: mbjm, 2012); W. dw bv c iiv, wmwfj jõr Mfvwb s wlªwðqvbm Bb evsjv `k: G cö cvrvj di widg (XvKv: mbjm, 2012) 152 gvp, g I Ryb 2011 mv j XvKv Z AwaKvi Kg x I AvBbRxex `i mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi D`vniY ^iƒc, gvp 2011 mv j evsjv `k mikvi RvZxq bvix Dbœqb bxwz cöyqb K ib hw`i GB bxwz Z cvwievwik AvB bi Kvb cwiez b Kiv nqwb Z_vwc GB bxwzi fzj e L v w` q i Ykxj ag xq bzviv e vck cöwzev ` bv g D`vniY ^iƒc `Lyb, Òevsjv `k cö Uó G MBÝU DB gbõm ivbum jd&u Iqvb WW,Ó wewewm wbdr, 3 GwcÖj 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12950866 (me kl `Lv n q Q 22 g 2012) 153 g iv `ybwu Î eûweevn wbwl K i g iv vb cvwievwik wewa (gy`viqvbv) 2004 -Gi 40 Aby Q ` ejv n q Q, Ó hme Î x `i cöwz Amg AvPi Yi fq i q Q mlv b eûweevn wbwl hlv b weev ni Pzw³ Z xi kz i q Q h ^vgx wøzxq x MÖnY Ki ebv mlv bi eûweevn wbwl Aby Q` 40 I 41 G ejv n q Q hlv b weev ni Pzw³ Z x ^vgxi wøzxq weev ni Î Kvb kz vcb K iwb mlv b ^vgx K Av`vj Zi wbku Aby gv` bi Rb Ôe wzµgx I ev Íem Z KviY `wk qõ Zvi P~ovšÍ e³e mnkv i Av e`b Ki Z n e `Lyb: http://www.hrea.org/moudawana.html#24 (me kl `Lv n q Q 29 deªæqvwi 2012) wzdwbwkqvi cvwievwik AvBb 1956 Gi Aby Q` 18 Z ejv n q Q ÒwZDwbwkqv eûweevn wbwl K i Q Ges h e vw³ GKRb xi ez gv b cybivq weevn K i Zvi GK eq ii Kviv`Ð n e ev 240,000 d«v¼m (GLb 240 wzdwbwkqvb w`bvi ev 149 BDGm Wjvi) Rwigvbv w` Z n e A_ev `y Uv kvw ÍB GKmv _ fvm Ki Z n e Ó `Lyb:http://www.e-justice.tn/fileadmin/fichiers_site_francais/codes_juridiques/Statut_personel_Fr.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 5 Ryb 2012) Women Living under Muslim Law, Knowing Our Rights: Women, family laws and customs in the Muslim World, c ôv 197 Zzi I eûweevn wbwl K i Q 154 Ab vb ` ki AvBb wel q AwZwi³ Z _ i Rb Òweevn Ëvi m úwë AvB bi AfveÓ kxl K Dc iv³ Aa vqwu `Lyb 155 1 Ryb 2011 mv j XvKv Z gvby li Rb dvd Ûk bi cwipvjk (AwaKvi) ixbv ivq Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 156 W. kvnbvr û`v, Kge vwus RÛvi BbRvmwUm: wn `y j Bb evsjv `k(xvkv: mbjm, 2012) c 45 49

mgvb AwaKvi `vex K i Q wkqy wn `y bzviv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb weevn wbeüb AvB bi Afv e ïaygvî cvwievwik Av`vj Z weevn cögv b Amyweav n Q bv, Av iv A bk ev Íe mgm v hgb we `k hvzvqv Zi Rb KvMRcÎ ˆZwi Kiv BZ vw` Amyweavi m ywlb n Z nq 157 hvb nvk bv Kb wkqz i Ykxj wn `y bzv Ges msmvb e w³mz AvBb ms v ii we ivwazv K i hv Qb KviY wnmv e huv ejv nq Zv n jv evsjv ` k msl vjny wn `y cövwšíkxkiy Ges AvBb cö qv Mi gva g Zv `i AwaKvi eâbvi AZxZ BwZnvm Ab viv evsjv ` ki ÒAwcZ m úwëó AvB bi BwZnvm Zz j Av bb huv mikvi K msl vjny `i m úwë wb q h Z w` q Q Ges m úwë wel q bzzb Kvb AvBb n jb GKUv m ` ni ˆZix nq 158 wkš 2011 mv j mikvi Awc Z m úwë cöz ez bi GKwU AvBb K i Q, huv K wn `y bzviv mwvk c_ e j g b Ki Qb me k l g 2012 mv j evsjv `k gš x cwil` A bk cöwzev `i gy L wn `y weevn we Q` Hw QK wbeüxki Yi GKUv Lmov AvBb Aby gv`b K i Qb 159 hw`i mikv ii GB D ` vmwu ^vmz Rvbvevi g Zv GUv A bk bvix Kgx `i ms v ii `vexi Zzjbvq LyeB mxwgz Lªx vb mv cö`v qi GKUv AskI e w³mz AvB bi ms v ii welq wb q wez K Ki Q 2002 mv j RvZxq PvP cwil` K v_wjk wekc I Lªx vb agx q bzv `i wb q e w³mz AvBb ms v ii wel q Av jvpbvi D ` vm bb 160 2010 mv j evsjv `k Lªx vb AvBbRxex ms v cöwzwôz nq Ges GUvi GKUv Ab Zg D Ïk n jv e w³mz AvB bi ms vi 161 157 3 A ±vei 2011 mv j XvKv Z wn `y, eš I wlª vb HK cwil `i mfvcwz KvRj `ebv _i mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 158 2001 mv ji AvBbwU GB mkj m úwë wdwi q `evi Rb GKUv cöwµqvi K_v e jwqj wkš muv ev ÍevwqZ nqwb `Lyb- Aveyj eikvz I Ab vb, wwcövb fkb Ad wn `y gvb bvwiwu Bb evsjv `k, wjwfs DB_ f W cöcvwu (XvKv: cvvk mgv ek 2008) ; 3 A ±vei 2011 mv j XvKv Z wn `y, eš I wlª vb HK cwil `i mfvcwz KvRj `ebv _i mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 1972 Awc Z m úwë Aa v `k Ges 1976 mv ji XCIII Aa v ` k ejv n q Q msl vjny wn `y m cö`vq hviv 1971 mv j ^vaxbzv hy i mgq `k _ K cvwj q Q mikvi Zv `i m úwë wb q wb Z cv i hw`i 2001 mv ji Awc Z m úwë cªz vc b AvBb ejv n q Q mikvi ZvwjKf~³ Ò cªz c b hvm Ó m úwëmg~n Zv `i gvwjk ev e e vcbv KwgwUi Kv Q diz w` e, mikvi GLbI cªz c b hvm m úwëi P~ovšÍ ZvwjK cökvk Ges Zv cªz c b K iwb 159 ÒXvKv di wn `y g v ir jó, w` wn `y, g 22, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3443443.ece (me kl `Lv 22 g 2012); Registration Optional for Hindu Marriage, May 21, 2012, http://www.thedailystar.net/newdesign/latest_news.php?nid=37859 (me kl `Lv 22 g 2012) 160 dw bv c iiv, Ò G cö cvrvj Uz widg w` wmwfj jõr cvi UBwbs Uz wlªwðqvbm Bb evsjv `k,óryb 2011 161 c~ e v³ 50

3. weevwnz, ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c _K emevmkvix bvix `i Dci evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk cvwievwik AvB bi cöfve weevwnz, ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c _KemevmiZ bvix `i Ici evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk e w³mz AvB bi A bk wzki cöfve i q Q e w³mz AvBb cyiæ li Ici bvixi A_ bwzk wbf ikxjzv K cybtcöwzôv K i Ges cvwievwik wbhv Z bi SuzwK evovq G wj evsjv ` k bvix cöavb cwiev ii g a D P nv i `vwi`ªzv ˆZix Z mnvqzv K i wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi biqv mv vrkv i bvixiv e j Qb, wkfv e GB e w³mz AvB bi wbgœ kªyxi AwaKvi Zv `i `~` kv K e w K i Q Zviv ey bv K i Qb h, Zviv wbhv wzz weevwnz Rxe bi g a c o Av Q KviY Zviv fq cvb h, ZvjvK ev we Q` n j mvgvwrkfv e wzmö niqvi cvkvcvwk Zv `i Kv_vI Kvb hvevi RvqMv bvb fiy cvly Gi wbðqzv LyeB Kg ekxifvm bvixb hviv ZvjvKcÖvß ev c _K emevm Ki Qb Zviv Zv `i A_ bwzk K ói AwfÁZvi K_v e j Qb huvi g a i q Q Ni nviv bv, iv vq evm Kiv hgb Zv `i hvevi Kvb RvqMv bb, Lvev ii Rb wf v Kiv, mš vb `i z j _ K mwi q Kv R `Iqv, Amy Zv Ges Gmg Í Ae v gvkv ejv Kivi Rb A _ i Afve GB Aa v q ey bv Kiv n q Q h wkfv e e w³mz AvB bi gva g bvixiv Ges Zv `i Ici wbf ikxjiv wzmö Í n Qb evsjv ` ki we qi D Pnvi m Z I 3,30,000 ZvjvKcÖvß bvix 162 Ges AmsL c _K emevmiz bvixiv bvbvikg mgm vi RR wiz cvwievwik wbhv Zb ˆeevwnK Rxe b Ges ZvjvK ciezx Z weevn Ëvi m úwë Z bvixi wbqš Y I AwaKvi cö`v bi Î cvwievwik AvB bi e _ Zv Ges fiy cvl bi Î mxgve Zv cvwievwik wbhv Zb _ K ewi q Avmvi Î GKwU eo evav 163 huv evsjv ` ki A a Ki ekx weevwnz bvix `i wzmö Í K i 2010 mv ji cvwievwik mwnsmzv (cöwz iva I myiÿv) AvBb GB duvkuv wkqzuv c~iy K i Q GB AvB b cvwievwik wbhv Zb wn m e m mkj Kvh K evsvq hv ÒA_ bwzk wzi KviYÓ G wji g a i q Q mb ai bi welq hlv b ^vgx Zvi x K m úwë e envi I cwipvjbv n Z `~ i iv L 162 evsjv `k cwimsl vb e y iv, Òccy jkb Ub Bqvim GÛ Ifvi evb GR MÖæc, mk&ª GÛ g vwiuvj vuvmó vwumwuk vj BqvieyK Ad evsjv `k (XvKv: evsjv `k cwimsl vb e y iv 2010)c -45 163 19 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwzi cövmövg g v brvi (cvwievwik wbh vzb cöwz iva) wgzvjx Rvnvb; 19 g 2011 mv j AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, gww qkb I i vwcw imcý BDwbU, bxbv Mv ^vgx ; 29 gvp 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i Av qkv Lvbg I gvkmy`v Av³vi Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi; 30 gvp 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil `i wbe vnx cwipvjk mvjgv Avjx, cwipvjk (wjmvj GBW) invbv myjzvbv, cövmövg g v brvi (cvwievwik wbh vzb cöwz iva) wgzvjx Rvnvb, wew_kv nvmvb, mgš^qkvix, PvBì cöv UKkb GÛ Gw U UªvwdwKs cövmövg, gwkdi Avjg, mnkvix cövmövg g v brvi, GW fv Kmx GÛ wimvp BDwbU Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi `jxq Av jvpbv Av iv `Lyb, iv eqv f~bqv, RÛvi GÛ UªvwWkb Bb g v ir GÛ ww fvm (XvKv: BD b v, 2010) c 255 51

h m úwëi AwaKvix m cvwievwik m ú K i Kvi bb, Zvi ˆ`bw `b Pvwn`v K A ^xkvi K i Ges we qi mgq Dcnvi wn m e hv c q Q Zv e envi _ K ewâz K i 164 2007 mv ji W gvmövwdk GÛ nj_ mv f Z `Lv hvq h, 53 kzvsk weevwnz bvix Zv `i ^vgxi Øviv hšb I kvixwik wbhv Z bi wkkvi nb 165 15 _ K 25 eqi eq mi weevwnz bvix `i 5 R b GKRb ˆeevwnK hšb wbhv Z bi wkkvi nb 166 bvixiv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e jb Zviv gv mi ci gvm Ges A bk mgq eq ii ci eqi cvwievwik wbhv Zb mn K i hv Q Kvib Zviv Rv b h hw` Zviv ZvjvK `q ev c _K _v K Zvn j Zv `i fqven A_ bwzk `yive vq co Z n e hgb dwi`v e j Q, Zvi ^vgx Ges ^vgxi cö_g x Zv K gviz, bv LvB q ivlz Ges MvwjMvjvR KiZ m e j cö_g x Avgvi mv _ `ye envi KiZ wkš Avwg wkqz ej Z cvizvg bv Avgvi evev-gv `wi`ª Ges Zviv Avgv K mvnvh Ki Z cvi ebv Avgvi ^vgxi Avgv K Lvivcfv e `LZ Kvb Kvb w`b Zviv Avgv K L Z w`z bv MvwjMvjvR I gviai Ki Zv Avgvi Kv_vI hvevi RvqMv bvb Zviv hvb KiæK Avgv K Zv `i m ½ _vk Z nq 167 kdvjx Zvi ^vgx Ges ^vgxi cwiev ii KvQ _ K wbhv Z bi ga w` q eq i ci eqi cvi K i Q wkš P j h Z cv iwb KviY Zvi wb R K Pvjv bvi gz Kvb mvg_ bvb m hlb mšívbm ev Ges ^vgxi 2q x MÖn Yi cwikíbvi cöwzev` K i ZLb _ K wbhv Zb ïiæ nq m e j Q h Ò m Avgi ey K jvw_ gv i Ges Pzc _vk Z e j Zv bv n j ekx gvi e GUv wqj kxzkv j Ges Lye VvÛv wqj m Avgv K eva K i kixi _ K mg Í Kvco Ly j dj Z Ges weqvbvi cv k mvivivz `uvwo q _vk Z m N ii fz i GKUv ikwv i evwr q ivlz hv Z KD wkqz ïb Z bv cv i Avwg weqvbvi cv k mvivivz `uvwo q wqjvg Ges hw`iev GKUz bovpov K iwq, m Avgv K jvw_ gvi Zv Ges Av iv ekx K i gviz 168 GKw`b kdvjxi ^vgx Zv K g i AÁvb K i d j h nzz kdvjxi evev gv Zv K mvnvh Ki Z cvi e bv ZvB kdvjxi ^vgxi m ½B _vk Z n Q ^vgx ciezx Z Zv K cwiz vm K i wkš Zv K kïoevoxi jvkrb wbhv Zb Pvwj q hvq 169 A_ bwzk wz ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c _K emevmivz bvixiv A_ bwzkfv e msmövg K i P j Ges GLv b Kvb m `n bvb h, weevn Ëvi m úwë Z bvix `i Ask `evi e w³mz AvB bi e _ Zv Ges 164 cvwievwik mwnsmzv (cöwz iva I myi v) AvBb 2010, aviv 3 165 wb cvu (NIPORT) Ges Ab vb, evsjv `k RbmsL v I ^v Rwic 2007, c -201 166 c~ e v³, c -202 167 22 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Z gymwjg bvix dwi`vi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 168 19 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix kdvwji (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi Ab vb bvixivi GKB ai bi cvwievwik wbh vz bi K_v eb bv K i Qb 18 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix Z òv (QÙbvg), 19 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix kwg jv (QÙbvg), 19 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix gwbiv (QÙbvg); Ges 20 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Z gymwjg bvix AvLZvivi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 169 c~ e v³ 52

fiy cvl bi K Vvi wewa Zv `i `y` kvq h _ó f~wgkv iv L evsjv ` k RvwZms Ni `kxq `j `vwi`ªzv GKUv g~j KviY wnmv e D jl K i Qb Ges bvix cöavb cwiev ii `vwi`ªzvi g~j KviY wn m e ˆeevwnK Aw wzkxjzv K `wl q Qb Ges bvix cªavb cwiev ii `vwi`ª K Pig I gvîvwzwi³ e j Qb 170 evsjv ` k cwikíbv Kwgkb ^xkvi K i Q h, Ôbvixiv hlb Zv `i cwiev ii DcvR b g cyiælwu K cwiz ³ niqv, ZvjvK ev g Zz i Kvi Y nvivb, mb bvix `i `wi`ª nevi cöeyzv ekx 171 evsjv ` k 13 kzvsk cwievi bvix cöavb 172 bvixcöavb cwiev ii A_ bwzk `vwi`ªzvi mxgv wb q wfbœ wfbœ Z_ i q Q 2005 mv ji wg jwbqvg Wfjc g U Mvj Gi cöwz e` b ejv n q Q h, evsjv ` ki 49 kzvsk bvix cöavb cwievi `wi`ª mxgvi wb P Ae vb Ki Qb, cyiæl cöavb cwievi m Î huv 39 kzvsk 173 2005 mv ji RvwZms Ni Ab GKwU cöwz e` b `Lv wm q Q kzkiv 95 fvm bvix cöavb cwievi `vwi`ª mxgvi wb P Ae vb Ki Qb 174 2009 mv ji wg jwbqvg Wfjc g U Mvj Gi Dbœqb cöwz e` b ejv n q Q hw`i me cwi ` ki `vwi`ªzvi mxgv K g Q, bvix cöavb cwiev ii Rxeb gvîvi gv bi LyeB Kg Dbœqb n q Q 175 GUv Z Kvb AbywgZ `vwi`ª mxgv `Lv bv nqwb 176 evsjv ` k cvwievwik Avq I e v qi Rwi c GKUv wfbœ wpî `Lv hvq Zviv ` L Q h bvix cöavb cwiev i Av qi `vwi`ªzv cöwzeqib n«vm cv Q GB Rwi c `Lv bv n q Q h, 2000 mv j AbygvwbK 35. 1 kzvsk bvix cöavb cwievi `vwi`ªmxgvi wb P Ae vb KiZ, Zv cyiæ li Î wqj 34.2 kzvsk wkš 2010 mv ji Rwi c `Lv bv n q Q h, hlv b 14.6 kzvsk bvix cöavb cwievi `wi`ª mlv b 17.9 kzvsk cyiæl cöavb cwievi `wi`ª we kláiv GB AbywgZ n«v mi e vcv i wfbœzv K e j Qb bvix cöavb cwievi Avjv`v bv Ki Z cvivi mgm v, GB Abygv b mb mkj cwievi K aiv n q Q hv `i ^vgxiv we ` k _v K Ges evox Z UvKv cvvv Q 177 170 BDGb Gi evsjv `k Kvw Uª wug, ÒBDbv UW bkbk Kgb Kvw Uª G mm g U Ad evsjv `k,2005ó c viv 2.1.4 http://www.undp.org/asia/country_programme/cca/cca-bangladesh2005.pdf (me kl `Lv 20 Ryb 2011) 171 cwikíbv Kwgkb, 6ô câ evwl Kx cwikíbv, c -153 172 wb cvu (NIPORT) Ges Ab vb, evsjv `k RbmsL v I ^v Rwic 2007, c -14 Gi g a de facto I Ò de jure `yb ai Yi bvixcöavb cwievib i q Q 173 evsjv `k mikvi I BDGb Gi Kvw Uª wug, mn ªvã Dbœqb j gvîv: evsjv `k Dbœqb cöwz e`bó 2005 http://www.undp.org.bd/mdgs/bangladesh%20mdgprogress%20report%202005%20-%202.pdf (me kl `Lv 18 RyjvB 2011), c 22 mnmªvã Dbœqb j gvîvi Dbœqb cöwz e`b bvixcöavb cwiev ii g a `vwi` wel q Kvb avivevwnk Z_ cökvk K iwb 2006,2007 I 2009 mv ji Dbœqb cöwz e` b bvixcöavb cwiev ii g a `vwi`ª wel q Kvb Z_ B bvb 174 BDGb Gi evsjv `k Kvw Uª Uxg, ÒBDbv UW bkbk Kgb Kvw Uª G mm g UÓ c viv 2.1.4 175 evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgkb Gi Òw` wg jwbqvg W fjc g U Mvjm, evsjv `k cö MÖm wi cvu 2009, http://www.undp.org.bd/info/pub/bangladesh%20mdgs%20progress%20report%202009.pdf (me kl `Lv 18 RyjvB 2011) c -44 176 2011 mv ji me kl GgwWwR Dbœqb cöwz e`b cyiælcöavb cwiev ii Zzjbvq bvixcöavb cwiev ii g a `vwi`ªzv wel q Kvb wbw` ó Z_ ms hvrb K iwb wkš ejv n q Q h bvixcöavb cwievi ekx Lv` AwbivcËvq i q Qb 177 10 Ryb 2012 ZvwiL iæivj GgcvIqvi g U AciPzwbwUm di cvewjk G mum (REOPA) Gi cövmövg g v brvi Mvivb Rbm bi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 53

evm vb ZvjvKcÖvß I we Q` niqv bvix `i evm vbuv cövqkb cöavb mgm v h nzz evoxi gvwjkvbv ekxi fvm mgqb cyiæ li bv g Ges e w³mz AvBb Zvjv Ki ci bvix `i weevn Ëvi m úwëi Kvb AwaKvi `qbv, cyiæl Póv K i evoxuv Zv `i `L j ivl Z Ges bvixiv Zv `i wb Ri gz P j hvq A b KiB cwievi ev eüz i q Qb hviv mvnvh Ki Z cv ib hw`i ev cövqkb wei³ nb Ges Ab viv iv Ívq wm q c ob hz Y bv ch š Zviv Kvb mn hvwmzv cvb Kvwnbyi Zvi ^vgxi _ K Avjv`v n q hvq ZLb Zvi ^vgx Zv K wbh vzb K i wøzxq we q K i Zvi eevwnk Ni _ K P j Avmv Qvov Ab Kvb c_ wqjbv Zvi bzzb Ni wb q UvKv cwi kv ai Kvb Ae v bvb myzivs Zv K Ges Zvi Kb v K Zvi wczvi cwiev i wd i Avm Z nq m e j Q ÒAvgvi evev Avgv K e j Q- Zzwg Avgvi g q ZvB g q K Zv Avgv `i LvIqv ZB n e wkš Avwg Kb Zvgvi g q `i LvIqv ev? Zviv Zv Avgvi `vwqz bq wzwb Avgv K Avgvi g q `i `vwqz wb Z ej jb ev Zv `i Q o Avm Z ej jb 178 Ab vb bvixiv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb ZvjvK ev we Q `i ci NiQvov n q Zviv Avkªq Ly R Qb eüy, cöwz ekx ev agx q cöwzôv b Rqv Zvi ^vgxi Ni _ K A bkevib k vïox I ^vgxi AmnYxq wbhv Zb mn bv Ki Z c i cvwj q G m Qb cö_g K qkevi cvwj q wm q GKwU vbxq Pv P Avkªq bq ciezx Z m evevgvi Kv Q _vkvi Rb hvq wkš cöwzevib Zv K ^vgxi Kv Q wd i hvevi Rb cöwz ekxiv Pvc `q ^vgx Zvi Dci AZ vpvi K i Ges m cvwj q GK cvwievwik eüzi Kv Q Avkªq bq Rqv e j Q ÒLvjvi ^vgx Avwg IB evox Z _vwk Zv Pvqwb, m~zivs Avwg IB evoxi eviv `vq 10-12 w`b _vwk Avgvi VvÛv j M Amy n q hvb ZLb kxzkvj, ZvB Avwg Avgv K ILvb _ K wb q GKwU Ae eüz ev_i g wb q ivlv nq Ibv `i 2Uv ev_iæg wqj Avwg Gfv e cövq 1 gvm _vwk Avwg ev_i g _ K ZLb ei nzvg ZLb Lvjvi ^vgx Kv R evb i h Zb GKw`b Avwg aiv cojvg Ges Zv `i g a SMov jvmj, Lvjv Avgvi Rb SMov K iwqj Ó 179 wkqz bvix wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb Zviv we Q` ev ZvjvK ciezx Z NiQvov n q Kv Ri eyqvi KvR wb q Q, Zv Z K i gv_vi Ici Qv` _v K 180 hgb- Zvevmmyg, m hlb ^vgxi Øviv cwiz v³ nb ZLb Zvi QvU ev bi ev Pvi `Lv kvbvi mve wyk `vwqz bb hlb Zvi evb PvKix Z hz Zvevmyg Gi ^vgx Zv `i ˆeevwnK evox ZB _v K Ges Zvevmyg Kvb fiy cvlb ev ˆeevwnK m úwëi Kvb AskB cvqwb 181 wkqz bvix we Q` I ZvjvK ciezx Z wb R `i M nnxb Ges iv Ívq `L Z cvb mvqiv 30 eqi eq m `yb mšív bi gv 178 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy i gymwjg bvix Kwnby ii (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 179 29 m Þ ^i 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z wlª vb bvix Rqvi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 180 16 g 2011 mv j AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi mvjgv Rexb; 19 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil `i cövmövg g v brvi (cvwievwik wbh vzb cöwz iva) wgzvjx Rvnvb; 24 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i cwipvjk(wjmvj GBW) invbv myjzvbvi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 22 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Z nvwg`vi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 181 4 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL MvRxcy i gymwjg bvix Zvevmmy gi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 54

eq ii ci eqi cvwievwik wbhv Z bi Kvi Y ^vgx _ K we Q ` Av Qb Zvi ^vgx eevwnk evox Z Av Qb Ges m `yb mšívb I wkqz e w³mz mvgmöxmn cvwj q Av m Zvi cwievi wkqz`wb Zv K iv L wkš c i P j hvevi Rb Pvc `q wzwb e jb Avgvi evev I fvb Avgv K Lvevi w` Z PvB Zv bv, Avwg wd i G mwq G Z Zviv Lye w ß Ges Avgv K Avevi we q Ki Z e jb Avwg we q Ki Z PvBwb ZvB ev Pv `i wb q P j Avwm Avwg mšívb `i wb q GKUv eo Mv Qi bx P _ KwQ Ges Lvevi Rb wf v K iwq hz Y ch ší GKUv vbxq ms v Avgvi mn hvmxzv K i Q 182 Pwjø kva AvwQgvI Zvi ˆeevwnK M n Z vm Ki Z eva nq Ges iv Ívq G m `uvovq Zvi ^vgx k ïi evox Z _vkz Ges hlb Zvi ^vgx wøzxq we q K i ZLb Zvi k ïievoxi jvkrb AvwQgv K ei K i `q Kvb fiy cvly ev weevn Ëvi AwaKvi bv c q AvwQgv Zvi 10 eq ii g q K M nkªwg Ki KvR w` q Ab GKwUv cwiev i cvvvq AvwQgv I Zvi QvU g q iv Ívq _v K hzw`b bv GKRb M nkzv Zv `i _vkvi RvqMv `q GB k Z h Zviv Zvi Rwg Z webv gryix Z KvR Ki e 183 wkqz bvix wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Q h, ZvjvK ev we Q` ciezx mg q Zviv Zv `i ˆeevwnK M n ivl Z c i Q wkš Zv `i g a KD KD GLbI ch ší Avw_ K K ó i q Qb fiy cvl Yi welqwu wbwðz bv K i ïaygvî Ni i L `Iqv nq Zv bvix `i `wi`ªzv _ K invb ` ebv 35 eq ii ivlmvbv, ^vgx Zv K cwiz vm Kivi cii mb evox Z i q hvq wkš Zvi Øviv evmv fvov, msmv ii LiP Ges `ybuv mšív bi `Lv kvbv Kiv Am e wqj m Mv g U m PvKzix bv cviqv ch ší FY wb q P j wkš GLbI ch ší me cö qvrb guv bv Zvi Rb KóKi 184 Lv` evsjv ` k A bk ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c _K emevmiz bvix `i Rb Lv ` i wbðqzv GKwU AZ ší `ytmva welq weevn Ëvi m úwë e Ub Ges fiy cvly wbwðzki Yi AvBbx cöwzkv ii Afve GB zavi Pvwn`v e w Z Av iv mnvqzv K i 2002 mv ji wek Lv` Kg m~wpi cöwz e` b `Lv hvq h, cyiæl cöavb cwiev ii P q cövq wø Y msl K bvix cöavb cwiev ii w` b gvî `yb ejv Lvevi Rv U 185 WweøD Gd wcõi ZvwjKvq gvuvgywufv e 38 kzvsk bvix cöavb cwievi K ÓLv` 182 20 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Z gymwjg bvix mvqivi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 183 20 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Z gymwjg bvix AvwQgvi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi Ab vb bvixivi GKB ai bi AwfÁZvi K_v eb bv K i Qb hgb- 20 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Z gymwjg bvix RvevB`v (QÏbvg), 20 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Z gymwjg bvix dvwzgv (QÙbvg); Ges 21 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Z gymwjg bvix wkwi bi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 184 27 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix ivlmvbvi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi Av iv `Lyb 27 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z MvcxevM wjmvj GBW wk wb Ki mgš^qkvix gvmy`v invbv em gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 185 5 g 2012 ZvwiL XvKv `v BDbvB UW bkbk Iqvì dzw cövmö gi fvjbvwiwewjwu GbvjvBwmm GÛ g vwcs (wfggg) BDwb Ui cöavb bymv Bqvwgbv PŠaywii mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi B gbj hvmv hvm 30 GwcÖj 2012 ZvwiL BDbvB UW bkbk Iqvì dzw cövmö gi Kvw Uª ww i±i wµóv ivwv ii wbku wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi bvix cöavb cwiev ii g a Lv` A-wbivcËvi me kl Z_ wel q GKwU wpwvi DË i, wgr. PŠaywi j Lb, Ò5.6% cyilcöavb cwiev ii wecix Z 11% bvix-cöavb cwievi w` b `yb- ejv Lvevi cvb 26% cyil-cöavb cwiev ii wecix Z 38% bvix-cöavb cwievi Lv` A- wbivcëvi g a i q Q ÒAwf hvrb KŠk ji LwZqv b 13% cyil-cöavb cwiev ii wecix Z 23% bvix-cöavb cwievi i q QbÓ Avi Awf hvrb KŠk ji LwZqv b D P Ae vb D P Lv` A-wbivcËv wb ` k K i 55

wbivcëvnxbó 186 wn m e wpwýz Kiv n q Q, hlv b mvaviy cwiev ii ÿ Î GB nvi 23 kzvsk 187 A bk bvixb wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb Zviv ZvjvK I we Q `i ci Zv `i Ges mš vb `i Lv ` i Rb msmövg K i Qb hgb 30 eqi eqmx `yb mšív bi Rbbx wmzviv e j Qb Ò hlb Zvi ^vgx Zv K ZvjvK w`j ZLb XvKvi kn ii m Zvi Lvevi Ges evox fvov RvMvo Ki Z cv iwb ÒAvgvi Avq 2000 UvKv Gi g a Ni fvov 1300 UvKv, ev Pv `i LiP 500 UvKv `evi ci Avgvi Kv Q Lvev ii Rb Kvb UvKv _v Kbv Ó m e j ÒAvwg gvby li evwo Z KvR Kwi Ges Zv `i Kv Q Lvevi wf v PvB Ges m wj evmx Lvevi wb q Avwm ev Pv `i Rb Avwg Avgvi KvcoI wkb Z cvwi bv Avwg Avgvi PvKzix`vZv `i ewj Avgv K Zv `i cyivzb Kvco w` Z civi Rb wmzviv Zvi Quov kvwo U b a i GB K_v wj e j 188 GKB fv e câv kva g neyev e j Zvi ^vgx Zv K Q o hvevi ci cövqb Zvi Lvevi UvKv _v K bv ÒAvwg hv `i evox Z KvR Kwi Zv `i evwo _ K evmx cvš v fvz LvB 189 ^v evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk e w³mz AvBb wj ZvjvKcÖvß Ges we Q ` _vkv bvix Ges Zv `i wbf ikxj `i Lvivc ^v i SzwK Z d j fiy cvly wbwðzkiy Ges weevn Ëvi m úwë e U b AvB bi Afve bvix `i K cövqb `vwi`ªzvi g a d j `q huv ^v Lviv c cöfve d j Ges ^v mev c Z evav ˆZix K i bvix cöavb cwiev ii mš vb `i ^v Ges ^v mev cvevi my hv Mi wel q M elyvq GKUv j Yxq cv_ K `Lv w` q Q hgb 2001 mv ji GKwU M lyvq `Lv hvq h, Me lyvi GjvKv wj Z ZvjvKcÖvß bvix `i wkï g Zz i nvi weevwnz gv qi wkï g Zz i msl v _ K wø Y 190 2000 mv ji GKwU `Lv M Q h, cyiæl cöavb cwiev i 65% Amy ev Pvi ^v mevi my hvm i q Q, Ab w` K bvix cöavb cwiev ii kzkiv 44 kzvsk Amy ev Pvi ^v mevi my hvm cvq 191 A bk ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c _KemevmiZ bvix wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb Zv `i ^v mev bevi gz Kvb UvKvB bb ev LyeB mxwgz Av Q h Kvi Y Zv `i Amy Zv AviI e w cvq hgb 30 eqi eqmx gvbv e j Q, hlb Zvi c Ui ev PvwU bó n q hvq 186 c~ e v³ 187 c~ e v³ 188 24 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix wmzvivi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 189 24 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix gneyevi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 190 Gb Avjg I Ab vb, Òw` B d± Ad ww fvm Ab Bbd v U gu vwjwu Bb G wi gvu Gwiqv Ad evsjv `k,ó Rvb vj Ad ev qv mvmvj mvbý, fwjdg 33, 2011, c 271 B Uvib vkbvj m Uvi di Wvqwiqvj wwwrr Gi Kiv GB M elyvwu Z Zvjv Ki ci, Zvjv Ki 12 gv mi g a ev Zvjv Ki 12 gv mi c~ e Rb biqv wkï `i Dci Kiv n q Q 191 Gg G gvbœvb, Òwd gj n WW nvdr nvì Bb iæivj evsjv `k: ª vwuwr di I qj wes GÛ mvifvbevj,ó ccvi 10: m Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM GbW BDGbGdwcG, 2000, http://www.cpd-bangladesh.org/publications/cpdunfpa/unfpa10.pdf (me kl `Lv 17 Rvbyqvix 2011) c -11 BDGb ccy jgb dvû Ges vbxq GKwU NGO m Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM GB M elyvwu K i Q 56

ZLb Zvi ^vgx wøzxq we q K i Ges Zv K cwiz vm K i Kvb DcvR b I fiy cvly QvovB gvbv Zvi ˆeevwnK M n Qvo Z eva nq Ges Zvi gv qi evox Z Avkªq bq gvbv e j ÒAvgvi ev PUv bó nevi ci Avgvi Jla `ikvi wq jv, Avwg mb LiP enb Ki Z cvwiwb Avgvi gv qi Kvb mvg_ bvb h Avgv K mvnvh Ki Z cv i ZvB Avwg Kvb Jla wkb Z cvwiwb Avgvi Lye e v_v nz Ges `xn w`b `~e j wqjvg Ó 192 wkïkªg I wkï `i wk v evsjv ` ki ˆelg g~jk cvwievwik AvB bi A_ bwzk LmviZ wn m e A bk ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c _K emevmk Z bvixiv Zv `i mšívb `i zj _ K Qvwo q wb q Av m Ges Zv `i K Kv R `q M elyvq `Lv M Q h, bvix cöavb cwiev ii mšívb `i zj _ K S i covi msl v A bk ekx Ges Gme cwiev ii g a wkqz cwievi ZvjvK ev we Q `i Kvi b bvix cöavb 2009 mv ji mnmªvã Dbœqb j gvîvi evsjv `k cöwz e` b ejv n q Q kzkiv 88 kzvsk bvix cöavb cwievi e j Q Zv `i mšív biv zj _ K S i c o Q 193 A bk ZvjvKcÖvß I c _K emevm Kiv bvixiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb hlb ˆeevwnK M n _ K Zvwo q `qv nq Zviv Zv `i Kb v mšívb `i zj _ K wb q G m gvby li evmvq M nkªwg Ki Kv R cvvvb G `i g a GKRb nj Rgv, hv K Zvi evev wøzxq we q Kivi ci Zvi gv I QvU evbmn evox _ K Zvwo q `q ZLb m zj Q o P j Av m Kvb fiy cvly ev weev nvëi m úwë bv c q Zvi gv Zv `i K Pvjv Z cviwqj bv ev z ji cvvv Z cviwqj bv Rgv Mv g U m KvR ïiæ K i Ges Zvi gv I QvU evb XvKvq `~im úkx q GK AvZ x qi evox Z M nkªwg Ki KvR bq 194 192 3 A ±vei 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z wlª vb bvix gvbvi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi GKRb AvBbRxex wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkv i Zvi GKwU gvgjvi K_v e jb hlv b GKRb bvixi `ybevi Mf cvz nevi cwiz v³v nb hlb Zvi wpwkrmvi Li Pi Rb LyeB mvgvb UvKv wqj 4 A ±vei 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i wjwu Mkb BDwb Ui cöavb, AvBbRxex gvkmy`v Av³v ii mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 193 evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgkb, Òmnmªvã Dbœqb j gvîv wel q evsjv ` ki AMÖMwZ cöwz e`b 2009Ó c -59 194 22 g 2011 ZvwiL bvqvlvjx Z gymwjg bvix Rgvi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 57

4. AvBbx cöwzeükzv e w³mz AvB bi `Iqv GB mxwgz AwaKvi bvixiv hlb cö qvm Kivi Póv K ib ZLb cövqb Zviv c wzmz I wewfbœ ai bi ev Íe evavi m ylxb nb h wj AvBbx cöwzkvi cviqvi c _ `xn m~wîzv I evavi m wó K i hlv b weevn Ëvi m úwë Z Kvb AwaKvi ev `vexb bvb Ges gvni I fiy cvl Yi mxwgz AwaKvi i q Q, mlv b ZvjvKcÖvß I c _K emevmiz bvix `i AvBbx `vexi gva g A_ bwzk wbivcëv wbwðz Kivi Avkv Lye Kg h nzz G ` k `wi`ªzvi nvi Lye cöku we klz bvix cöavb cwiev i, m Î mg SvZv ev Av`vj Zi gva g A_ bwzk cöwzkvi AZ ší Kvh Ki n Z cv i `ytlrbkfv e we Q` I Zvjv Ki ci AvBbx `vex Av`v qi cöwµqv bvbv mgm vq cwic~y hv GB Aa v q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q A bk bvixivb cö_g ch v q mgv R e qv R ô `i gva g AcÖvwZôvwbK mvwj ki gva g gvni ev fiy cvlb Av`v qi Póv K ib GB cöwµqvi wkqy BwZevPK w`k i q Q, hgb GwU AbvbyôvwbK, evoxi Kv Q Ges mgv R MÖnY hvm hw`i Gi wkqy iæz c~y bwzevpk w`k i q Q e qv R ôiv Kvb mywbw` ó c wz g b Pj Z eva bb Ges AvBbx RvqMv jv ZI `~e jzv i q Q mikvi _ K Kvb Z`viwK bb Ges e qv R ôiv (mvaviyz cyiæl) cövqkb bvix `i GB cöwµqvq c~y AskMÖnY _ K `~ i iv Lb e w³mz AvB bi welq wj mgvav bi Rb evsjv ` k cvwievwik Av`vjZ e e v Pvjy Kiv n q Q wkš gvni ev fiy cvl bi Rb h mkj bvixiv Av`vj Z hvb Zviv A bk ai bi evavi m ylxb nb wkqy welq `ªæZ I Kvh Ki c wz Z cvwievwik Av`vj Z gvgjv cwipvjbv Kivi gzvi mv _ m úwk Z Ab welq wj n jv A úó AvBb we klz fib cvl bi Av `k `evi Î h Î wj i q Q A bk wj Av Q c wzmz hgb Kvh Ki mgb c wz, Z_ cögv Yi k³ Ges Aev Íe eva evakzv Ges Av`vj Zi ivq ev Íevq b ÎæwUc~Y e e v gvni I fiy cvlb Av`v qi Î cöwµqvi Ace envi Ges mgq bó Kivi Rb cyiæliv cövqb cvëv gvgjv hgb `v úz Rxeb cybiæ vi ev Pzwii Awf hv M dšr`vix gvgjv `v qi K i _v Kb G wj ZvjvKcÖvß Ges c _K evm Kiv bvix `i b vq wepvi cviqvi c _ Av ikwu eo evav `Iqvbx Av`vjZ c wz ms v ii gva g gvni I fiy cvlb Av`v qi Î GB cöwzeükzv `~i Kivi wkqy m vebv i q Q AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš Yvj q 2011 mv j c wzmz ms v ii wel q Av jvpbv ïiæ K i Q huv GLbI Pjgvb 195 wkš DbœZ c wz Pvjy Ki ji evsjv ` ki bvixiv A_ bwzk cöwzkv ii Rb Av`vj Z h q A bk SzwKi m ylxb n eb hz Y bv ch ší gšwjk AvBb Ges b vq wepvi c wzi Av iv ms vi bv nq 195 2 deªæqvwi 2012 ZvwiL XvKv RvwZm N Dbœqb Znwe ji `v qj g~lvr xi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi B- gbj hvmv hvm 58

AbvbyôvwbK mg SvZv ev mvwjk A bk GjvKvq we klz MÖvg GjvKvq bvixiv Zv `i gvni I fiy cvl Yi `vex Av`v qi Rb MÖvg ev mgv Ri gyiæeÿx `i Kv Q AbvbyôvwbK mvwj ki Rb hvq AbvbyôvwbKfv e weev` wb úwëi gva g nqz mgq Ges UvKv (hvzvqz fvzv I KvU wd) evupv bv m e wkš bvix `i Rb e w³mz AvB bi `vex Av`v q GKwU wbf i hvm c wz _ K GUv GLbI A bk `~ i wndg vb ivbum& IqvP GiKg A bk bvixi mv vzkvi wb q Q hviv mgv Ri bzv Ges AvBbRxex `i mn hvwmzvi gva g AbvbyôvwbK mvwjk c wz Z Zv `i gvni I fiy cvlb Av`v qi c` c wb q Qb 196 Zviv wfbœ wfbœ AwfÁZv eby v K i Qb KD KD e j Qb Zviv Zv `i AwfÁZvq Lywk Ges mvwjkkvixiv Zv `i gvni I fiy cvly Av`vq K i w` q Qb wkš A bk bvix Ges Kg xiv e j Qb h e qv R ô cyiæliv mvwj k bvix `i K_v ej Z w` Z Pvb bv Zviv Zv `i wm všíuv Ach vß Z _ i wfwë Z wb q _v Kb Ges Kvb Kvb Î gvgjv/ mvwjk cwipvjbv eve` cvibv UvKv _ K GKUv Ask P q _v Kb gv`vixcyi wjm vj GBW G mvwm qk bi GK Kg x e j Qb wzwb A bk bvix KB AbvbyôvwbK mvwj k mn hvwmzv K i Qb Ges ` L Qb h me mvwjkb mgv Ri cyiæl bzv `i gva g Kiv n q _v K wzwb GB mvwjkkviiv Lye KgB bvix `i Lvjvg b K_v ejvi my hvm `b hvi d j Zviv AvswkK NUbvi Dci wbf i K i wm vší bb ÒMÖv gi gyiæeÿxiv GgbwK fiy cvl Yi cwigvy wbav iy K ib bvix `i mv _ K_v bv e j Zviv Kvb c wz AbymiY K ib bv MÖv gi gyiæeÿxiv bvixwu K e jb- Zzwg fz i hvi Ges em hw` BDwbqb cwil `i Pqvig vbi Dcw Z _v Kb wzwb Kvb n Í c K ib bv ev e jb bv h bvix `i GLv b Dcw Z _vkv ev K_v ejv `ikvi Ó 197 hw`i aiv nq h AbvbyôvwbK mvwjk Av`vj Zi Zzjbvq Kg e q mv c wkš AvBbRxexiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb MÖvgxY gyiæeÿxiv mvwj ki gva g h UvKv D vi K ib Zvi GKUv Ask mvwj ki Li Pi K_v e j wb R `i c K U i L `b 198 GKUv NUbvq MÖv gi gyiæeÿxiv gvni I fiy cvlb eve` x K GKj wîk nvrvi UvKv cö`v bi Rb ^vgx K wb ` k `b wkš bvixwu c q Q GKj `k nvrvi UvKv evkx UvKvUv gyiæeÿxiv i L `b 199 AvBbRxex I bvixiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K 196 wndg vb ivbum IqvP AcÖvwZôvwbK wepvi e e v ev mvwjk wel q we ÍvwiZ AbymÜvb K iwb KviY GB wel qi A bk we ÍvwiZ Z_ ejx msiw Z Av Q hgb `Lyb- `Lyb Kzgvi KzÛy, ÒAvÛvi vwûs AjUvi bwuf wwmwcdu iry jkb di w` iæivj DBg vb Bb evsjv `k: mvg Bjv ªkb d«g eª vk GBP Avi Gj Gm cövmövgm, IqvwK s ccvi b ^i 13, A ±vei 2010, http://www.bracresearch.org/workingpapers/red_wp13_new.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 22 g 2011) 197 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy i gv`vixcyi wjmvj GBW G mwm qk bi Kg x bwgzv ivbx ` Ëi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi Ab vb Kg xivi GKB ai bi D Ø Mi K_v eb bv K i Qb 25 g 2011 mv j AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, gww qkb I i vwcw imcý BDwbU, bxbv Mv ^vgxi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv _ mv vrkvi 198 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy i gv`vixcyi wjmvj GBW G mwm qk bi cökí mgš^qkvix ûgvqyb j ii mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi Ab vb Kg xivi GKB ai bi D Ø Mi K_v eb bv K i Qb 25 g 2011 mv j AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, gww qkb I i vwcw imcý BDwbU, bxbv Mv ^vgxi mv _ wndg vb ivbu Iqv Pi mv _ mv vrkvi 199 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy i gv`vixcyi wjmvj GBW G mwm qk bi Kg x bwgzv ivbx ` Ëi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi Ab vb Kg x I bvixivi GKB ai bi AwfÁZvi K_v e i Qb 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy i gv`vixcyi wjmvj GBW G mwm qk bi cökí mgš^qkvix ûgvqyb j ii mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi; 25 g 2011 mv j AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, gww qkb I i vwcw imcý BDwbU, bxbv Mv ^vgxi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv _ mv vrkvi; 25 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k wjmvj GBW I mvwf mm Uªv i dwi`v Bqvmwgb, 59

e j Qb mikv ii Z`viKxi Afve Ges mvwjk wbqš Ywewai Afve bvix `i K ïay wzb Ki Q bv G wj AvBbm ZI bq kdvjx e j Qb hlb Zvi ^vgx Zv K Mf ezx Ae vq gviai K i Q ZLb MÖv gi gyiæeÿxiv Zvi evev K hšzz Ki evkx UvKvUv ^vgx K `evi Rb wb ` k w` q Q, hw`i hšzzk bqv eavbbx Kiv n q Q GK`k KiI ewk mgq a i 200 evsjv ` ki AvB b GB AbvbyôvwbK mvwj ki Kvb ^xk wz bvb Ges Gai bi mvwj ki wm vší wji Kvb g~j vqb ev Avcxj MÖnY Kiv nq bv 201 kxl vbxq emikvix m&s v wj Póv Pvwj q hv Q hv Z GB c wz wji Z`viwK I ch v jvpbv Kiv nq hv Z K i mvwjkx Z bvix `i AvBbx AwaKvi Abyhvqx wm vší bqv nq 202 vbxq ms v wj wb RivI Zv `i AvBbRxex `i gva g GB ai bi cvwievwik we iva wb úwëi Rb mvwj ki gva g mgm vi mgvav bi Póv K i _v Kb hv Z K i gvgjv gvkïgvi gva g Av`vj Zi mgq I UvKvi AcPq bv nq 203 Av`vj Z hz jovb hlb m Avgv K Q o P j Mj ZLb m wkqyb `qwb, GgbwK GKUv Kvc oi UzKivI bq Avwg Lvev ii Rb wf v K iwq hlb Avwg Zv K e jwqjvg h Avwg Av`vj Z hve ZLb m e jwqj- Av`vj Z hvi Zzwg wkqyb cv e bv KLb Avwg Av`vjZ _ K wkqy cv ev? wmzviv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, XvKv, g 2011 AvbyôvwbK wepvie e vq evsjv ` k cvwievwik Av`vjZB gvni I fib cvlb Av`v qi cöavb Î 204 1985 mv ji cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k Øviv cwipvwjz GB Av`vjZ wj 205 cöwzwu Rjvi wbgœ Av`vj Zi mv _ mshy³ wkqy wkqy cvwievwik Av`vj Zi wepvikiv ïaygvî cvwievwik Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb), Gg ww eikz Avjx, mn-cwipvjk (AvBb) Ges Zvcmx iv eqv, mnkvix mgš^qkvix (mvwjm) Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi `jxq mv vzkvi 200 19 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix kdvjxi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 201 `Lyb eøv I Abvb ebvg evsjv `k mikvi I Ab vb, 2010 mv ji ixu wcwukb bs 754 Ges 4275 Z Av`vjZ ivq w` qqb h mvwj mi gva g Kvb wepvi ewnf ~Z kvw Í `Iqv hv e bv http://www.blast.org.bd/content/judgement/ejp-judgment-8july2010.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 30 GwcÖj 2012) GB gvgjv Ges mswkó wel q AwZwi³ Z _ i Rb `Lyb wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi 7 RyjvB 2011 Zvwi Li cöm weáwß, Òevsjv `k: cöv U± DBg vb G MBbó d Zvqv fv qv jýó http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/06/bangladesh-protect-womenagainst-fatwa-violence (me kl `Lv n q Q 30 GwcÖj 2012) 202 D`vniY ^iƒc `Lyb- w`bv wmwïkx, Ò cwfs `v I q Uz RvmwUm: `v GK&ª cwi qý Ad bvmwik D ` vmó http://www.gadnetwork.org.uk/storage/29.%20paving%20the%20way%20to%20justice.pdf (me kl `Lv 30GwcÖj 2012) 203 gvp, g, Ryb I A ±vei 2011 mv j eª vk-gbp Avi Gj Gm, eøv, weggwc, AvmK Ges wegbwweøgjg Gi AvBbRxwe `i m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 204 ZË MZfv e GKRb gymwjg bvix wzwb h GjvKvq emevm K ib mb GjvKvi vbxq cwil `i Pqvig v bi wbku Zvi fiy cvlb Av`v qi Rb Av e`b Ki Z cv ib x Zvi GB fiy cvl bi AwaKvi cö qv Mi Rb vbxq cwil `i Pqvig v bi wbku Av e`b Ki Z cv ib whwb welquv `Lvi Rb mvwjwm cwil` MVb Ki eb GB mvwjwm cwil` ^vgx K fiy cvlb cö`v bi wb ` k w` q mvwu wd KU ei Ki Z cv ib cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1961, aviv 9 hvb nvk, wndg vb ivbum IqvP h mkj bvix `i mv _ K_v K i Q Zviv KDB fiy cvlb Av`v qi Rb mvwjwm cwil ` hvbwb, nq Zviv GB welqwu Rvb Zb bv ev mvwjwm cwil `i Kvb Kvh µg ev Aw ÍZ bvb 205 cvwevwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985, aviv 4 60

welq wj wepvi K ib Ges KD KD `Iqvbx welq wji ` Lb gvni (gymwjg `i Rb ) Ges fiy cvlbmn AwaKvi cöwzôvi Rb mkj agx q m cö`v qi jv KivB cvwievwik Av`vj Z Av e`b Ki Z cv ib wepvikmy gymwjg, wn `y I Lªx vb AvBb wj AbymiY K ib Z e cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k Ges `Iqvbx Kvh wewa Abyhvqx mk ji Rb GKB cöwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq 206 cvwievwik Av`vjZ cöwµqvq bvix `i gvni I fiy cvl bi cök Z mgvavb Kiv GLbI A bk `~ ii KvR, hv wb gœ we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv Kiv n jv- cvwievwik Av`vj Zi `xn m~wîzv bvg cökvk bv Kivi k Z cvwievwik Av`vj Zi h mkj cöv³b wepvik wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv _ K_v e j Qb Zviv Rvwb q Qb h, cvwievwik Av`vj Z wbqwgzfv e AmsL gvgjvi RU j MB _v K GKRb cöv³b wepvik e j Qb, wzwb GKUv Rjvq GKmv _ mvzkõ cvwievwik gvgjv GKv cwipvjbv K i Qb 207 AvBbRxexiv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb, hlv b RbmsL vi NbZ ewk mlv b cvwievwik Av`vj Z gvgjv mvgjv Z wngwkg L Z nq 208 hgb XvKv kn ii K_v G ÿ Î D jøl Kiv h Z cv i GLv b _vbvi msl v 43wU Avi cvwievwik Av`vj Zi msl v gvî 3wU 209 cvwievwik Av`vjZ we kláiv e j Qb, h Rjvq GKRb wepvik cvwievwik I `Iqvbx gvgjv `y UvB cwipvjbv K ib mb Rjvi Ae v AviI ewk Lvivc 210 gvgjvi RU, c wzmz RwUjZv (hv bx P Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q) ZvjvKcÖvß I we Q` niqv bvix `i AvBbx cöwzkvi cövwß K AZ ší KóKi I aximwz m úbœ K i d j hw`i ewki fvm Î `b gvni ev fiy cvl Yi cwigvy LyeB Kg, ZeyI A bk bvixi Rb mwu A bk iæz c~y, KviY weevn we Q `i mv _ mv _ Zviv mvaviyz M nnxb n q c ob Ges mb ÿwz cywl q biqvi Rb GB A_ Uv LyeB iæz c~y n q I V Zviv gv mi ci gvm ev eq ii ci eqi cvwievwik Av`vj Zi iv qi Rb A c v Ki Z cv ib bv, hw`i ev Í e ZvB Ki Z nq 211 wkqy wkqy gvgjvq bvixiv A ^vfvwek `xn mgq a i cvwievwik Av`vj Zi iv qi wksev ivq ev Íevq bi 206 c~ e v³, aviv 5 207 g I Ryb 2011, cvwievwik Av`vj Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wepvi Ki (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 208 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv Rexb I dvinvbv Avd iv Ri m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi; 1 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i wjwu Mkb BDwb Ui cöavb, AvBbRxex gvkmy`v Av³vi; 25 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÐ mvwf mm Uªv i mnkvwi cwipvjk (AvBb) dwi`v Bqvmwgb Ges 21 g 2011 bvqvlvjx Z AvBbRxex Av b g Avãyj ingv bi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 209 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv Rex bi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 210 cvwievwik Av`vj Zi AemicÖvß wepvik `i (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 211 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k, 1985 Gi aviv 10, 13 I 14 cvwievwik Av`vjZ cöwµqvi `xn m~wîzv Kgv bvi Rb, cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k, 1985 wepvi-c~e I wepvi ciez x mvwj mi gva g c Øq K mg SvZvi Póvi my hvm `b hlv b Dfq c mg SvZvq cšqvq mlv b Av`vjZ mg SvZv wwwµ Rvwi Ki Z cv ib 61

Rb A c v K ib 212 evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv i GKRb AvBbRxex e j Qb, Zvi GKwU gvgjvq cvwievwik Av`vjZ GKRb bvixi gvni I fiy cvl Yi wwwµ ev Íevq bi Rb 18 eqi mgq wb q Qb 213 GKBfv e GKRb cöv³b wepvik wndg vb ivbum IqvP K GKwU fiy cvl Yi gvgjvi K_v e j Qb huvi ivq `Iqv n qwqj 1980-i `k K, wkš Ryb 2011 ch ší H ivq ZLbI ev ÍevwqZ nqwb wzwb e jb - H ^vgx Zvi AvBbRxex Ges KvU wd eve` xi fiy cvl Yi UvKvi cwigv Yi P q A bk ewk UvKv LiP K i Qb Avi Ab w` K GB Amnvq `wi`ª bvixwu MZ 20 eq ii ewk mgq a i wkqyb cvqwb 214 emikvwi ms v eª vk -Gi wndg vb ivbum GÐ wjm vj GBW mvwf mm wefvm evsjv ` ki 64wU Rjvi g a 61wU Rjvi cvwievwik Av`vj Z fiy cvl Yi gvgjv cwipvjbv Ki Q 1998 mv j ms vwu AvBbx mnvqzv Kvh µg ïiæ K i H mgq _ K 2012 mv ji 31 g ch ší ` ki wewfbœ cvwievwik Av`vj Z fiy cvly msµvší Zv `i hme gvgjv Sz j Av Q Zvi GKwU wnmve Zviv wb q Qb Ges wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv _ mme Z_ wewbgq K i Qb 215 cwiwkó - 2 Z D jøwlz wewfbœ gvgjvi Z_ _ K fiy cvly msµvší nvrvi nvrvi gvgjvq cvwievwik Av`vj Zi `xn m~wîzvi cögvy cviqv hvq hw`i 1985 mv ji cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k cvwievwik Av`vjZ K AšÍe Zx Kvjxb fiy cvl Yi Av `k `Iqvi gzv w` q Q hv Z K i Kvb c gvgjvi D Ïk K e vnz Ki Z bv cv i, wkš wepvikiv gvni I fiy cvl Yi gvgjvq Gai bi AšÍe Z xkvjxb Av ` ki gva g bvixi c ÿ A_ bwzk cöwzkvi weav bi gzv Lye KgB e envi K i _v Kb 216 212 25 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÐ mvwf mm Uªv i mnkvwi cwipvjk (AvBb) Gg. ww. eikz Avjx; 24 g 2011 evsjv `k RvZxq gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwzi cwipvjk (wjm vj GBW) invbv myjzvbv; 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi AvBbRxex mvjgv Rexb; Ges Av`vj Zi AemicÖvß wepvik `i (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi cvwievwik Av`vj Z fiy cvly gvgjvi Z_ m ú K Rvb Z `Lyb cwiwkó - 2, h wj eª vk wndg vb ivbum GÐ wjm vj GBW mvwf mm KZ K ` ki 61wU Rjv _ K msm nxz n q Q 213 25 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k wjmvj GBW I mvwf mm Uªv i dwi`v Bqvmgxb, Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb) Ges Gg ww eikz Avjx, mnkvix-cwipvjk (AvBb) -Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi; 29 I 30 g 2012 mv j evsjv `k wjm vj GBW I mvwf mm Uªv i Bb fw Mkb I gwbuwis m ji mgš^qkvix Avãyj gv jk -Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi B- gbj hvmv hvm Rbve gv jk eøv i c v bj AvBbRxex `i Øviv ` ki wewfbœ Rjvq cwipvwjz gvgjvi GKUv ZvwjKv `b h wj 10 eqi Av M ïiæ n q Q Ges GLbI Pj Q Gi g a wm ju Rjvi 7wU, gqgbwmsn Rjvi 3wU, Lyjbv Rjvi 2wU Ges ivrkvnx Rjvi `yõwu gvgjv i q Q GB gvgjv wj wwwµ ev Íevq bi ch v q Sz j Av Q 214 3 Ryb 2011, cvwievwik Av`vj Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wepvi Ki (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 215 eª vk wndg vb ivbum GÐ wjm vj GBW mvwf mm -Gi wmwbqi cövmövg úkvwj CwkZv Bmjv gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi B- gbj hvmv hvm; 4, 5 Ges 29 RyjvB 2012, XvKv gvgjv wj wepvi-c~e Ae vq Sz j wqj Óeª vk-gbpavigjgm -Gi gvv ch v qi AwfÁZv Abyhvqx, cö_gz mgb msµvší RwUjZvi Kvi Y,Ó 216 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k, 1985 Gi aviv 16(K) Z ejv n q Q h hw` Kvb Av`vjZ Dcjw K ib h Av `k Rvwii cö qvrbxqzv i q Q Zvn j D³ Av`vjZ Ògvgjvi Kvb c K gvgjvi D Ïk e vnz Kivi cö Póv _ K weiz ivlvi Rb Zvr wbk e e v wnmv e hfv e cö hvr mfv e AšÍe Z xkvjxb Av `k w` Z cv ibó wndg vb ivbum IqvP GKwU gvgjvi NUbv ï b Q hlv b cvwievwik Av`vjZ GB AšÍe Z xkvjxb fiy cvl Yi 62

fiy cvly wba vi Yi A úó gvb`ð GgbwK `xn mg qi AvBbx jovb I Lye z`ª cwigvy fiy cvl bi ivq Qvov Avi Zgb wkqyb w` Z cv i bv hw`i fiy cvl bi cwigvy gvgjv _ K gvgjvq wfbœ nq, AvBbRxexiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb, Zviv A bk gvgjv K i Qb hlv b Av`vjZ ^vgxi gzv I x Pvwn`vi Dci wbf i K i gvwmk 800 UvKv _ KI Kg cwigvy fiy cvlb wba viy K i Q GKRb wepvik e j Qb, Ò1980 `k Ki GK gvgjvi iv q wepvik AZ ší mxwgz-gvwmk 2000 UvKv fiy cvl bi wb ` k w` qwq jb, Avcx j mycªxg KvU muv Kwg q 800 UvKv K i Q Zvic ii Ryb 2011 mvj ch ší mb ivq ev Íevqb nqwb Ó 217 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k Ges e w³mz AvBb GB `yb RvqMv Z úó K i ejv n q Q wepvikmy fiy cvl bi ivq w` Z cv ib wkš Gi AvIZv wbf i K i ag xq AvB bi Dci wøzxq Aa v q huv e vl v Kiv n q Q, gymwjg `i Rb e w³mz AvBb fiy cvlb Aby gv`b K i weevwnz mgqkvj Ges ZvjvK ciez x 90 w`b (A c vi mgq) ev Mf ez x n j mšívb Rb bv niqv ch ší wn `y `i Rb weevwnz mgqkvj Ges c _K emevmkvjxb ( Kvb ZvjvK bvb) Ae vq fiy cvl bi AwaKvix, Lªx vb bvixiv weevn PjvKvjxb ev we Q` Ae vq ev Zvjv Ki ci Ges Av`vj Zi Kvh µg PjvKvjxb mgq ch ší fiy cvlb `vex Ki Z cv ib hw`i AvB b GUv úó h, wepvikiv fiy cvl bi ivq w` Z cv ib, Z e fiy cvl bi cwigvy I kz wj Kx n e muv wba vi Y A úózv i q Q gymwjg e w³mz AvB b fiy cvl Yi cwigvy wbav i Yi Rb mywbw` ó Kvb wjwlz Î bvb, ïaygvî ejv n q Q h, ^vgx Zvi x K Òch vßó fiy cvlb w` Z eva 218 wn `y e w³mz AvB b ejv n q Q Av`vj Z wba vwiz fiy cvlb Òc mg~ ni mvgvwrk gh v`vi mv _ mvgäm c~y I ^vgxi gzvi g a _vk Z n eó 219 Lªx vb I Ab vb iv hviv ag cvjb K ib bv Ges we kl weevn AvB bi Aax b we q K i Qb, ZvjvK AvB b ejv n q Q h, wepvik x fiy cvlb wba vi bi mgq ^vgxi gzv, c Ø qi AvPiY Ges xi Òfwel ZÓ we epbv Ki Z cv ib 220 mkj ai bi bvix `i Rb B fiy cvlb wba vi bi Î Av`vj Zi GB we epbvi gzv I mywbw` ó Kvb bxwzgvjv bv _vkvi welqwu GKwU eo mgm v wkš gymwjg bvix `i Ae v me P q kvpbxq KviY Zviv ZvjvK ciez x fiy cvl Yi AwaKvix bq Ges hw` Zviv ˆeevwnK Rxe bi ev we Q` ciez x fiy cvly `vex K i Z e ^vgx Zv `i GKZidv ZvjvK w` q Zv `i fiy cvl bi `vex eü Ki Z cv i 221 Ab vb ` ki wepvik `i fiy cvlb wbav vi b mvnvh Kivi Rb mywbw` ó bxwzgvjv Pvjy Kiv n q Q huv Av e`bkvix `i GB wel q Av `k w` q Qb ciez x Z ^vgxi Avcx j IB AšÍe Z xkvjxb Av `k Zz j biqv nq 2 Ryb 2011 cvwievwik Av`vj Zi GKRb wepvi Ki (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi Uwj dvb mv vrkvi 217 3 Ryb 2011 XvKv Z cvwievwik Av`vj Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wepvi Ki (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi Av`vjZ KZ K ^vgxi fib cvly cö`v bi gzvi we epbv fiy cvl Yi cwigvy wba vi Y A bk ZviZg NwU q _v K 218 gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Aa v `k weevn PjvKvjxb mg q fiy cvl bi K_v e j h mvwjwk cwil` fiy cvl bi wb ` k w` Z cv i, wkš fiy cvl bi cwigvb wba vi Yi Rb Kvb gvb`ð wbwïó K i `qbv hlb ^vgx KZ K x `i fiy cvl bi welwu Av jvpbv nq ZLb AvBb Ôch vßõ kãwu e envi K i Q gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Aa v `k 1961, aviv 9(1) 219 weevwnz wn `y bvixi c _K evmm n Ges fiy cvly AvBb 1946, aviv 3 220 ZvjvK AvBb 1869, aviv 37 221 26 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil `i cwipvjk(wjmvj GBW) invbv myjzvbv Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 63

wkqyuv n ji aviyv `q 222 hw`i AvšÍR vwzk I AvÂwjK Pzw³ wj fiy cvl bi cwigvy wbav i bi wel q K_v e jbv, Z e GKwU AvÂwjK ms v K vwiweqvb KwgDwbwU g Wj AvBb fiy cvly I fiy cvl Yi ivq welqk GKwU D jl hvm AvBb K i Q hv fiy cvl bi Î wba vi b LyeB iæz c~y 223 fiy cvl Yi GBme wel qi g a i q Q; wbf ikxj c i Ab c i ckvmz Dbœq b Ae`vb, m ú K i mgqkvj, wbf ikxj c i DcvR b gzvi Dci mvsmvwik Pv ci cöfve, wbf ikxj c i DcvR b gzv Ges ckvmz Dbœq bi gzvi Dci ev Pv `Lv kvi `vwq Z i cöfve, wbf ikxj c Ges Ab c i ez gvb I m ve fwel Z Avq, wbf ikxj c i wb Ri `vwqz wb R biqvi gzv, ^vgx- xi gvbwlk Ges kvwiwik ^v I eqm, wbf ikxj c i Pvwn`v I RxebhvÎvi gvb; Ges Rxebavi Yi Rb cö qvrbxq Ab vb Dcvq 224 wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi 5 Rb cöv³b wepvik, AvBbRxex, we klá bvix `i m ½ mv vzkv i `Lv M Q fiy cvly wba vi Y AvBbMZ Îi Afv e wepvik `i g a Am½wZc~Y ivq, A- Abygvb hvm djvdj Ges msmv i bvixi f~wgkv we epbvq bqvi e _ Zv bvix `i weevwnz I weevn ciez x Rxe b A_ bwzk AmgZvi g a d j w` q Q cöv³b wepvikiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb- evsjv ` k cvwievwik Av`vjZ hlb fiy cvl bi cwigvy wba vib K ib ZLb g~jz: we epbv K ib ^vgxi gzv Ges xi Pvwn`v, wkš wkfv e Zviv G wji gvb`ð wby q K ib m wel q LyeB Kg úózv i q Q 225 cöv³b wepvikiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb, fiy cvlb wba vi bi mgq AvBb Zv `i K we qi Kvi b xi wk v AR b ev Kg Î h evuav, DcvR bi my hvm _ K ewâz niqvq h wz, ev Pv `Lvïbv, msmv ii Ab vb KvR ^vgxi e emv ev ckvmz cöwk Y Ae`vb ivlv Gme Kvb wkqyb we epbvi my hvm `qbv 226 GKwU gvgjvi wel q Av jvpbvi mgq D V Av m h, GKRb x Ges Zvi cwievi ^vgxi Wv³vix covi Rb Zv `i 222 5 Ryb 2012 Zvwi L wm½vcy ii AvBbRxwe nvwjrvn& gvnv g` Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi bvix mb` Abyhvqx gymwjg xiv weevn ejez Ae vq h Kvb mgq fiy cvl bi `vex Ki Z cv i wm½vcy ii gymwjg AvBb cökvmb AvBb Abyhvqx ZvjvK ciez x Z Ô wzcyiyõ ev gyzvn& Gi AwaKvix bvix mb` Abyhvqx Ab bvixiv weevn ejez Ae vq ev weevn ciez x h Kvb mg q fiy cvlb `vex Ki Z cv i wm½vcyi bvix mb` 1961 Gi aviv 69(4) I 114; http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=compid%3a61deee43-1e42-490f-a5ae- 33054850e926;rec=0;whole=yes#P1VIII-. (me kl `Lv 4 GwcÖj 2012 ) aviv 69(4) G ejv n q Q hlb Av`vjZ fiy cvl bi Av `k w` eb ZLb my-wbwï ó wkqy welq we epbvq ivl eb hvi g a ; xi Avw_ K Pvwn`v, xi DcvR bi gzv(hw` _v K), kvixwik I gvbwmk cöwzeüxz, weev ni eqm I mgqkvj, msmv ii Dbœq b weev ni c mg~ ni Ae`vb hvi g a evox I cwiev ii `Lv kvbv AšÍfz ³ `w Y Avwd«Kvi ZvjvK AvBb, 1979 Gi aviv 7(2) http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1979-070.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q 4 GwcÖj 2012 ) A ªwjqvi cvwievwik AvBb 1975 Gi aviv 75 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/ (me kl `Lv n q Q 4 GwcÖj 2012 ) 223 KvwiKg g Wj jwrm jkb Ab gbb Ub vý GÛ gbb Ub vý AW vim, http://www.caricom.org/jsp/secretariat/legal_instruments/model_legislation_maintenance.jsp (me kl `Lv 15 b f ^i 2011) 224 c~ e v³, aviv 8(5) 225 g I Ryb 2011, cvwievwik Av`vj Zi AemicÖvß wepvik `i (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm K `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv Rexb; 26 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil `i cwipvjk(wjmvj GBW) invbv myjzvbv; Ges 1Ryb 2011 ZvwiL evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i wjwu Mkb BDwb Ui cöavb gvkmy`v Av³v ii m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 226 cvwievwik Av`vj Zi AemicÖvß wepvik `i (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 64

Rxe bi mg Í mâq w` q `q wkš ciez x Z wzwb hlb fiy cvl bi cwigvy wba viy K iwq jb ZLb GB welqwu we epbvq Avb Z cv ibwb Kvib AvBb Zv K mb gzv `bwb Ab vb cöv³b wepvikiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb, Zviv fiy cvl bi cwigvy wba vi bi mgq we Q` ev ZvjvK ciez x Z x `i kªgevrv i cö e ki welqwu we epbv Ki Z cv ib bv KviY Kvb my úó bxwzgvjv ev AvBb bvb 227 A bk bvixivb we qi ci PvKzix ev jlvcov eü K i `b KviY mvgvwrkfv e Zv `i Kv Q Avkv Kiv nq h, Zviv msmv i KvR Ki e Ges cwiev ii hzœ wb e G wji ciez x Z Zv `i K kªgevrv i cö e k Amyweavq d j cöwzeüxz _vkv ev GKwU cöwzeüx ev Pv `LvïbvI we Q` ev ZvjvK ciez x Z bvix `i DcvR b gzv n«vm K i Avevi Ggb Kvb wbðqzv bvb h, Av`vjZ fiy cvlb wbav i bi mgq GwU we epbv Ki eb Z Âv GBPAvBwf c RwUf GKRb bvix e j Qb ÒZvi ^vgx Zv K Mf ezx Ae vq cwiz vm K i m ev Pvi R b i ci _ K hš Yv`vqK g~î_wj msµvší RwUjZvq fym Q m KvR Ki Z cv ibv Ges Zvi e weaev gv qi Dci wbf ikxj mvgvb cwigvy fiy cvl bi UvKvI Zv `i msmv i Lye DcKv i jvm e wkš Z Âv AbvbyôvwbK mvwj ki gva g GwU Av`v q e _ n q Q Ges Zvi Av`vj Z hviqvi gzv bvb 228 mvwgiv cvwievwik wbh vzb mn Ki Z bv c i ^vgx K ZvjvK `q wkš m GLb Kvb KvR cv Q bv huvi cvkvcvwk m Zvi cöwzeüx wkïwu K `Lvïbv Ki Z cvi e Zvi ^vgx mšív bi Kvb fiy cvlb `q bv, GgbwK Zvjv Ki c i 90 w` bi h fiy cvlb muvi `qwb 229 GwU AKíbxq h, Av`vjZ fiy cvl bi cwigvy wba vi bi mgq e eqm, cöwzeüxz ev Ab vb Amy Zvi K_v we epbv Ki eb hw`iev G wj ZvjvK ev we Q` ciez x Z bvix `i DcvR bi gzv K mxgve K i `q A_P e bvixiv eq ii ci eqi msmv ii KvR Ges cwiev ii `Lvïbv Kivi Rb Zv `i RxebUv e q K i Qb gn&eyevi Mí ÒAvwg e, g b nq 50 eq iii ewk, GLv b KDB bvb h Avgv K GK Møvm cvwb ` e Avwg GKv _vwk Ó g neyev, gymwjg, XvKv, 24 g 2011 g neyevi NUbvwU Z `Lv hvq h, Zvi NUbvq A bk wj cövmw½k welq wqj huv Av`vjZ fiy cvlb wba vi bi mgq we epbv Ki Z cvi Zb wkš g neyevi Kv Q Kvb wbðqzv bvb h, hlb Av`vjZ fiy cvl bi cwigvy PzovšÍ Ki eb ZLb GB welqmywj we epbv Ki eb g neyev, h GLb câv lva hlb Zvi evev Zv K I Zvi cwievi d j wøzxq we q K i ZLb _ KB m Zvi wk kvix Rxe bi cy ivuvb M nkªwgk wn m e KvR 227 c~ e v³ 228 18 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix Z òvi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 229 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcy i gymwjg bvix mvwgivi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 65

K i Q hlb m mvevwjkv nq ZLb Zvi PvKzix`vZv Zvi we qi wvk K ib Ggb GK jv Ki mv _ h Zvi P q eq m A bk eo g neyev RvbZ bv Zvi ^vgxi 20 eqi a i Av ikwu ed i q Q Zvi cö_g xi GB we q m ú K wkqyb RvbZ bv Ges Gi cöwz kva bq m g neyevi Dci w` q ÒcÖ_g x Avgv K fvj K i L Z `qwb m Avgv K gvi Zv, hw` Avwg Avgvi ^vgxi Kv Q bvwjk KiZvg mi Avgv K gvi Zv GKw`b m Avgv K wee Ae vq Uvb Z Uvb Z cykz i wb q Av m Ges cvwbi g a Pzwe q `q GiciI Avwg Zv `i mv vwk, Avgvi Kv_vI hvevi RvqMv bvb gvbyl Avgv K ej jv hw` Avgvi ev Pv nq Zvn j wvk n q hv e GLb Avgvi 3 Q j GKw`b m Avgv K GZ ewk gvij h Avwg Avgvi QvU Q j h ZLb ey Ki `ya Lvq Zv K wb q cvwj q Avwm Ges ^vgx K ZvjvK w`b g neyev Q jmn XvKv Z P j Av m, Zvi ^vgx Zv K gvnivbv, 90 w` bi Li cvl ev mšív bi fiy cvlb wkqyb `qwb m evox evox KvR Ki Zv Ges ciez x Z Mv g U m KvR bq m Ges Zvi Q j XvKvq GK ew Í Z _v K m Zvi Q j K gv`ªvmvq cvwv q Q KviY m z ji LiP hvmv Z cv i bv K qk eqi ci g neyev H gv`ªvmvi GK gvjv K we q K i wkš ciez x Z ` L h, ZviI Av ik ed Ges 4 mšívb i q Q h kvi Rjvq hlb Zviv XvKv Z GKmv _ wqj g neyev Ni fvov w`z Zvi ^vgx Zvi Kv Q UvKv PvB Zv Ges hw` m bv w`z Zvn j Zv K gviai Ki Zv m Zvi mg Í mâq 60 nvrvi UvKv wb q cvwj q hvq hlb wndg vb ivbum& IqvP g 2011 Zvwi L g neyevi mv _ K_v e jwqj ZLb m Zvi ^vgxi Lei Rv b bv 4 eqi 2009 mv ji GK `yn Ubvq g neyevi cv q mgm v nq Ges kixi f ½ c o m ZLb Mv g U mi KvR Qvo Z eva nq Ges evox Z KvR ïiæ K i hlvb _ K gv m 2200 UvKv cvq m wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j ÒAvwg Avgvi e eq m Pjvi Rb A bk UvKv Rwg qwqjvg wkš GLb Avgvi wkqyb bvb Avwg Zvi KvQ _ K wkqyb cvqwb GgbwK GKwU jvj m~zvi bv Zvgiv wk Rv bv GLb Avwg w` b wk LvB? Avwg h evmvq KvR Kwi mb evmv _ K cvbzv fvz P q Lvq Ó 230 fwel Zi wpšív K i g neyev 2009 mv j gvni I fiy cvl bi GKUv gvgjv K iwqj Z e Zvi Kvb aviyv bvb h, Av`vjZ Zvi gvgjvi wel q Lye ZvovZvwo Kvb wm vší b e m mikvix mnvqzv Kvh µg m ú KI wkqyb Rv bbv huv Zv K mvnvh Ki Z cv i m fq cv Q h, Av`vjZ Zvi cy iv welq wj K we epbvq bvi Avb Z cv i Ges m nqz Kvb wkqy bv c q _ K hv e evsjv ` ki e w³mz AvBb wji Av ikwu A úó welq n jv bvix `i ÔmZxÕ Ges Ôeva Õ n Z n e fiy cvl bi AwaKvi c Z n j GKgvÎ wn `y cvwievwik AvB b mywbw` ó K i ejv n q Q h, fiy cvlb I c _K evmm ni AwaKvix n e bv hw` x ÔAmZxÕ nq 231 hw`i mskwjz gymwjg Ges Lªx vb cvwievwik AvBb mzxz ev eva e envi m ú K wkqyb e j bv wkš cvwievwik Av`vj Zi AvBbRxex I we kláiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb h, AmsKwjZ cvwievwik AvBb wj 230 24 g 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z gymwjg bvix gneyevi (QÙbvg) mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vzkvi 231 weevwnz wn `y bvixi c _KevmM n Ges fiy cvly AvBb 1946, aviv 2 GB aviv Z Av iv ejv n q Q hw` x Zvi ag cwiez b K i ev Av`vj Zi `v úz m úk c~biæ v ii Av `k cvj b e _ nq Z e m fiy cvl Yi AwaKvi nviv e 66

GLbI xi fiy cvl bi Î mzxz Ges `v úz `vwqz cvjb K mz wn m e ` L Ges Av`vj Zi Av jvpbvi Rb Db y³ iv L XvKv wek we` vj qi AvBb wefv Mi GKRb Aa vck GiKg A bk gvgjvi Z_ msi Y K i Qb hlv b x Ô`v úz `vwqz Õ cvj b e _ niqvi Awf hv M Zvi fiy cvl bi `vex cöz vlvb Kiv n q Q 232 A bk AvBbRxexivB e j Qb, h mkj cyiæl fiy cvlb w` Z A ^xkvi K i Zviv Awf hvm K ib h, Zv `i x Ni Q o P j wm q Q Ges hvi Kvi Y ^vgx mnev mi Rb Kv Q cv Qb bv GmKj Kv Ri gva g x Zvi `v úz `vwqz cvj b e _ n q Q 233 Z e AvBbRxexiv AviI e j Qb mv cöwzkv ji wkqy gvgjvq hlv b bvixiv Zv `i msmvi _ K hšzz Ki Kvi b nqivbx, cvwievwik wbh vzb, AbygwZ bv wb q wøzxq we q Kiv cöf wz Kvi b gv-evevi evox Z wm q emevm Ki Qb mb Î wj Z fiy cvl bi Av `k `qv nq 234 Aev Íe Ges evsv ^iƒc AvBbx cöwµqv cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985 Ges `Iqvbx Kvh wewa 1908 GB `ybuv AvB bi Aax b Av`vjZ bvix `i fiy cvl bi Av e`b wj cwipvjbv K ib wkš ev Í e Av`vjZ wkqy c wz AbymiY Ki Z e _ nq Ges Ggb wkqy wewa i q Q h wj Aev Íe Ges evsv ^iƒc Avi GB Kvi b b vh fiy cvl bi `vexi gvgjvq bvix `i civrq nq me P q ewk mgm v i q Q mgb I bvwuk Rvixi cöwµqvq, mv Dc vcb Ges wwµx Kvh Kib cwµqvq mgb I bvwuk c wz cvwievwik Av`vj Z GKwU gvgjv ïiæ Ki Z n j mgb (weev`x K Av`vj Z nvwri nevi wb ` k) Ges gvgjvi bvwuk cvvv Z n e cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 235 Ges `Iqvbx Kvh wewa AvBb 236 Abyhvqx `ytlrbkfv e wndg vb ivbum IqvP hmkj AvBbRxex `i mv vrkvi wb q Q Zviv mevb GKev K ^xkvi K i Qb h, mgb c wz bvbv mgm v I `xn m~wîzvi eovrv j Ave, hvi Kvi Y GB c wz AbymiY Ki Z M j gv mi ci gvm ev eq ii ci eqi j M hvq mgm v wji g a i q Q mgb Rvixi Rb GKwU wbw` ó mgqmxgv eu a w` Z Av`vj Zi e _ Zv, mgbrvixkvix Kg Pvix `i Ny li Pvwn`v Ges wepvik `i Z`viwKi Afve 237 232 W. Zvmwjgv gbmyi, RÛvi BKzBwU GÛ B KvbwgK GgcvIqvi g U: d vwgwj j GÛ DBg vb Bb evsjv `k (XvKv, e wuk KvDwÝj,2008) c -66 233 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm K `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv Rexb; 26 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxex cwil `i cwipvjk (wjmvj GBW) invbv myjzvbv i m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 234 g, Ryb I m Þ ^i 2011 ZvwiL XvKv Z evsjv `k gwnjv cwil`, evsjv `k wjmvj GBW I mvwf mm Uªv I AvBb I mvwjm K `ªi AvBbRxwe `i i m ½ wndg vb ivbm Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 235 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985, aviv 7 236 `Iqvbx Kvh wewa AvBb 1908, Av `k 5 237 evsjv ` k mgb c wz m ú K Av iv we ÍvwiZ Rvb Z `Lyb-evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi Òwi cvu Ab wik g Ûkb di GK&ª cwvbwus wmwfj cöwmwwsmò, ww m ^i 2010, http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports.htm (me kl `Lv n q Q 3 b f ^i 2011) 67

cvwievwik Av`vj Zi Aa v ` k ejv n q Q, Kv iv weiæ Awf hvm `v qi Kiv n j Av`vjZ Awfhy³ e w³ K Kv U nvwri niqvi Rb ÒmvaviYZ AbwaK 30 w` bió mgqmxgv eu a ` eb Ges KvW Ae wmwfj cöwmwwii Abyhvqx mgb Rvix Ki eb 238 mgbrvixkvik Kg Pvixiv evsjv `k `Iqvbx Kvh wewa Abyhvqx `vwqz cvjb Ki eb wzwb hw` h_vwewnz I hyw³m½z mkj Póv Kiv m Ë I weev`x K bv cvb ev weev`x mgb MÖnY bv K ib, Z e h M n weev`x mvaviyz emevm K i ev e emv cwipvjbv K i mb M ni Kvb cökvk Kvb RvqMvq mg bi GKwU Kwc ÕjUKvBqvÕ w` eb 239 A_ev Av`vjZ hw` hyw³m½z Kvi Y wek vm K ib h, weev`x mgb Govevi Rb jywk q Av Q ev Ab Kvb Kvi Y mvaviy Dcv q mgb Rvix Kiv hv Q bv, m Î Av`vjZ mg bi GKUv bkj Av`vj Zi Kvb cökvk v b ev weev`x h M n me kl emevm ev e emv cwipvjbv K iwqj mb M ni Kvb cökvk RvqMvq mg bi GKwU bkj ÕjUKvBqv RvixÕ Kivi Av `k w` Z cv ib (GUv K jukvbqv mgb Rvix e j) 240 mg bi cvkvcvwk Av`vjZ Awf hv Mi GKUv bkjmn weev`x K gvgjvi wel q bvwuk cvvv eb hlb Av`vjZ weev`xi c _ K ÔcÖvwß ^xkviõ cv eb ZLb bvwuk Rvix n q Q e j a i wb eb cvwievwik Av`vj Zi Aa v ` k ejv n q Q, hw` bvwuk h_vh_ wbq g cvvv bv n q _v K Z e weev`x cövwß ^xkvi KiæK ev bv KiæK, aiv n e bvwuk cvvv bvi 30 w` bi c i mwu Kvh Ki n q Q 241 hw` gvgjvi ïbvbxi w` b weev`x nvwri bv nq Ges ev`x cögvy Ki Z cv i h, bvwuk ev mgb h_vh_fv e Rvix Kiv n q Q Z e Av`vjZ GKZidv (GKc i e³e ï b) gvgjv Pvjv Z cv ib A_ev wb ` k w` Z cv ib h, GKwU bzzb mgb I bvwuk Rvix Kiv nvk hw` mgb Ges bvwuk Ach vß mg qi g a Rvix nq h Kvi b weev`x Reve Zix Ki Z cv iwb m Î ïbvwb 21 w` bi Rb cqv bv hv e 242 mgb I bvwuk Rvixi GB `xn cöwµqv Ges weev`xi Abycw wz Z GKZidv Kvh µg G wji evb ii fiy cvlb I gvnivbvi gvgjvi Î GKZidv gvgjv ïiæ Kivi Rb gvmvwak ev eqivwak mgq A c v Ki Z nq huv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K AvBbRxex I cöv³b wepvikiv e j Qb 243 238 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985, aviv 7 239 evsjv `k `Iqvbx Kvh wewa AvBb 1908, Av `k 5 wewa 17 240 evsjv `k `Iqvbx Kvh wewa AvBb 1908, Av `k 5 wewa 20 241 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985, aviv 9 242 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985, aviv 7, 8 I 9 243 cy e v³, Ryb 2011, cvwievwik Av`vj Zi AemicÖvß wepvik `i (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm K `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv Rexb; 26 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil `i cwipvjk(wjmvj GBW) invbv myjzvbv; Ges 21 g 2011 AvBbRxwe Av b g Avãyj ingv bi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 68

GKRb AvBbRxex e j Qb, GK g ji mgb Rvix Kiv Z AvovB eqi mgq j M Q Ges 2011 mvj ch ší Zviv weev`x ^vgxi c _ K Reve `vwl ji A c vq i q Qb Av`vj Zi gzv i q Q AviI `ªæZ GKZidv c wz Z gvgjv Pvjv bvi 244 AvBbRxex Ges wepvi Kiv AviI e j Qb h, mgb I bvwuk RvixKviK Kg Pvix `i Nyl bevi cöeyzv GB cöwµqv K AviI evavmö Í K i evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i GKRb AvBbRxex e j Qb h, ÒGKUv mgb Rvix Kiv Z Avgv `i 500 _ K 1000 UvKv Nyl jv MÓ 245 Ab GKRb AvBbRxex e jb, Ò ^vgx `i Rb mgb MÖnY bv Kivi LyeB mnr Zvi cwievi RvixKviK Kg Pvix K wkqy UvKv w` q e j h, m hb e j GB wvkvbvq KD _v K bv Ó 246 GKRb cöv³b wepvik whwb cvwievwik Av`vj Z brviz wefv Mi ( h wefvm mgb Rvix K i) `vwq Z wq jb wzwb wndg vb ivbum& Iqv Pi Kv Q ^xkvi K i Qb GB wefv Mi g a h _ó `ybx wz i q Q 247 Ab GKRb wepvik Gi mv _ GKgZ n q e j Qb h, GB wefv Mi Kg Pvix Kg _vkv Ges RvixKviK Kg Pvixiv hvzvqz eve` h UvKv LiP K ib mikvi _ K Zv h_vmg q cwi kva bv Kivi Kvi b `ybx wz AviI e w cv Q 248 mgb Ges bvwuk Rvix cöwµqvq wepvik `i ^í Z`viwKI gvni I fiy cvl bi gvgjv wj `xn vwqz Kivi Av ikuv KviY ZvQvov wepvik `i Dci gvgjv `Lvi e vck `vwq Z i cvkvcvwk GB wefv Mi Z`viwKi `vwqz `qv nq GKRb cöv³b wepvik e j Qb,ÒGKRb Kvh iz wepvik K brviz `Lvi `vwqz `qv nq Z_ wvkg Zv n Q wkbv, mg bi Î RU Av Q wkbv Zv `Lv Ges G wj Kiv bv n j Kg Pvix `i `ybx wzi weiæ e e v biqvi gz mgq Zv `i nv Z bvb Ó 249 A bk cöv³b wepvik wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb h,òwepvik `i memgq mgb I bvwuk cöwµqvi wel q ` Zv _v K bv Ges Gi Rb wzwb AbwfÁZv I Ach vß cöwk Y K `vqx K i Qb wzwb e jb, cvwievwik Av`vjZ n jv bzzb wb qvmcövß wepvik `i cö_g Kg Î, Zviv mvaviyz GK mßvn cöwk Y GB c ` hvm`v bi Av M GKRb e jb, hlb Avcwb gvî GK mßv ni 244 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm K `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv Rex bi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 245 3 A ±vei 2011 ZvwiL evsjv `k gwnjv mwgwz wjwu Mkb BDwb Ui cöavb gvkmy`v Av³v ii m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 246 26 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxwe mwgwz AvBbRxwe `evwkl ` Ëi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 247 2 Ryb 2011, cvwievwik Av`vj Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wepvi Ki (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 248 28 m Þ ^i 2011, XvKv Z Rjv Av`vj Zi wepvik I RvZxq AvBb mnvqzv ms vi cwipvjk ˆmq` Avwgbyj Bmjv gi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 249 2 Ryb 2011, cvwievwik Av`vj Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wepvi Ki (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 69

cöwk YcÖvß ZLb Avcwb wb RB cöwµqv wel q wbwðz bb-myzivs Avcwb mg bi Rb ewk mgq w` eb Ges GKZidv Kvh µg kyiæ Ki ZI ewk mgq w` eb Ó 250 `Iqvbx wepvie e v Z ivwš^z Kivi Rb evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi 2010 mv ji mycvwi k mikv ii Kv Q Av e`b Kiv n q Q h mgb Ges bvwuk c wzi ms vi cö qvrb Zviv mycvwik K i Qb h, mgb Rvixi Î e w³mz Kzwiqvi (mikvix WvK wefv Mi cwie Z ), d v I B- gbj e envi Kivi gva g GB cöwµqv `ªæZ Kivi AbygwZ `Iqv cö qvrb 251 `Iqvbx wepvie e v ch v jvpbvi Ask wn m e evsjv `k mikvii mgb I bvwuk c wzi ms v ii welqwu we epbv Ki Qb mv cögv Yi mgm v bvix `i Zv `i gvni ev fiy cvl bi Av e`b mdjfv e `vwlj Kivi Rb Aek B we qi cögvy w` Z n e 252 GKRb bvix hw` GB wek v m Kv ivi mv _ emevm K ib h, Zviv weevwnz wkš AvB bi ` wó Z muv weevn bq m Î evsjv ` ki AvBb H fiy cvl bi AwaKv ii ^xk wz `q bv 253 hlv b m e bvix Zvi we qi `vwjwjk cögvy hgb Kvwebbvgvi bkj mieivn Ki eb 254 hlv b Kvb `vwjwjk cögvy cviqv hv Q bv mlv b Av`vjZ gšwlk mv ev Gwd WwdU BZ vw` nvwr ii AbygwZ `q Z e memgq GUv `qv nq bv 255 Ab w` K x `i Rb we qi `vwjwjk cögvy hvmvo Kiv KwVb wn `y we qi AvbyôzvwbK wbeüb nq bv ZvB Zv `i Kvb we qi `wjj _v K bv Zv `i K Aek B Ab vb mv hgb, mv x `i e³e h Zviv wn `y a g i weavb Abyhvqx we q K iwqj, gymwjg Ges Lªx vb `i weevn wbeüb eva Zvg~jK Z e wkqy wkqy Î gymwjg ` úwzivi weevn wbeüb K ib bv 256 250 3 Ryb 2011, cvwievwik Av`vj Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wepvi Ki (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 251 evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi Ò wi cvu Ab wik g Ûkb di GK&ªwc WwUs wmwfj cö mwwsmò, ww m ^i 2010, c 2-3, http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports.htm (me kl `Lv 3 b f ^i 2011) 252 1872 mv ji mv AvB bi aviv 101: Òwhwb Kvb wel qi Aw ÍZ `vex I Zvi Dci wbf ikxj Kvb AvBbx AwaKvi ev `vq m ú K Av`vj Zi ivq Kvgbv K ib, wzwb mb wel qi Aw ÍZ AekB cögvb Ki eb Kvb e w³ hlb Kvb wel hi Aw ÍZ cögvb Ki Z ea _v Kb, ZLb ejv nq h, mb welwu cögvb Kivi `vwqz mb e w³i Dci b Í Ò 253 AwZwi³ Z _ i Rb Dc iv³ weevn Aa v qi Ò weevn, ZvjvK I we Q` msµvší AvBbÓ Aa vqwu `Lyb 254 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985 Gi aviv 20, 10,11 I 12 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985 Gi aviv 20 G ejv n q Q-10 I 11 aviv mswkøó wel q huv wcö-uªvqvj Ges K v giv Uªvqvj c wz msµvší, mb ÿ Î 1872 mv ji mv AvBb cö Rvh n e cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985 Gi 12 avivq mvÿx `i wkfv e Riv Kiv n e, we kl K i ejv n q Q h mvÿxiv Av`vj Z Zv `i wb R `i fvl ev Gwd WwfU Gi gva g Zv `i e³e Dc vcb Ki eb 1872 mv ji mv AvBb Gi aviv 61, 62 I 64 aviv 61 Z ejv n q Q h Kvb `wj ji welqe cöv_wgk ev gva wgk mv ÿ I Øviv cögvy Kiv h Z cv i 62 avivq cöv_wgk mv ÿ i msáv `Iqv n q Q h mswkøó `wjjwub Av`vj Z cwi`k bi Rb `vwlj Kiv aviv 64 Z ejv n q Q ïaygvî 65 avivq ewy Z ÿîmg~n e vzxz mkj ÿ Î `wjj Aek B cöv_wgk mvÿ Øvi cögvy Ki Z n e 255 c~ e v³, aviv 63 I 65 aviv 63 Z gva wgk mv ÿ i msáv `Iqv n q Q hvi g a h e w³ Kvb `wjj ` K _vk j, Zvi `Iqv IB `wj ji welqe m ú K gšwlk weeiy I AšÍ f ³ mv AvBb Gi aviv 65 Z ejv n q Q h Kvb Kvb ÿ Î Kvb `wj ji Aw ÍZ, Ae v ev welqe cögv bi Rb gva wgk mvÿ `Iqv h Z cv i 256 AwZwi³ Z _ i Rb Dc iv³ 2q Aa v q gymwjg Òweev ni Pzw³ I wbeüxkiyó Aa vqwu `Lyb 70

GgbwK hlv b we qi wbeüb n q Q mlv bi we klz gymwjg bvix `i Rb wbeü bi `wjj hvmvo Kiv KwVb wndg vb ivbum& IqvP GKRb gymwjg bvixi mv vzkvi wb q Qb whwb e j Qb h, hlb Zvi we q nq KvRx Zv K we qi Kvb KvMR `bwb ciez x Z gvni ev fiy cvl bi Rb GB `wjj ei Kiv KwVb G ` k Kw úduv i we qi wbeü bi Z_ msmö ni Kvb e e v bvb, GwU bvix `i Av iv Sv gjvq d j `q we klz; hviv we qi ci Ab Rjvq P j hvb Av ikwu welq nj LiP ïaygvî bkj Zvjvi LiP bq, wkqy wkqy KvRx A bk ewk UvKv `vex K ib KvMR Zvjvi Rb 257 drjyj nk whwb evsjv ` k wjm vj GB Wi cöwzôvzv Ges ez gv b gv`vixcyi wjm vj GBW G v mvwm qkb Gi cöavb hlv b AmsL cvwievwik gvgjv `Lvïbv Kiv nq, e jb h-wkqy KvRx weevn iwr ªvi RvwjqvwZ K ib hw` ^vgx gvni I fiy cvlb bv `evi Rb KvRx K Nyl `b ÒKvRx `i Kbv hvq, Avwg wb R ` LwQ g v ir iwrw ª eb qi A bk cvzv Quov Ó 258 GKRb KvRx wndg vb ivbum& IqvP Gi Kv Q GB `~bx wzi K_v ^xkvi K i Qb bvg bv cökvk Kivi k Z wzwb e jb,òavgiv mikvi _ K Kvb fvzv cvb bv Avgiv weevn wbeü bi wd _ K GKUv Ask cvb Ges evkxuv P j hvq mikv ii Kv Q Z`viwK cöwµqvi `~bx wzmö Í, Zviv Avgv `i KvQ _ K UvKv Pvq ZvB hfv e nvk Avgv `i K ewk UvKv ivrmvi Ki Z nq mrb B Nyl bqv nq Ó 259 hw`i Av`vj Zi DwPZ weev ni cögvy wn m e gšwlk mv MÖnY Kiv wkš Zviv memgq GUv K ib bv 260 evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv ªi GKRb AvBbRxex Rvbvb, h Î mšívb _v K m Î Av`vjZ gšwlk mv MÖn Y BwZevPK _v Kb 261 hw`iev Av`vjZ we qi cögvy wn m e gšwlk mv MÖn Yi AbygwZ `b ZeyI mv x `i WvKv Ges Zv `i hvzvqz I _vkv-lviqv A bk e q mv c e vcvi Av`vjZ ev wjm vj GBW dvû GB LiP enb K i bv A bk `wi`ª bvixb mv x `i K Av`vj Z wb q Avmvi LiP enb Ki Z cv ib bv 262 257 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi Rjvi gv`ixcyi wjmvj GBW G mvwm qkb Gi m µuvix drjyj n Ki m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi: 4 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL MvRxcy i gymwjg bvix wbw i mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 258 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi Rjvi gv`ixcyi wjmvj GBW G mvwm qkb Gi m µuvix drjyj n Ki m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 259 g 2011 ZvwiL G 10 eq ii ekx mgq mb` i q Q Ggb KRb KvRxi ( Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 260 29 g 2011 ZvwiL gv`vixcyi Rjvi mikvix AvBbRxwe kvnvbv ˆkwji m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 261 25 g 2011 ZvwiL eøv i dwi`v Bqvmwg bi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 262 25 g 2011 ZvwiL invbv myjzvbvi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 71

Av`vj Zi wwwµ ev Íevqb hw`i ev Av`vjZ gvni ev fiy cvl bi wwµx `b, bvix `i K mb wwµx ev Íevq bi Rb cybivq Av e`b Ki Z nq 263 hw` ^vgx UvKv w` Z e _ nq Z e Av`vjZ Zv K Rwigvbv ev wzbgvm ch ší Kviv`Ð w` Z cv ib 264 GB kvw Íi weavb _vkv m Ë I wwµx ev Íevq b `xn mgq jv M GKRb AvBbRxex wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb, Zvi GKRb g j 2008 mv j cviqv wwµx ev Íevq bi Rb GZ `xn mgq A c v Ki Qb h, wzwb cökœ K ib ÒAvwg wk Avgvi g Zz i Av M cvibvuv cv ev?ó 265 hw`i cvwievwik Av`vj Zi Aa v ` k wbw` ó K i wkqy ejv nqwb, ev Í e hlb Kvb bvix wwµx ev Íevq bi Rb Av e`b K ib ZLb cövqb Av`vjZ Zv `i Kv Q Zv `i ^vgxi m úwë ev ezb ev e vsk GKvD Ui cögvy Pvb GUv ejv A bk bvixi Rb KóKi 266 ewkifvm bvixib Gme Z _ i wel q Kvb aviyv bvb we kl K i hlb we q f O M Q Avevi Kvb Kvb Î `Lv hvq h, m úwëi Dc i wbqš Y ^vgxi wkš Zv `i bv g gvwjkvbv bvb KD KD Avevi kª v `Lvevi Rb Rwg I evox wk b Zv `i evev-gvõi bv g iv L (wkqy Î Ki duvwk `Iqvi Rb ) 267 hš_ cwiev ii SzuwK AviI ewk A bk AvBbRxex e j Qb Zviv A bk gvgjv Ki Qb hlv b weevwnz bvixiv ïay ^vgxi cwiev i bq, ^vgx I k ïievoxi hš_ cwiev i A bk f~wgkv i L Qb 268 A bk Î `Lv hvq h, ˆeevwnK evwouv nqz k ï ii bv g `vwi`ª I GKUv wekvj cöwzeükzv wn m e nvwri nq A bk AvBbRxex e j Qb A bk mgq Zviv Lye nzvk eva K ib hlb ` Lb GKwU Amnvq `wi`ª bvixi gvni I fiy cvl Yi wwµx ev Íevqb Kiv hv Q bv KviY ^vgxi A bk `wi`ª 269 Zviv GKgZ n q Qb h hlv b ^vgxiv fiy cvly cö`v b Amg_ mlv b cvwievwik Av`vjZ e e vi mv _ mvgvwrk wbivcëvi Kg m~pxi GKUv hvmm~î vcb Kiv `ikvi gvni I fiy cvl bi wwµx ev Íevq bi Av e`b GKwU mgqmv c e vcvi Ges Gig a A bk bvixivb 263 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985, aviv 16 (3) 264 cy e v³, aviv 16 265 1 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i wjwu Mkb BDwb Ui cöavb gvkmy`v Av³v ii m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 266 21 g 2011 AvBbRxwe Av b g Avãyj ingvb Ges 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm K `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv Rex bi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 267 19 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBbRxwe dšwrqv Kwig;, 25 g 2011 mv j AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi wmwbqi Dc-cwiPvjK, gww qkb I i vwcw imcý BDwbU, bxbv Mv ^vgx; 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm K `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv Rex bi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 268 24 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil `i cwipvjk(wjmvj GBW) invbv myjzvbv; 25 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k wjmvj GBW I mvwf mm Uªv i dwi`v Bqvmwgb, Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb); 1 Ryb 2011 ZvwiL evsjv `k gwnjv cwil `i wjwu Mkb BDwb Ui cöavb gvkmy`v Av³vi ; Ges 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm K `ªi AvBbRxwe mvjgv Rex bi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 269 c~ e v³, 16 g 2011 Zvwi L wb Riv Kwii mgš^qkvix Lykx Kwe ii m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 72

Pig Avw_ K AbU bi gy L c ob cvwievwik Av`vjZ AšÍ ez xkvjxb A_ bwzk cöwzkv ii Av `k 270 w` Z cv ib wkš we kláiv e j Qb GUv LyeB weij AvBbRxex I cöv³b wepvikiv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb, wwµx ev Íevq bi `xn m~wîzv GZ ewk h KvhKiY c wz ms vi ev Kvh Kix ev Íevqb cöwµqv Pvjy Kiv AZxe Riæwi evsjv `k AvBb Kwgkb 2010 mv ji `Iqvbx wepvie e v Z ivwš^z Kivi mycvwi k e j Qb ÒwWµx ev Íevq bi Av e` bi wbqg g~j gvgjvi mv _ mv _ Kiv cö qrb Ó 271 AvBbMZ nqivwb h mkj ^vgxiv gvni I fiy cvl bi gvgjvi weev`x Zviv cövqb x `i wei cvëv gvgjv ev dšr`vix Awf hvm `v qi K i _v Kb Zv `i K nqivbx Kivi Rb ; Gig a `v úz cybi v ii gvgjv Ges Pzwii Awf hvm AšÍf~ ³ `v úz AwaKvi cybiæ vi evsjv ` k e w³mz AvBb `v úz AwaKvi cybiæ v ii gvgjvi Aby gv`b `q GB AvBbx `vweuv mkj ai bi Rb Mvôxi Rb cvwievwik Av`vj Z ^xk Z Lªx vb `i ww fv m AvB b ejv n q Q h, hlb GKc Kvb hšw³k KviY QvovB Ab c i mgvr _ K ewi q Av m ZLb Ab c `v úz m ú K cybiæ v ii gvgjv Ki Z cv i 272 weevwnz wn `y bvixi c _K evmm n Ges fiy cvl bi AvB b ejv n q Q h, xiv fiy cvlb ev c _K evmm ni AwaKvix n eb bv hw` Zviv Av`vj Zi `v úz Rxeb cybiæ v ii ivq bv gv bb 273 gymwjg cvwievwik AvB bi wewa ^vgx K cybtweev ni AbygwZ `q hw` cö_g x Av`vj Zi `v úz Rxeb cybiæ v ii wwµx bv gv bb cvwievwik Av`vj Zi `v úz Rxeb cybiæ v ii gvgjv cwipvjbvi gzv i q Q 274 evsjv `k mycöxg Kv U i nvu KvU wefv Mi Gwel q GKwU wezwk Z wm vší i q Q Kgc wzbwu gvgjvq ejv n q Q h, Kvb Av`vjZB GKRb ^vgx ev x K GKmv _ emev mi wb ` k w` Z cv ib bv KviY GwU Zv `i mvsweavwbk AwaKvi A_v r AvB bi ` wó Z mgzv, ivóªxq I MYRxe bi me Î bvixi mgvb AwaKvi, Rxeb I e w³mz ^vaxbzvi AwaKvi Yœ K i 275 270 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985, aviv 16 K 271 evsjv `k AvBb Kwgk bi Ò wi cvu Ab wik g Ûkb di G cwvbwus wmwfj cöwmwwsmò, c -6-7 272 ZvjvK AvBb 1869, aviv 32 273 weevwnz wn `y bvixi c _KevmM n Ges fiy cvly AvBb 1946, aviv 2 274 cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k 1985, aviv 5 L 275 kviwgb nv mb Ii d iƒcv ebvg wgrvbyi ingvb, 2 BLC 509; bjx Rvgvb ebvg wmqvmdwïb 34 DLR 221; wkwib AvLZvi I Ab vb iv ebvg gv: BmgvBj 51 DLR 512 73

cvwievwik Av`vj Zi AvBbRxex I cöv³b AvBbRxexiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb mvaviyz xiv gvni I fiy cvl bi gvgjv `v qi Ki j ^vgxiv Zv `i nqivbx Kivi Rb `v úz Rxeb cybiæ v ii gvgjv K i _v Kb 276 evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwzi GKRb AvBbRxex e vl v K i Qb- ÒïaygvÎ gvni I fiy cvlb bv `evi Rb B A bk gvgjv Z ^vgxiv `v úz Rxeb cybiæ v ii gvgjv K i _v Kb ewkifvm gvgjvb wwµx niqv Aewa cšuqvq bv mvaviyz ewkifvm Î ïbvwb c~e Ae v Z ^vgxiv gvgjv bv Pvjv bvi wel q GKgZ nb GUv g~jzt bvix `i Dci GKai bi gvbwmk wbh vzb Kiv ej Z cv ib GK ai bi nqivwbg~jk wpšív Ó 277 `v úz Rxeb cybiæ v ii gvgjvi wwµx mkj a g i bvix `ib AwaKvi f½ K i wkš wn `y bvix `i Rb GwU AZ ší mgm vrbk, h nzz wn `y bvix `i ZvjvK Am e GKwU wn `y weevn hz KóKi ev wb hvz bi nvk bv Kb, Kvbfv eb GUv _ K we Q` m e bq 278 Pzwii Awf hvm gvbevwakvikg x Ges AvBbRxexiv wndg vb ivbum& IqvP K e j Qb A bk gvgjv ZB xiv ^vgxi evwo _ K ei n q G m gvni ev fiy cvl bi gvgjv K ib Ab w` K ^vgx xi weiæ Pzwi Kivi dšr`vixi Awf hvm Av bb GB e j h, x evwo _ K ewi q hvevi mgq Zvi e w³mz mvgmöx wb q M Qb ZLb bvix `i dšr`vix Av`vj Z AvZ c mg_ bi Rb mgq, kw³ I UvKv LiP Ki Z nq evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv ói GKRb AvBbRxex whwb eûeqi a i bvix `i K fiy cvl bi gvgjvq mnvqzv w` q Qb, e jb A bk xivb Zv `i ^vgx `i evox _ K cvwj q Avmvi ci ^Y vjskvi, Kvco Pvco Ges UvKv Pzwii wg_ v gvgjvq Rwo q c ob Avgiv cöwz eqi GiKg 30-50wU gvgjv c q _vwk 279 eøv i Av ikrb mvwjk we klá Ab GKwU NUbvi K_v e jb hlv b x ^vgxi nv Z wbôzifv e gvi L q evox Q o ewi q Av mb Ges Zvici gvni I fib cvl bi Rb mvwj ki Av e`b K ib wkš muv kl niqvi Av MB ^vgx dšr`vix gvgjv `v qi K ib GB Awf hv M h m GKj lvu 276 16 g 2011 ZvwiL AvBb I mvwjm K `ªi wjwu Mkb BDwb Ui AvBbRxex dvinvbv Avd iv Ri m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi; g 2011, cvwievwik Av`vj Zi GKRb AemicÖvß wepvi Ki (Aby iv a bvg I we ÍvwiZ Z_ AcÖKvwkZ) m ½ wndg vb ivbm Iqv Pi mv vrkvi Av iv `Lyb- AvjgMxi gvnv ` wmivr DwÏ bi, RywWwkqvj Gw±wfRg GÛ d vwgwj j Bb evsjv `k 2009, cö dmi gvndzrv Lvbg GÛ e vwi vi kwdk Avn g` Uªv dvû jkpvi, evsjv `k GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu, http://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journals/june_2010/contents/03_alamgir%20muhammad%20serajuddin.htm#_ ftn1 (accessed January 15, 2011). AvBbRxweiv wndg vb ivbum IqvP K e j Qb Lye Kg ÿ ÎB hlb ^vgxiv fib cvly I gvn ii `vex Z mvov `qbv ZLb bvixiv `v úz Rxeb cybiæ v ii cöwzkvi wb Z eva nq 277 24 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k gwnjv AvBbRxwe cwil `i cwipvjk(wjmvj GBW) invbv myjzvbvi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 278 weevwnz wn `y bvixi c _KevmM n Ges fiy cvly AvBb 1946, aviv 2 279 25 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k wjmvj GBW I mvwf mm Uªv i dwi`v Bqvmwg bi, Dc-cwiPvjK (AvBb) m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 74

nvrvi bm` UvKv, Pvi j UvKvi ^Y, Rwgi `wjj Ges Pwjk nvrvi UvKvi Kvco- Pvco Pzwi K i wb q P j G m Qb 280 AvBbRxex hviv x Ges Zv `i cwievi K Gai bi gvgjvq AvBbx mnvqzv `b Zviv e j Qb h, ewkifvm gvgjvq ^vgx ewk`~i cwipvjbv K ib bv Av`vj Zi evb i Zviv mgvavb K ib Ges ciez x Z Av`vjZ gvgjv LvwiR K i `b 281 wkqy wkqy gvgjvq bvix `i AvUK Kiv nq hlv b Zviv Rvwg b ei n q Av mb ev ciez x Z Awf hvm Zz j biqv nq 280 25 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k wjmvj GBW I mvwf mm Uªv i mnkvix mgš^qkvix (mvwjk) Zvcmx iv eqvi m ½ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi mv vrkvi 281 25 g 2011 mv j evsjv `k wjmvj GBW I mvwf mm Uªv i dwi`v Bqvmwgb, Dc-cwiPvjK(AvBb), Gg ww eikz Avjx, mnkvix-cwipvjk (AvBb) Ges Zvcmx iv eqv, mnkvix mgš^kvix (mvwjk) Gi mv _ wndg vb ivbum Iqv Pi `jxq mv vzkvi; 2GwcÖj 2011 eøv i 20 Rb c v bj AvBbRxexi mv _ `jxq Av jvpbv 75

5. ZvjvKcÖvß, c _K emevmkvix Ges cvwievwik mwnsmzvi wkkvi bvix `i Rb ivóªxq mnvqzv weevwnz bvix `i fiy cvly, `b gvni, wksev ˆeevwnK m úwëi Ask cövwß Z mnvqzv `v bi j ÿ cvwievwik AvBb Ges Av`vj Zi Kvh cöyvjx h_vh_fv e cö qvm Kiv n j mwu Zv `i Rb AZ ší mnvqk n e Z e KviI KviI ÿ Î GB cöwµqv jv A_ bwzk wbivcëv `Iqvi Rb h _ó bq hme cwiev i Lye Aí cwigvy m úwë Av Q wksev hv `i ^vgxi Avq-DcvR b AZ ší Kg ev G Kev i bb, mme cwiev ii weevn wew Qbœ, c _K emevmiz ev ^vgx cwiz ³ bvix `i ivóxq mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp _ K mvnvh MÖn Yi cö qvrb c o A b K nq Zv PvKwi LyuR eb Ges Zv `i cwiev ii `LfvjI Ki Z cvi eb wkš weevn m ú K f ½ hviqvi ciezx mskugq mgquv Z Zv `i AZ ší `ªæZ mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp _ K mvnvh cviqv cö qvrb GB Aa v q ZvjvK Ges weevn we Q `i weiƒc A_ bwzk AwfNvZ cökg b iv óªi h f~wgkv Zv ch eÿy Kiv n q Q G ÿ Î evsjv `k K qkwu iæz c~y c` ÿc MÖnY K i Q Gi g a Av Q bvix `i Rb AvkÖq K `ª cöwzôv, bvix cöavb cwievi jvi Rb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp Pvjy Kiv Ges wkqz f~wg e Ub Kg m~wpi Øviv hv Z bvixiv DcK Z nq Zv wbwðz Kiv cöf wz Z e GKB mv _ h ev ÍeZv weivr Ki Q mwu n jv, Gme Kg m~wp hme bvix `i cö qvrb Zv `i A b Ki Kv Q m jv cšuqv Q bv ZvQvov mswkøó AvBb I Kg m~wp jv (we kl K i feny i `i Rb cöyxz AvBb hlv b M nnxbzv K Aciv ai aviyvi mv _ Rwo q djv n q Q Ges f~wg e Ub Kg m~wp hvi GKwUi kz n jv, f wg c Z n j Av e`bkvix bvixi GKRb ÒkvixwiKfv e mg_ Ó cyiæl _vk Z n e) Gme BwZevPK c` ÿ ci iæz K Kwg q w` Q bvix `i Rb mikvwi AvkÖq K `ª h me bvix cvwievwik mwnsmzv _ K ei n q Avm Z Pvb 282, wksev ZvjvK, weevn wew Qbœ ev cwiz ³ nevi c i hme bvix K Zv `i eevwnk evox (Marital Homes) _ K ei K i `Iqv nq, Zv `i Rb A vqx mikvwi AvkÖq K `ª e env ii my hvm cviqvuv AZ ší Riæix evsjv `k mikvi bvix `i Rb AvkÖq K `ª cöwzôv K i Q Z e mswkøó GW fv KU I Kg KZ viv g b K ib, cö qvr bi Zzjbvq Gme AvkÖq K `ª h _ó bq bvix I wkï welqk gš Yvj qi GKRb 282 AviI `Lyb cvwievwik mwnsmzv (cöwz iva I myiÿv) AvBb, 2010, aviv 15 GB AvBbwU cvwievwik mwnsmzvq ÿwzmö Íi Rb AvkÖq K `ª wbwðz Ki Z AviI wkqz e e v MÖnY K i Q GB AvBbe j Av`vjZ ÿwzmö Í e w³ K ÒAskx`vix evmm nó GK PwUqv ev AvswkKfv e e env ii AbygwZ w` q Aciva msnubkvixi cöwz Av `k Rvix Ki Z cv ib Av`vj Zi wbku hw` cözxqgvb nq h, ÒAskx`vix evmm nó ÿwzmö Í e w³i Rb wbivc` bq, Zvn j Zvi Rb wekí evm v bi e e v Kiv wksev Abyiƒc evm v bi fvov cö`v bi Rb I Av`vjZ Aciva msnubkvix K wb ` k cö`vb Ki Z cv ib AvBbwU G ai bi AvkÖq K `ª cöwzôv Ki Z mikv ii Rb I eva evakzv m wó K i, hlv b cvwievwik mwnsmzvq ÿwzmö Í `i K A vqx e e v wn m e vbvšíi Kiv h Z cv i 76

Kg KZ v wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& K e j Qb, gš Yvjq bvix I wkï `i Rb cö Z K wefv M GKwU K i gvu mvzwu AvkÖq K `ª cwipvjbv Ki Q cö Z K AvkÖq K `ª Qq gvm mgq ch ší 50 Rb bvix I 100 wkïi Rb AvkÖ qi e e v Ki Z cv i GwU BwZevPK c` ÿc n ji Rjv ch v q AviI AwaK AvkÖq K `ª cö qvrb e j H Kg KZ v g b K ib: cö Z K wefv M GKwU AvkÖq K `ª _vk j wk n e? AvkÖq K `ª LuyR ji GZ `xn c_ cvwo w` q bvixiv Zv Avi wefvmxq m` i hv eb bv... wec`mö Í bvix `i mn hvwmzvi Rb Avgv `i cö Z K Rjvq Kgc ÿ GKwU K i AvkÖq K `ª cö qvrb Avi Gme AvkÖq K `ª bvix `i Rb Avqea K wewfbœ Kg m~wp nv Z biqv DwPZ 283 feny i `i Rb AvkÖq K `ª mgmö evsjv ` k mikvi QqwU ÒfeNy i AvkÖq K `ªÓ cwipvjbv Ki Q GB AvkÖq K `ª jv e½j fm iwý G v±, 1931 Gi Aax b cöwzwôz n q Q Z e D³ AvBbwUi j ez gv b feny i I wbivköq e w³ (cybe vmb) AvBb, 2011 cöwz vcb Kiv n q Q GKw` K GB AvBbwU Av`vjZ KZ K ÓfeNy ió wnmv e NvwlZ e w³ `i cybe vm b mvnvh Kiv, Zv `i K A vqx AvkÖq cö`vb Kiv Ges hme Acivax Pµ `wi`ª `i K wfÿv e wë Z wb qvwrz K i mme Pµ K wbqš Y Kivi K_v 284 Ab w` K AvBbwU GZB A úó h, h _ Qfv e h Kvb e w³ K AvUK Ges Zv `i Pjv divi ^vaxbzv wbqš Y wksev Zv `i K Òcybe vmbó `qvi ARynv Z `vwi`ª I M nnxbzvi kvw Í ^iƒc GB AvBbwU e eüz n Z cv i Gfv e wewae AvBb wn m e feny i AvBbwU e w³i Acivag~jK AvPiY ev Kg Kv Ði P q hme e w³ `wi`ª I M nnxb Zv `i KB Acivax mve Í Ki Q GB AvBb jv AvšÍ RvwZK gvb` Û myiwÿz b vh Zv I AvBbMZ ˆeaZvi gšwjk bxwz jv K j Nb Ki Q AvBbMZ wm Zv AR bi Rb GKwU dšr`vix AvBb K cö qvrbxq AwfcÖvqmn Awfhy ³i mywbw` ó AvPiY K jÿ e Kiv DwPZ gvbevwakvi gvb` Û I AvB bi kvm b hv cö qvrb mwu n jv, AvBb n e AvMvg evamg I c~e vbygvb hvm Ges mlv b iv óªi Rb Ggb eva evakzv _vk e hv Z ivóª mkj dšr`vix Aciva jv K my úófv e Ges ^ Q I AvMvg evamg c wz Z e vlv Ki e 285 D jøwlz gvb`û jv feny i AvB b cviqv hvq bv 283 wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& bvix I wkï welqk gš Yvj qi GKRb D Pc` mikvix Kg KZ vi mvÿvrkvi MÖnY K i, whwb Õgvwë- m ±vivj cövmövg Ab fv qv jý G MBb DB gbõ Kg m~wp ev ÍevqbKvix Ux gi GKRb m`m (Aby iv a bvg AcÖKvwkZ), XvKv, 5 A ±vei 2011 284 fm iwý G v±, 1943 Gi j 2011 mv ji AvBbwU cöwz vwcz n q Q 285 AvšÍ RvwZK gvbevwakvi AvB bi `ybwu ÿ Î Õmywbw` ózvõ cögv Yi Avek KZv i q Q cö_gz, GB mywbw` ózv `Ûwewa Z Awfhy³ Acivaxi PwiÎ ev AvPiY e vl v Kivi Rb cö qvrb nq (GwU GKwU gzev` hv K cövqkt AvBwmwmwcAvi-Gi 15 Aby Q ` ewy Z ÒA úózvi Rb evwzjó bxwz wnmv e MY Kiv nq) wøzxqz, mywbw` ó wkqz gšwjk AwaKvi fv M mxgve Zv Av iv ci ÿ Î GwUi cö qvrb nq Z e GB Av ivwcz mxgve Zv Aek B ÕAvBbÕ Øviv wb ` wkz, AvB bi Øviv cöwzwôz ev AvB bi weavb Abyhvqx Av ivwcz n Z n e ( hfv e AvBwmwmwcAvi-Gi 17-22 Aby Q ` wjwce Av Q) 77

feny i AvBbwU wfÿv e wë Z wb qvwrz, wbivköq Ges iv Î gv_v MuvRvi VvB bb wksev mywbw` ó Kvb KviY Qvov D Ïk nxbfv e GK vb _ K Av ik v b Ny i ewo q Rbmvavi Yi weo ^bvi KviY n Q Ggb me e w³ K feny i wn m e wpwýz K i Q 286 Z e `vze cöwzôvb ev agx q Kvi Y hviv Lv` `ªe, Avw_ K mvnvh wksev Kvb Dcnvi MÖnY K i Ges D jøwlz D Ï k m jv e envi K i _v K Zv `i K GB AvB bi AvIZv ewnf Z ivlv n q Q 287 feny iwgi kvw Í wn m e Kvb Òcybe vmb K `ªÓ `yb ermi ch ší AvUK ivlv Ges Gme cybe vmb K `ª _ K cvwj q hviqv e w³ K wzb gvm ch ší Kviv`Ð `Iqvi weavb ivlv n q Q 288 hme bvix c _K emevm ev Zvjv Ki Kvi Y Zv `i ˆeevwnK evox Q o h Z eva nb Zviv cövqkt AvZ xq ^Rb ev eüzevü ei mv vkvi e e v K ib, Ges klch ší ^vaxbfv e emev mi Rb Kvb evm vbi nq Zv Zviv c q hvb Avevi KD KD iv Ívq emevm I wfÿv K i weevwnz Rxeb _ K wew Qbœ niqvi ci iv Ívq Rxeb hvcb Kiv K qkrb bvixi mvÿvrkvi wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& MÖnY K i Q 289 Zv `i g Zv bvixivi mn R dšr`vix ` Ûi gy LvgywL n Z cv i Ges Zv `i K Òcyb evmb K `ªÓ AvUKv `k `Iqv n Z cv i mikv ii mgvr mev wefvm feny i AvkÖq K `ª jv `Lvïbv K i wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& GB wefv Mi Kg KZ v `i mv _ AvkÖq K `ª jv Z feny i AvB bi AvIZvq bvix `i AvUK _vkvi welqwu wb q K_v e j Q bvix ÔfeNy iivõ h Gme AvkÖq K `ª Av Q Zv Zviv wbwðz K i Qb, Z e Zv `i cwiw wz m ú K Kvb e vl v w` Z Zviv bvivr Z e feny i AvkÖq K `ª jv Z ZvjvKcÖvß I c _K emevmkvix bvix `i K AvkÖq `Iqv nq wkbv mywbw` ófv e Ggb cökœ Kiv n j GKRb Kg KZ v e jb, Ò m ai bi NUbv `yj f, Z e N U _v K Avgv `i Kv Q G ai bi Pvi ev cuvpwu NUbv _vk Z cv i Ó 290 g vb d«w biqvk, BDGb Kv fb v U Ab wmwfj GÛ cwjwuk vj ivbum&: wmwmwcavi K gw Uª, ms kvwaz wøzxq ms iy ( Kn&j Gg ibb: G Äj, 2005), c ôv - 361 286 feny i I wbivköq e w³ (cybe vmb) AvBb, 2011, aviv 2 (14) evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÛ mvwf mm Uªv Gi Abvivwi ww i±i GW fv KU I bvix AwaKvi Kgx mviv nv m bi mv _ wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& - Gi B gbj hvmv hvm, XvKv, 7 A ±vei 2011; AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi gww qkb GÛ i vwcw imcý BDwbU - Gi wmwbqi WcywU ww i±i bxbv Mv ^vgxi mv _ wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& - Gi B gbj hvmv hvm, XvKv, 25 g 2011 287 c~ e v³ 288 feny i I wbivköq e w³ (cybe vmb) AvBb, 2011, aviv 10 (3)(L) Ges aviv 22(1)(L) 289 wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& hv `i mvÿvrkvi MÖnY K i Q Zviv n jb - Amxgv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, bvqvlvjx Rjv, 20 g 2011; RyevB`v (QÙbvg), gymwjg, bvqvlvjx Rjv, 20 g 2011; dvwzgv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, bvqvlvjx Rjv, 20 g 2011 Ges kwib (QÙbvg), gymwjg, bvqvlvjx Rjv, 21 g 2011 290 feny i AvkÖq K `ª bri`vwi I cwipvjbv Ux gi mv _ hy³ Av Qb mgvr mev wefv Mi Ggb `yõrb Kg KZ vi mvÿvrkvi wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& MÖnY K i Q (Zuv `i Aby iv a bvg Ges we ÍvwiZ weeiy AcÖKvwkZ _vk jv) mvÿvrkvi MÖn Yi ZvwiL - 3 A ±vei 2011, XvKv 78

mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp evsjv ` k mvgvwrk mnvqzvi welq jv cwipvjbvi Rb ch vß Kvb AvBb bb, Z e mvgvwrk mnvqzvg~jk ek wkqz Kg m~wp Av Q 291 BDGbwWwci Z_ g Z, ÓmvgvwRK wbivcëv Rv ji h Kvb Kg m~wp Øviv AwZ `wi`ª 23% cwiev ii g a gvî `k kzvs ki Kv Q cušqv bv m e nq 292 mvgvwrk ewn tzvi mkj mgm v we` gvb _vkv m Z I D jøwlz mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi Kvb KvbwU A_ bwzk mgm vq RR woz c _K emevmkvix I ZvjvKcÖvß bvix `i DcKv i G m Q 293 G ai bi mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi GKwU n jv Òweaev, ^vgx cwiz ³ I `yt bvixó `i Rb cöwz gv m 300 UvKvi GKwU mikvwi Avw_ K fvzv Kg m~wp A_ bwzk mgm v m úwk Z gvckvwv jv c~iy Ki Z cvi j Zviv GB Avw_ K fvzvwu c q _v K 294 c _Kfv e emevmiz I ZvjvKcÖvß bvixiv mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi myweav KZUzKz MÖnY Ki Q m wel q Kvb mikvwi Z_ bb ej jb P j Z e Gme myweav MÖn Yi ÿ Î h bvbvwea cöwzeükzv i q M Q, Zv wewfbœ köyx ckvi bvix Ges mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp cwipvjbvkvix vbxq Kg KZ v `i mv _ wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& -Gi mvÿvrkvi jv _ K cözxqgvb nq Gme cöwzeükzvi g a i q Q m PZbZvi Afve, Kg GjvKv ev DcKvi fvmx wba vi Y ˆelg (Amg Kvfv ir) Ges Znwe ji Ace envi cöf wz GQvov mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp jv kvixwik cöwzewüzv, ^vgx KZ K cwiz vm Ges fmœ ^v i g Zv ci úi m úwk Z bvryk Ae v jv K iæ Z i mv _ we epbvq bqwb evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgk bi ch eÿy Abymv i ÓmvgvwRK wbivcëv Kg m~wp ev Íevq bi cöavb 291 Gme Kg m~wpi g a i q Q eq fvzv, weaev fvzv, cöwzeüx fvzv, gvz Z Ges ^vgx cwiz ³ bvix `i Rb mvgvwrk myweav cöf wz Kg ms vb m Rb Kg m~wpi gva g evsjv `k Kg ms vb KI mvgvwrk wbivcëvi mv _ m ú ³ K i Q gvu 30wU wewfbœ mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi g a 7wU Kg m~wp `wi`ª bvix `i mvnvh mnvqzv Kw `ªK Av iv Z _ i Rb `Lyb- BDGbwWwc Ges cviqvi GÛ cvwu wm ckb wimvm m Uvi (wcwcaviwm) - Gi Ò mvk vj mdwu bum& Bb evsjv `k, fwjdg 1Ó, diæqvix 2012, http://www.undp.org.bd/info/pub/pprc%20social%20safety%20nets%20in%20bangladesh.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q - 22 g 2012), c ôv 38-42; mgvr Kj vy gš Yvjq, evsjv `k, Òeq fvzvó, http://www.dss.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59:old-ageallowences&catid=39:social-cash-transfer&itemid=71 (me kl `Lv n q Q - 21 deªæqvix 2012) 292 evsjv ` k BDGbwWwcÕi Kvw Uª ww i±i w db wcömbv ii mv _ wndg vb ivbum& IqvP-Gi B gbj hvmv hvm, XvKv, 31 g 2012 293 evsjv ` ki mvk vj mdwu bu x gi Dci mv úªwzk Rwic ev M elyv cöwz e`b cviqv hv Q Z e wewfbœ mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv ev we køly GB cöwz e` bi AvIZv ewnf Z G wel q me mv úªwzk M elyv cöwz e` bi Rb `Lyb BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcaviwmõi Ò mvk vj mdwu bum Bb evsjv `k, fwjdg - 1 Ges 2Ó, deªæqvix 2012, http://www.undp.org.bd/info/pub/pprc%social%safety%nets%20in%20bangladesh.pdf Ges http://www.undp.org.bd/info/pub/pprc%social%safety%nets%20volume-2%20qxd.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q - 22 g 2012) 294 mgvr mev wefvm, mgvr Kj vy gš Yvjq, evsjv `k; Òweaev Ges ^vgx cwiz ³ bvix `i Rb fvzvó, http://www.dss.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:allowences-for-widow-andhusbands-deserted-destitute-women&catid=39:social-cash-transfer&itemid=71 (me kl `Lv n q Q - 22 deªæqvwi 2012) `Lyb BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcaviwmõi Ò mvk vj wmwkiwiwu bum Bb evsjv `k, fwjdg - 2Ó, c ôv - 62 cö Z K myweav fvmx cuvp eqi mg qi Rb mnvqzv wn m e 18,000 UvKv c Z cv ib 79

P v jä jv n Q jÿ gvîv wba viy I c~iy msµvší bvbv mgm v, DcKvi fvmx wba vi Y RwUjZv, bvbv wq`ªc_ w` q A _ i AcPq, Ges AvÂwjK e U bi ÿ Î ˆelg Ó 295 ÓcwiZ ³Ó bvix `i Rb cö hvr fvzv c Z cvi Zb Ggb A bk bvix wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& K e j Qb, Zviv Kg m~wpwui wel q AeMZ bb GB Kg m~wp _ K Zviv KDB mikv ii Kvb mnvqzv MÖnY K ib wb D`vniY ^iƒc, mvwgiv e jwq jb, GKwU kvixwik cöwzewüzvmn wkï Rb `Iqvi Aciv a Zvi ^vgx Zv `i ˆeevwnK evox _ K Zv K ei K i `b ciezx Z Zviv weevn we Q` NUvb mvwgiv wkfv e, Kv_vq KvR Luy R c Z nq Zv Rv bb bv Kv Ri my hvm c j wzwb Zvi wkï K fvjfv e `Lfvj Ki Z cvi Zb Zvi ^vgx wkïwui fiy cvl Yi Kvb `vwqz cvjb K iwb mvwgiv wndg vb ivbum IqvP- K e j Qb h, wzwb Kvb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi wel q Rvb Zb bv Ges G e vcv i Kvi Kv Q h Z n e ZvI Rvbv wqjbv 296 bvix `i K qkrb e j Qb, Zviv wkqz mikvwi mnvqzv Kg m~wp Av Q mk_v Rvb Zb wkš mlv b mvnvh PvB Z M j K qkwu cökœwe Kvi Y Zv `i K wdwi q `Iqv nq D`vniY ^iƒc, ^vgx cwiz ³ niqvi ci Z òv GLb Zvi wzb eq ii Kb vmn weaev gv qi Dci wbf ikxj Rxebhvcb Ki Q Zvi gv M n vjx KvR _ K AwZ mvgvb ezb Ges Aí wkqz e fvzv cvb Z òvi GKwU AZ ší Kó`vqK kvixwik cöwzewüzv i q Q, d j wzwb Kvb KvR Ki Z cv ib bv GKmgq Z òv Zv `i vbxq BDwbqb cwil` m`m `i Kv Q wm q mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp _ K Kvb mvnvh cviqv hvq wkbv m Póv Pvjvb wkš Zviv Z òv K Rvbvb h, Zvi gv h nzz e -fvzv cv Qb m nzz Kvb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp _ K mvnvh cviqvi my hvm Zvi bb 297 úóztb cvwievwik Av`vjZ n jv mb RvqMv hlv b bvixiv mvgvwrk mnvqzvi cö qvr b aibv w` Z cv ib wkš hfv eb nvk Gme cvwievwik Av`vjZ K mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi mv _ hy³ Kivi Rb wbqggvwdk Kvb cö Póv GLbI ` k gvb bq cvwievwik Av`vj Z GLbI gvgjv Awb úbœ Ae vq Av Q fz³ fvmx Ggb A bk bvixi mv _ wndg vb ivbum IqvP K_v e j Q G Z `Lv M Q, Zv `i KDB ^vgx cwiz ³ bvix `i Rb cö hvr fvzvi welqwu Rv bb bv Av`vj Zi cökvmb Gme Kg m~wpi mv _ bvix `i hvmv hvm NwU q `Iqv wksev Kg m~wp m ú K gšwjk wkqz Z_ cö`v bi e vcv i Kvb KvRB K iwb GB KvRwU hgb Kiv DwPZ Zgwb Gme cö qvrbxq Z_ hv Z 295 c~ e v³ 296 gv`vwicyi Rjvi mwgiv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, Zvi mv _ wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& - Gi mvÿvrkvi; 29 g 2011 297 XvKv Rjvi evwm `v Z Âv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, Zvi mv _ wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& - Gi mvÿvrkvi; 18 g 2011, XvKv 80

mywbw` ó wbqg g b mswkøó mevi Kv Q cšuqv bv hvq Zvi Rb Ab vb m ve Dcvq jv KI mikv ii wpwýz Kiv DwPZ wewfbœ ^v K `ª, zj, GbwRI Awdm Ges RvZxq AvBb mev KZ c ÿi Awd mi gva g cö qvrbxq Z_ cöevn wbwðz Kivi GB KvRwU Kiv h Z cv i Z_ cövwß m úwk Z cöwzeükzv jv QvovI AvgjvZvwš K A`ÿZv Ges Znwej Ace env ii gva gi mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi my hvm jvf evavmö Í n Z cv i A_ -fvzv mnvqzv Kg m~wpwu BDwbqb cwil`mn vbxq mikv ii gva g cwipvwjz nq BDwbqb cwil` m`m `i A b K wndg vb ivbum IqvP- K e j Qb, Zviv nq Zv Kvb& Kvb& weaev ev ^vgx cwiz ³ bvix K fvzv `Iqv n e Zvi wm vší wb jb, wkš `Lv Mj H A_ Qv oi ÿ Î gv S gv S gš Yvjq ek wej ^ Ki Q 2011 mv ji g gv m hlb wndg vb ivbum IqvP -Gi mv _ Zv `i GB Av jvpbv nw Qj ZLbI 2011 A_ eq ii fvzv weziy Kiv m e nqwb 298 Znwej Qv oi ci m jv vbxq mikvwi Kg KZ v `i gv S weziy K i `Iqv n ji Gme Znwej Z Yg~ ji me P q AfveMÖ Í m`m `i Kv Q cšuqv e wkbv Zvi Kvb wbðqzv bb ev Í e wndg vb ivbum IqvP wzb WR bii AwaK msl K bvixi mvÿvrkvi (GKKfv e I QvU ` j wef³ K i) MÖnY K i Q Gme bvixiv Rvwb q Qb, wb R `i mgv Ri g a Zviv Ggb A bk NUbv Rv bb hlv b BDwbqb cwil `i m`m iv mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi myweav fvmx wn m e wb R `i AvZ xq- ^Rb I eüy-evüe `i e Q bb `wi`ª myweav fvmx wkfv e wbe vpb Kiv n e Zvi Rb Kg m~wp Z cö qvrbxq gvckvwv wba vwiz _vk ji memgq m wbqg gvbv nqbv 299 BDGbwWwci mnvqzvq evsjv ` k mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi Dci cwipvwjz me mv úªwzk GK M elyvq `Lv M Q h, Avw_ K fvzv Kg m~wpi Rb cwikwíz jÿ gvîvi AvIZvq AR b n jv cövq 32 kzvsk ZvQvov GB M elyv cöwz e` b weaev, ^vgx cwiz ³ I `yt bvix `i Avw_ K fvzv Kg m~wp Z 21 kzvsk ÔAšÍf zw³msµvší fzjõ wjwce Kiv n q Q 300 Kg m~wpi g a Kvi `ybx wzi wkqz duvk- dvkii cöwz e` b wpwýz n q Q hgb, A bk bvix e j Qb Kg m~wpi myweav MÖn Yi Rb Zv `i K GKwU wewa ewnf Z I Ab vh ÔcÖ ek wdõ cö`vb Ki Z n q Q GB ÔcÖ ek wdõi evsvwu `vwi`ª KewjZ Rjv jv Z D jøl hvm nv i ekx Ómvnvh fvzvi mxwgz msl K Kv W i GKwU cviqvi Rb `wi`ª `i g a h wk Zxeª cöwz hvwmzv KvR K i cö ek wd msµvší 298 `ybrb cyiæl I `ybrb gwnjv BDwbqb cwil` m` m i mv _ wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& - Gi mvÿvrkvi (Zuv `i Aby iv a bvg Ges we ÍvwiZ weeiy AcÖKvwkZ _vk jv), 23 g 2011 299 Avwgbv (QÙbvg), gymwjg, XvKv -Gi mv _ 18 g 2011 Zvwi L Ges nbv (QÙbvg), gymwjg -Gi mv _ 21 g 2011 Zvwi L wndg vb ivbum& IqvP - Gi mvÿvrkvi 18 Rb bvixi mv _ QvU ` j wndg vb ivbum& IqvP -Gi MÖæc B UviwfD ( vb cökvk Kiv n jv bv), 21 g 2011; Avd ivrv (QÙbvg), gymwjg -Gi mvÿvrkvi ( vb cökvk Kiv n jv bv), 22 g 2011; 16 Rb wn `y bvixi mv _ `jxq Av jvpbv ev mvÿvrkvi ( vb cökvk Kiv n jv bv), 22 g 2011 300 BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcaviwm, Ò mvk vj mdwu bum& Bb evsjv `k, fwjdg 2Ó, deªæqvix 2012, http://www.undp.org.bd/info/pub/pprc%social%safety%nets%20volume-2%20qxd.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q - 22 g 2012), c ôv - 43 Ges 56 81

GB jb ` bi NUbv _ K Zv cözxqgvb nq 301 Avi `vwi`ª KewjZ Rjv jv Z A_ n ÍvšÍi x gi GB ÔcÖ ek wdõi cwigvy wqj M o 2000 UvKv A_P ^í `vwi`ª cöey Rjv jv Z ÔcÖ ek wdõi GB cwigvy Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg, A_ vr 1500 UvKv 302 mvgvwrk wbivcëvi ÿ Î evsjv ` ki M nxz f~wgkvi e _ Zv jv evsjv `k cwikíbv KwgkbI ^xkvi K i cwikíbv Kwgkb ej Q, evsjv `k mikvi 2011 _ K 2015 mv ji g a GKwU ÒmvgÄm c~y I mgwš^z RvZxq mvgvwrk myiÿv KŠkjÓ cöyqb Ki e 303 f~wg e Ub Kg m~wp Ab Av ikwu ivóªxq Kg m~wp A_ bwzk wbivcëv AR b ZvjvKcÖvß I c _K emevmkvix bvix `i K mvnvh Ki Z cv i mwu n jv Lvm Rwg (mikv ii gvwjkvbvaxb) e Ub Kg m~wp f~wgnxb RbM Yi Dbœq bi j ÿ j vû widg G vkkb cövmövg 1987 -Gi AvIZvq GB Kg m~wpwu Pvjy Kiv nq bvix cöavb cwievi jvi GB Kg m~wp Z AšÍf y³ niqvi hvm Z e AwaKvi Kg xiv wndg vb ivbum IqvP- K Rvwb q Qb h, mikv ii bxwzgvjv hme bvix cöavb cwiev i GKRb mÿg cyiæl Av Q ïaygvî mme cwiev ii g a GB Lvm Rwg e U bi my hvm mxwgz K i w` q Q 304 bvix cöavb cwievi jv Z Lvm Rwg e U bi ÿ Î weivrgvb H ˆelg wu `~i Kivi Rb mikv ii Kv Q evievi AvnŸvb Rvbv bv n ji D³ f wg e Ub bxwz GLbI ms kva bi A cÿvq Av Q 305 G mvwm qkb di j vû widg GÛ Wcjc g U bvgk GbwRIÕi cwipvjk wndg vb ivbum IqvP- K e j Qb, Òbvix cöavb cwievi jv cyî mšívb Av Q k Z Lvm Rwg cviqvi AwaKvix n e Avgiv GB welqwu mikv ii Kv Q Zz j a iwq GwU h GKwU ˆelg Ges Zv `~i Ki Z n e m e vcv i mikvi bxwzmzfv e GKgZ n q Q wkš ev Í e Gi Kvb ms kvab GLbI nqwb Ó 306 301 BDGbwWwc Ges wcwcaviwm, Ò mvk vj mdwu bum& Bb evsjv `k, fwjdg 2, c ôv 59-60 `vwi`ª cöey Rjv jvi kzkiv 50-80 Rb bvix ÓcÖ ek wdó cwi kva Kivi K_v e j Qb Zvi Zzjbvq Kg `vwi`ª cöey Rjv jv Z cö ek wd cö`vbkvix GB bvix `i msl v kzkiv 7-20 Rb 302 c~ e v³, c ôv - 60 303 cwikíbv Kwgkb, 6ô câevwl K cwikíbv, c ôv - 168 304 Lykx Kwei, mgš^qkvix, wb Riv Kwi, XvKv Zuvi mv _ wndg vb ivbum& IqvP& -Gi mvÿvrkvi, 16 g 2011 305 c~ e v³ 306 G mvwm qkb di j vû widg GÛ Wfjc g U -Gi wbe vnx cwipvjk kvgmyj û`vi mv _ wndg vb ivbum IqvP -Gi mvÿvrkvi, 30 gvp 2011 82

6. AvšÍR vwzk AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv ` ki eva evakzv evsjv `k weevn I weevn-we Q `i mv _ m úwk Z ek KÕwU Aj Nbxq AvšÍR vwzk gvbevwakvi Pzw³ Z ^vÿikvix `k Gme Pzw³i g a i q Q bvixi cöwz mkj cökvi ˆelg we jvc Kb fbkb (wmwi) 307, wmwiõi Ackbvj cö UvKj 308, bvmwik I ivr bwzk AwaKvi welqk AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³ (AvBwmwmwcAvi) 309, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi welqk AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³ (AvBwmBGmwmAvi) 310, cöwzeüx e w³ `i AwaKvi welqk Pzw³ (wmaviwcww) 311, Ges weev n m wz, weev ni b~ bzg eqm I weevn wbeüb msµvší Pzw³ 312 ebwrs cø vudg di G vkkb 313, Ges RvwZmsN mn ªvã Dbœqb jÿ gvîvmn RÐvi mgzv weav b Ab hme AvšÍR vwzk gvb`ð I jÿ i q Q m jv ev Íevq bi Rb I evsjv `k mikvi A½xKvi e ³ K i Q 314 weevn Ges weevn we Q `i mgq cö hvr mgvbvwakvi AvšÍR vwzk gvbevwakvi AvBb m ú~y fv e weevn Ges weevn ciez x mg q mv g i wbðqzv `q wmwiõi 16 bs Aby Q` iv óªi cöwz GB eva evakzv ˆZwi K i Q h, Òweevn Ges cvwievwik m ú K i mkj ÿ ÎÓ bvixi cöwz ˆelg we jv c ivóª h_vh_ e e v MÖnY Ki e Óweevn m úk vcb Ges Gi cwimgvwßi mg qi ivóª Abyiƒc mgvbvwakvi I `vwq Z i cö qvmó wbwðz Ki e 315 wmwiõi wkqz wkqz ÿ Î evsjv ` ki AvcwËi Kvi Y hme AwfNvZ ` k gvb n Q m jv bx P we ÍvwiZfv e Av jvpbv Kiv n jv 307 bvixi cöwz mkj cökvi ˆelg we jvc Kb fbkb (wmwi), ww m ^i 18, 1979 mv j M nxz, G.A. res. 34/180, 34 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 46) at 193, U.N. Doc.A/34/46, 1981 mv ji 3 m Þ ^i ZvwiL _ K wmwi mb`wu Kvh Ki nq evsjv `k 1984 mv ji 6 b f ^i wmwi mb`wu MÖnY K i Z e ez gv b wmwi mb `i Aby Q` 2 Ges 16(1)(wm) -Gi ÿ Î evsjv ` ki AvcwË i q Q ÓMYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikvi wb Ri ÿ Î Aby Q` 2, [...Ges...] 16(1)(wm) g b Pjvi eva evakzv Av Q e j g b K ibv, KviY Gme Aby Q` cweî Kvivb I mybœvn& wbf i kwiqvn& AvB bi mv _ mvsnwl K Ó 308 bvixi cöwz mkj cökvi ˆelg we jvc Kb fbkb (wmwi)õi Ackb vj cöv UvKj, 6 A ±vei 1999 mv j M nxz, G.A. res. 54/4, annex, 54 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 5, U.N. Doc.A/54/49 (Vol. I) (2000), Kvh Ki niqvi ZvwiL - 22 ww m ^i 2000 evsjv `k 2000 mv ji 6 m Þ ^i wmwi Ackb vj cöv UvK j Abymg_ b `q 309 bvmwik I ivr bwzk AwaKvi welqk AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³ (AvBwmwmwcAvi), 16 ww m ^i 1966 mv j M nxz, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S.171, Kvh Ki niqvi ZvwiL - 23 gvp 1976 evsjv `k 28 m Þ ^i 2000 mv j AvBwmwmwcAvi - Gi mv _ hy³ nq 310 A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi welqk AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³ (AvBwmBGmwmAvi), ww m ^i 16, 1966 mv j M nxz, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 49, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3, Kvh Ki niqvi ZvwiL - 3 Rvbyqvwi 1976 evsjv `k 12 A ±vei 1999 mv j AvBwmBGmwmAvi - Gi mv _ hy³ nq 311 cöwzeüx e w³ `i AwaKvi welqk Pzw³ (wmaviwcww), ww m ^i 13, 2006 mv j M nxz, G.A. Res. 61/106, Kvh Ki niqvi ZvwiL 3 g 2008 evsjv `k 30 b f ^i 2007 mv j wmaviwcww- Z Aby ^vÿi K i 312 weev n m wz, weev ni b~ bzg eqm I weevn wbeüb msµvší Pzw³ 313 RvwZmsN mn ªvã NvlYv, 18 m Þ ^i 2000, G.A. Res. 55/2, U.N. GAOR, 55th Sess., Supp. No. 49, at 4, U.N. Doc.A/55/49 (2000) 314 RvwZmsN mn ªvã NvlYv, 18 m Þ ^i 2000, G.A. Res. 55/2, U.N. GAOR, 55th Sess., Supp. No. 49, at 4, U.N. Doc.A/55/49 (2000) 315 wmwi, Aby Q` 16(1)(wm) 83

AvBwmwmwcAvi Gi 23 bs Aby Q`I Òweevn Ges Gi cwimgvwßkv jó ^vgx- x Df qi Rb mgzvi wbðqzv `q AvšÍR vwzk gvbevwakvi AvBb Abyhvqx ivóª ïaygvî AvbyôvwbK mvg bq eis gšwjk I e wbôfv e mgzv wbwðz Ki Z eva wmwi KwgwUi (wmwiõi ev Íevqb ch eÿ Yi R b wb qvwrz we klá `j) e vl v Abyhvqx Gi A_ n jv mikvi Ggb GKwU ÓDchy³ cwi ekó m wó Ki e hvi ÒdjkÖæwZ Z mvg cöwzwôz n eó 316 wmwi KwgwUi AwfgZ n jv, ivóª bvix-cyiæ li g a we` gvb RweK, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk cv_ K jv KI Avewk Kfv e we epbvq b e, hv Z we kl wkqz ÿ Î cö qvrb Abyhvqx ivóª wfbœ wfbœ e e v MÖnY Ki Z cv i 317 cök Z mvg AR bi j ÿ mswkøó KZ cÿ jv Òˆel g i kz ev KviY jv K `~wif Z Kivi Rb BwZevPK cÿcvzg~jk e e vó MÖnY Ki Z cv i GQvov we` gvb ˆelg `~i Ki Z Õwe kl we kl ÿ Î AMÖvwaKvig~jK e e või cö qvmi ivóª we epbv Ki Z cv i Gai bi AMÖvwaKvig~jK we kl e e v K ˆelg wn m e `Lv wvk n ebv 318 Ab w` K wmwi KwgwUi AwfgZ n jv, bvix-cyiæ li Rb GKB ai bi wksev wbi cÿ e e v MÖnY bvixi cöwz ˆelg g~jk n Z cv i hw` GB e e v bvixi we klvwakvi cövwßi iæz K A ^xkvi K i KviY bvix h HwZnvwmKfv e Av M _ KB weivrgvb wj½- elg ev AcÖvwßi wkkvi n q G m Q ev GLbI n Q mme welq Zv D jøwlz e e v jv Z ^xkvi Kiv nqbv 319 weev ni ÿ Î we` gvb wj½wfwëk ˆelg Rv qr Kivi Rb ivóª cöpwjz ag ev cö_vi `vnvb w` Z cv i bv weev ni ÿ Î mgzvi bxwz m úwk Z GK ^izvwš K e vl vi cöwÿ Z wmwi KwgwUi AwfgZ n jv, GKwU iv óªi Af ší i AvBbMZ Abykvmb, ag, cö_v ev HwZn hvb _vkzk bv Kb cwiev i AvBbx I e w³mz Dfq ÿ Î bvixi cöwz AvPiY Aek B me gvby li R b mvg I b vqwepv ii bxwzi wfwë Z n Z n e 320 RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwUi (AvBwmwmwcAvi ev Íevqb ch eÿ Y wbhy³ we klá `j) mycvwik n jv, HwZnvwmK, ag xq, HwZn MZ wksev mvs wzk eva evakzvi `vnvb w` q AvB bi ` wó Z bvixi mggh v`v I mgmy hvm cövwßi AwaKvi 316 bvixi cöwz ˆelg we jvc msµvší RvwZmsN KwgwU (wmwi KwgwU), mvaviy mycvwik bs 25, Temporary special measures (2004), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol.II), c ôv - 365, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/general%20recommendation%2025%20(english).pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q - 27 AvM 2011), Aby Q` - 8 317 c~ e v³ 318 RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwU, mvaviy gšíe bs 18, Aby Q` - 10 319 wmwi KwgwU, mvaviy mycvwik bs 28; bvixi cöwz mkj cökvi ˆelg we jvc Kb fbkb, Aby Q` 2 -Gi AvIZvq ^vÿikvix ivóªmg~ ni gšwjk eva evakzv (2010), CEDAW/C/2010/47/GC.2, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/cedaw-c- 2010-47-GC2.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012), Aby Q` - 5 320 wmwi KwgwU, mvaviy mycvwik bs 21; weevn Ges cvwievwik m ú K i mgzv, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol.II), c ôv - 337, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm#recom21 (me kl `Lv n q Q - 27 AvM 2011), Aby Q` - 13 84

hv Z jw NZ bv nq Ges AvBwmwmwcAvi -Gi AvIZvq wba vwiz Ab vb mkj AwaKvi hv Z bvixiv fvm Ki Z cv ib m welqwu ivóª mywbwðz Ki e 321 AwaKš, wmwiõi Aby Q` 5(K) iv óªi Rb AviI wkqz eva evakzv Av ivc K i Q m jv n jv, bvix-cyiæ li D P-bxP f`v f `i aviyv _ K M o IVv mkj ai bi Kyms vi, cö_vmz Ges Ab vb me AvPiY `~ixki Y bvix-cyiæ li mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AvPi Yi aviv cwiez b Ki Z n e GQvov bvix-cyiæ li R b wba vwiz Avjv`v `vwqz ev f wgkvii cwiez b NUv Z n e weev ni ÿ Î evsjv ` ki cvwievwik AvBb jv mv g i wbðqzv `qbv gvbevwakv ii gvb` Ð weevn Ges cvwievwik m ú K ˆelg nxbzv PP vi h eva evakzv i q Q evsjv ` ki AvB bi A bk Dcv`vb Zvi mv _ mvsnwl K bx P Av jvwpz mme ˆelg g~jk Dcv`v bi g a i q Q: weev ni ejvq m ú~y I ^vaxb g Zi Abycw wz Ges eûweev ni AvBbMZ ^xk wz; Zvjv Ki ÿ Î bvix Ges cyiæ li Rb Amg gvb`ð; Zvjv Ki ejvq ˆeevwnK m úwë `vexi ÿ Î bvixi AÿgZv; fiy cvly cviqvi ÿ Î bvbv cöwzeükzv; eva Zvg~jK weevn wbeüb e e vi Abycw wz cöf wz AvšÍR vwzk AvB bi gvb`ð cö qv MI evsjv ` ki NvUwZ i q Q D`vniY ^iƒc, hmkj bvix wek vm K ib h Zv `i weevn AvBbMZfv e ˆea Ges Zviv ^vgx- xiƒ c GKmv _ emevm K i Qb wkš Av`vj Z weev ni eazv cögv Y e _ n q Qb, mme bvix `i Rb AvBbx myiÿvi Kvb e e v evsjv ` ki AvBb jv Z ivlv nqwb wmwi Kb fbk b evsjv ` ki msi Y wmwi Kb fbk bi Aby Q` 2 Ges 16 Z evsjv `k mikvi msi Y i L Q Aby Q` 2 Abyhvqx bvixi cöwz mkj cökvi ˆelg `~ixki Yi Rb c` c MÖn Y iv óªi eva evakzv i q Q Ges 16 bs Aby Q ` weevn m úwk Z wm v šíi AwaKvi wee Z Av Q úózb Dc iv³ 2 wu Aby Q` ` k we` gvb kixqv AvB bi mv _ mvsnwl K weavq evsjv `k mikvi D³ Aby Q` jv Z msi Y i L Q wmwi KwgwU D jøl K i Q h, G ai bi msiÿy GB Kb fbk bi D Ïk Ges j ÿ i mv _ mvsnwl K m Kvi Y GwU AvšÍR vwzk AvB bi cwicš x Ges G msiÿy cöz vnvi K i biqv DwPZ wmwi KwgwU msiÿy cöz vnv ii Rb evsjv `k K evievi Aby iva Rvwb q G m Q 322 evsjv `k mikvi 2010 mv j wmwi KwgwUi Kv Q cöwiz wi cv U D jøl K i Q h, ÒmsiÿY cöz vnvi K i biqvi welqwu...we epbvaxb i q Q Ó 323 321 RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwU, mvaviy gšíe bs 28, Aby Q` - 5 322 wmwi KwgwU, Óbvixi cöwz ˆelg we jvc msµvší KwgwU, evsjv `k -Gi mgvcbx ch eÿyó, 48Zg Awa ekb, Rvbyqvix 17 - deªæqvwi 4, 2011, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g11/417/30/pdf/g1141730.pdf?openelement (me kl `Lv n q Q - 5 ww m ^i 2011), Aby Q` 11; wmwi KwgwU, Óbvixi cöwz ˆelg we jvc msµvší KwgwU, evsjv `k -Gi mgvcbx ch eÿyó, 31Zg Awa ekb, Ryb 2004, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/bangladeshco31.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q - 5 ww m ^i 2011), Aby Q` 236 323 ^vÿikvix ivóªmg~ ni mgwš^z lô I mßg wcwiiwwk cöwz e`b; wmwi Aby Q` 18 -Gi AvIZvq ^vÿikvix ivóªmg~ ni ckk Z cöwz e`b we epbv, CEDAW/C/BGD/6-7, gvp 2010, http://daccess-dds- 85

RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwU gvbevwakvi m úwk Z Pzw³mg~ n msiÿ Yi my hvm _vkvi Dc hvwmzv wb q cökœ Zz j Q KwgwU D jøl K i Q h, msiÿ Yi my hvmwu wf qbv Kb fbk bi Pzw³ msµvší AvB bi Aaxb GB AvB bi Aby Q` 19(3) e j Kvb msiÿyb Kvb Pzw³i D Ïk Ges j ÿ i mv _ msnvzc~y n Z cvi e bv 324 Gi A_ n jv h mg Í msiÿy cöpwjz bxwz Ges AvšÍ RvwZK cö_vmz AvB bi mv _ msnvzc~y m mg Í Aby Q` ÔmsiÿYÕ Kiv hv e bv Abyiƒcfv e Pzw³i g a AwaKvi K kö v Ges wbwðzki Yi eva evakzv wksev Pzw³ Z ey xz AwaKvi K vbxq ch v q Kvh Ki Ki Z cö qvrbxq c` ÿc MÖn Yi eva evakzvi cöwz msiÿy Av ivc Kiv Kvbµ gb MÖnY hvm bq ( hgbuv evsjv ` ki Av ivwcz msiÿ Y cözxqgvb n Q) 325 GB KwgwU evsjv ` ki g Zv Abyiƒcfv e Av ivwcz msiÿ Yi e vcv i we kl ` wó AvKl Y K i Q KviY G ai bi msiÿy e vck nv i mymsmwvz Ges ev ÍweK A _ hme AwaKvi fvm Kivi Rb RvZxq AvB b cö qvrbxq ms v ii Avek KZv _v K mme AwaKvi K G ai bi msiÿy AKvh Ki K i `q 326 eûweevn RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwU D jøl K i Q h, Òeûweevn bvixi gh v`v K ÿzbœ K ió Ges wbtm ` n GwU GKwU Òbvixi cöwz P ovší ˆelg Ó hv Ò hlv bb N U _vkzk bv Kb wbg ~j Kiv `ikvió 327 wmwi KwgwUI e j Q - eûweevn cyiæ li Abyiƒc bvixi mgawakvi wbwðz Kivi ÿ Î cªwzeükzv m wó K i Ges G ai bi weevn bvixi cöwz Ges bvixi Dci wbf ikxj e w³ `i c ÿ Pig gvbwmk I Avw_ K ÿwzi KviY n Z cv i m Kvi Y G ai bi weevn wbiærmvwnz I wbwl Kiv DwPZ 328 evsjv ` ki cvwievwik AvB b gymwjg Ges wn `y cyiæ li eûweevn Aby gvw`z GB AvBb Øviv bvixi mgawakvi ÿzbœ nq hlb GKRb cyiæl Zvi ez gvb ˆeevwnK Ae vi K_v Mvcb iv L Ges cybtweevn K i ZLb weev ni ÿ Î cö hvr Zvi ez gvb x ev x `i m ú~y Ges ^vaxb gz cökv ki AwaKviwUI ( h AwaKvi wmwi, AvBwmwmwcAvi Ges Ab vb Pzw³ ØvivI msiwÿz) jw NZ nq 329 ny.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n10/288/51/pdf/n1028851.pdf?openelement (me kl `Lv n q Q - 5 ww m ^i 2011), Aby Q` 68 324 mvaviy gšíe bs 24: Pzw³ (Covenant) ev Zvi Ackbvj cöv UvK j Aby ^vÿi Kiv ev hy³ niqvi ÿ Î AvcwË, wksev Pzw³i Aby Q` 41 Gi Aax b cö`ë NvlYv m úwk Z welqmg~n, 11 GwcÖj 1994, Aby Q` 6, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol.I), c ôv 210 325 c~ e v³, Aby Q` 8 Ges 9 326 c~ e v³, Aby Q` 12 327 RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwU, mvavib gšíe bs 28, Aby Q` 24 328 wmwi KwgwU, mvavib mycvwik bs 21, Aby Q` 14 329 wmwi, Aby Q` 16(b); AvBwmwmwcAvi, Aby Q` 23(3); AvBwmBGmwmAvi, Aby Q` 10(1) 86

wndg vb ivbum IqvP evsjv ` k cyiæ li eûweev ni Kvi Y A bk ÿ Î bvixi cªwz cvwievwik wbh vz bi cögvy c q Q, hv bvixi cöwz mwnsmzv iv a evsjv `k mikv ii M nxz cö Póvi e vcv i cö kœi Rb w` q Q hgb, ^vgxi cybtweev ni Î AvBbMZ c~e kz jv g b Pjvi h eva evakzv i q Q Zv Kvh Ki Ki Z evsjv `k mikvi e _ n q Q AvBb cö qv M GB e _ Zv cvwievwik wbh vzb e w Z Ae`vb ivl Q 19 Ges 28 bs mvaviy mycvwi k wmwi KwgwU Rviv jvfv e e j Q h, hw` ivóª AwaKvi jsn bi NUbv ivak í h_vh_ ZrciZvi mv _ Aciv ai Z`šÍ Ki Z Ges mwnsmzvi Aciv ai h_vh_ wepvi I kvw Í wbwðzki Y e _ nq Zvn j e w³i e w³mz Kvh Kjv ci Rb ivóª KB `vqx n Z n e 330 Zvjv Ki ÿ Î bvix Ges cyiæ li Rb Amg weavb weev ni mkj ÿ Î bvix-cyiæ li mgawakvi Ges weev ni ÕcwimgvwßÕKv j cyiæ li PvB Z bvixi AvBbMZ evav hv Z ewk bv nq Zv wbwðz Kivi ÿ ÎI iv óªi eva evakzv i q Q h mkj AvB b weevn we Q `i Aby gv`b i q Q, mme ÿ Î g~jzt gymwjg I wlª vb bvixiv weevn we Q `i AwaKvi PP vi ejvq cyiæ li PvB Z ewk cöwzeükzvi m ylxb nb Zvjv Ki gva g weevn we Q` NUv bvi c~y AwaKvi gymwjg cyiæl `i i q Q wkš GKRb gymwjg bvix KejgvÎ ZLbB ZvjvK w` Z cvi eb hw` Zvi ^vgx weev ni Pzw³c Î xi weevn we Q `i ÿgzvi e vcv i m wz Ávcb K ib gymwjg bvixiv Aek gyevivõz (hlb `yõcÿb m wz `b) A_ev Lyjv (hlb x we Q `i `vex K ib Ges ^vgx Zv Z m wz `b) Gi gva g weevn we Q` NUv Z cv ib wkš A b Ki g Z, Lyjv cö_vi Aax b weevn we Q `i ÿ Î bvix `i K wkqz Qvo (mvaviyz UvKv A_ev gvnivbvi `vex) w` Z nq GB Qvo g~jzt n q _v K weevn we Q ` ^vgxi m wz Av`v qi Rb Z e weevn we Q `i Rb gymwjg bvixiv Av`vj ZiI Øvi n Z cv ib ZLb gymwjg weevn AvB bi AvIZvq weevn we Q `i ÿ Î Av`vj Zi n Í ÿ ci my hvm N U Ges m cöwµqvwu mvaviyz n q _v K ek e qeûj I mgqmv cÿ Avi AvBbwU weevn we Q` mswkøó cvwicvwk K Ae v KI wbqš Y K i _v K Ges mb cwiw wz mvaviyz bvix `i AbyK~j nqbv wlªóvb ag vej ^xiv weevn we Q` AvB bi Aax b we Q` NUv Z cv ib GB AvB b GKRb ^vgx Zvi x K e wfpv ii Awf hv M mn RB cwiz vm Ki Z cv ib Z e x ^vgx K cwiz vm Ki Z PvB j Zv K ek wkqz KwVb kz c~iy Ki Z nq Gme wel q B Zvc~ e Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q 330 wmwi KwgwU, Aby Q` 2 -Gi Aax b m`m ivóªmg~ ni gšwjk eva evakzv msµvší mvaviy mycvwik bs 28, A ±vei 2010, CEDAW/C.2010/47/GC.2, c viv - 19 87

ˆeevwnK m úwëi AvBbMZ ^xk wzi Afve weevn Ges weevn we Q `i mg q bvixi mgawakvi ej Z ˆeevwnK m úwë Z Zvi AwaKv ii welqwui AšÍf y³ wmwi Kb fbk bi Aby Q` 16 Z ejv n q Q, Ôm úwëi gvwjkvbv, m úwë AR b, Gi e e vcbv, cwipvjbv, fvm`lj Ges n ÍvšÍ i ^vgx- x `yr bib mgawakvi i q QÕ hv ivóª K wbwðz Ki Z n e 331 RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwUi g Z, weev n mgzv gv b n jv Ôweev ni ci mkj ÿ ÎÕ mgzv, hvi g a Ôm úwëi e e vcbvõi AšÍf z³ eevwnk m ú K i Aax b Õm úwëi gvwjkvbv A_ev e e vcbvqõ ^vgx- x Df qib mgawakvi Ges `vqe Zv i q Q hv ivóª K wbwðz Ki Z n e, Zv m m úwë ^vgx- x Df qi wksev Zv `i h Kvb GKR bi gvwjkvbvaxb, h ai bib nvk bv Kb G RvZxq m úwëi gvwjkvbv jvf Ges cwipvjbvi ÿ Î weevwnz bvix `i mgawakvi wbwðz Ki Z mswkøó AvBb jv ch v jvpbv K i `Lvi Rb RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwU ivóªmg~ ni cöwz AvnŸvb Rvwb q Q 332 AvBwmBGmwmAvi -Gi ev Íevqb ch eÿykvix A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi msµvší KwgwU (wmbgmwmavi)i AwfgZ w` q Q h, eevwnk m úwë Z bvixi mgawakvi iv óªi mikvi jv KB wbwðz Ki Z n e 333 mvgvwrk Ges agx q ` wófw½ Abyhvqx, ^vgxivb Zv `i x `i `vq`vwqz enb K i Ges m Kvi Y ˆeevwnK m úwë Z bvix `i mgawakvi cö`vb AbywPZ, wmwi KwgwU GB aviyv K cöz vl vb K i Q cyiæl Zvi cwiev ii bvix I mšívb `i ØvwqZ enb K i GB hyw³ Z ˆeevwnK m úwë Z bvixi mgawakvi wbwðz bv Kiv ˆelg g~jk 334 hw`i A bk `k weevn we Q `i mgq ˆeevwnK m úwë ` úwz `i g a e Ub K i _v K ZviciI GB KwgwU D jøl Ki Z Pvq h, H `kmg~n weevwnz bvixi ïaygvî Avw_ K Ae`vb K we epbvq iv L d j Avw_ K bq Ggb Ae`vb jv Zv `i we epbv _ K ev` c o hvq 335 iv óªi DwPZ bvixi Avw_ K Ges A_ -mswkøó bq ( hgb wkï `i jvjb-cvjb, e qv R ô `i hzœ biqv, msmv ii Ab vb ˆ`bw `b Kvh m úv`b) Ggb me ai bi Ae`vb K mgvb iz w` q weevn we Q `i mgq ˆeevwnK m úwë e Ub Kiv 336 331 wmwi, Aby Q` 16(1)(h) 332 RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwU, mvaviy gšíe bs 28, Aby Q` 25 333 A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi m úwk Z RvwZmsN KwgwU, mvaviy gš e bs 16, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi fv Mi ÿ Î bvix-cyiæ li mgawakvi, E/C.12/2005/4, 2005, http://daccess-ddsny.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g05/435/39/pdf/g0543539.pdf?openelement (me kl `Lv n q Q - 27 AvM 2011), Aby Q` 27 334 wmwi KwgwU, mvaviy mycvwik bs 21, Aby Q` 28 335 c~ e v³, Aby Q` 30-33 336 c~ e v³, Aby Q` 32 88

evsjv` ki AvBb bvixi Avjv`v K i m úwë cviqvi AwaKvi wbwðz bv K i eis ˆeevwnK evox Ges ^vgxi m úwë Z bvixi me ai bi Ae`vb K D c v K i _v K 2010 mv ji cvwievwik wbhv Zb cöwz iva AvB b ÔA_ bwzk wzõi aviyv K Ges ˆeevwnK ev Askx`vix evox Z xi Ae`v bi mswÿß wkš iæz c~y ^xk wz `Iqv n q Q wkš Gi evb i Ab Kvb AvB b `v úz Rxeb hvcbkv j ˆeevwnK m úwëi wbqš Y I e envi wksev `v úz m úk cwimgvwßi mgq Gme m úwë e U bi ÿ Î bvixi mgawakv ii K_v mywbw` ófv e ejv bb 337 Ô gvniõ n Q bvixi GKgvÎ ^xk Z m úwëi AwaKvi hv evsjv ` ki gymwjg cvwievwik AvB b ewy Z Av Q gvn ii A_ GKwU Avw_ K cöwzköæwz hv weev ni Pzw³i mg q ^vgx KZ K cöwzköæz n q _v K ev Í e cyiæl cövq memgq ˆeevwnK m ú K i c i AwR Z evox, f~wg Ges Ab vb m úwëi gvwjk nq hw`i H m úwë AR b bvixi cöpzi Ae`vb _v K Z_vwc weevn we Q `i mgq cyiælb mkj m úwëi gvwjkvbv jvf K i ˆeevwnK m úwë wel q h_vh_ AvBb bv _vkvi Kvi Y weevn Ges weevn we Q `i ÿ Î bvixi mgawakvi jw NZ nq, hv bvixi gvbm Z Rxeb hvc bi AwaKvi KI e vnz K i 338 GB AvBbx Afve bvixi gvbm Z evm vb cövwßi AwaKv ii DciI cöfve d j KviY weevn we Q `i c i bvix K Ni Q o P j h Z nq d j h ai bi Rxeb-hvÎvq Af Í wq jb weevn we Q `i ci Zvi P q wbgœ-gv bi evm v b Rxeb hvcb Ki Z wzwb eva nb Pzw³i kz c~i Y evsjv ` ki Ae v m úwk Z me kl wiwfd -Gi mgq wmwi KwgwU weevn we Q`Kv j ˆeevwnK m úwëi e Ub m ú K Rvb Z P q Q KwgwUi civgk n jv - evsjv ` ki DwPZ n e ÒGme ÿ Î Ges GgbwK cvwievwik AvB bi KwVb Abykvm bi cwiw wz ZI bvixi AwaKvi msiÿy I Dbœq b cömwzkxj AvBbx c` ÿc MÖnY KivÓ GB KwgwU AviI mycvwik K i Q h, Óweevn m úwk Z mkj A_ bwzk djvdj ev cwiywz jv K `Iqvbx Pzw³i Aaxb welq wn m e cybivq msávwqz Kiv `ikvi Ges ˆeevwnK m úwë Z Askx`vwi Z i aviyvwu KI Õc ivÿ Pzw³Õi ZË _ K MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i, hv Z mkj cökvi weev ni ÿ Î Zv cö qvm Kiv hvqó 339 337 cvwievwik mwnsmzv (cöwz iva I myiÿv) AvBb 2010, aviv 10 Ges 15 338 AvBwmBGmwmAvi, Aby Q` 11, Gi mv _ co b A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi m úwk Z RvwZmsN KwgwUi mvaviy gšíe bs 16, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi fv Mi ÿ Î bvix-cyiæ li mgawakvi (Aby Q` 3, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi welqk AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³), 2005, E/C.12/2005/4, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g05/435/39/pdf/ G0543539.pdf?OpenElement (me kl `Lv n q Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012), Ges `Lyb - mvaviy gšíe bs 20, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKv ii ÿ Î ˆelg nxbzv (Aby Q` 2, c viv 2, A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi welqk AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³), 2009, E/C.12/GC/20,http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/comments.htm (me kl `Lv n q Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012) 339 wmwi KwgwU, ÓPzw³i 18 bs Aby Q `i AvIZvq m`m ivóªmg~ ni ckk Z cöwz e` bi Dci we epbv, evsjv ` ki mgwš^z lô I mßg wcwiiwwk cöwz e`bó, Aby Q` - 51 89

fiy cvly Av`v qi ÿ Î evavmg~n gvbevwakv ii AvšÍR vwzk Pzw³ jv Z ` úwzi fiy cvl Yi e vcv i mywbw` ó e vl v we køly bv _vk ji GK_v Ab ^xkvh h, weevn Ges Gi cwimgvwß Z bvix hv Z ˆelg g~jk AvPi Yi wkkvi bv nq m AwaKvi wbwðz Ki Z Zvi fiy cvly cövwßi welqwu AZ ší iæz c~y c w_exi me ` k bvixi cöwz mgv Ri GK ai bi cöz vkv _v K h, bvix Zvi K vwiqvi Ges A_ bwzk Kvh Kjvc K cwievi Ges M n vjxi `vwq Z i bx P vb ` e bvixi Avqg~jK KvR K KLbI KLbI m ú~y iƒ c eü Kiv bv M ji weevn cövq mg qb Zvi Avq Ges K vwiqv ii AMÖMwZ K evavmö Í K i `v úz Rxe bi cy ivuv mgq Ry o bvix memgq cyiæ li P q `o ekx M n vjxi KvR Ges cwiev ii mevh Zœi `vwqz cvjb K i _v K Zv `i G Ae`vb cövq mgq ^vgxi K vwiqv ii AMÖMwZ, cvwievwik e emvi DbœwZ Ges cwiev ii mvwe K gvb Dbœq b e vck f wgkv iv L weevn Ges weev ni cwimgvwßi mgq bvix I cyiæl hv Z mgawakvi fvm Ki Z cv i Zvi Rb wkqz ev Íe welq K mswkøó AvB b ^xkvi K i bqv Riæwi m jv n jv, weevn bvixi A_ bwzk ^vaxbzv K evavmö Í K i, weev ni cwimgvwß Z cyiæ li Zzjbvq A bk Kg m úwë Ges A_ bwzk my hvm bvixi Rb eiv ivlv nq, BZ vw` Gme ÿ Î bvixi Rb we kl AvBbx iÿvkep _vk Z n e `v úz Rxe b cwicvwjz wewfbœ `vwqz I f wgkv K we epbvq wb q weevn we Q `i mgq ^vgx- x Df qi Rb hv Z mgvb Avw_ K Ae v wbwðz Kiv hvq, fiy cvly msµvší AvBbwU mikb niqv DwPZ AvšÍRv wzk Pzw³mg~ n fiy cvly wel q ch vß e vl vi Afve _vk ji mswkøó RvwZmsN KwgwU G msµvší AvB bi iæz m ú K gzvgz Zz j aivi cvkvcvwk Gme AvBb K AviI Kvh Ki Kivi j ÿ cö qvrbxq AvBbx ms vi K DrmvwnZ K i Q ˆelg nxbzv hv Z Gme AvB bi mev ev my hvm jv fi g~j wfwë nq, m wel qi KwgwU Zvi e vl v Zz j a i Q RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwUi AwfgZ n jv, AvBwmwmwcAvi Gi 23 bs Aby Q `i gva g Ò x K fiy cvly Ges Av`vjZ KZ K wba vwiz Lvi cvk cö`v bi ÿ Î... cvwicvwk K Ae v I cöwµqvi ga w` q Abym Z ˆelg g~jk AvPiY KÓ wbwl Kiv n q Q 340 wmwi KwgwUI ^vÿikvix ivóªmg~n K fiy cvly AvBb ms v ii ZvwM` w` q Q, hv Z K i ^vgx- xi g a weivrgvb RÛvi mswkøó A_ bwzk ˆelg Ges A ezwbk Kv R bvixi e vck mswkøózvi g Zv welq jvi cöwzdjb D³ AvBb jv Z cviqv hvq 341 340 RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwU, mvaviy gšíe bs 19, c viv - 9 341 `Lyb wmwi KwgwU, Rvgv wbi Dci mgvcbx ch e Y, CEDAW/C/DEU/CO/6, 2009, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/cedaw-c-deu-co6.pdf (me kl `Lv n q Q - 7 GwcÖj 2012), c viv - 55 90

wmwi KwgwUi m`m iv GKwU gvgjvi ivq cö`v bi mgqi fiy cvl Yi welqwu wb q Av jvpbv K i Qb GKRb ZvjvKcÖvß bvix wmwi Ackbvj cö UvK ji Aax b D³ gvgjv `v qi K ib 342 vbxq AvB bi cöwzkvig~jk e e v m ú K cy ivcywifv e AewnZ bv _vkvi Kvi Y gvgjvwu evwzj Kiv nq Z e KwgwUi `yõrb m`m gvgjvi cwiywzi e vcv i wøgz cvly K i vbxq Av`vj Zi we epbv Kiv DwPZ wqj Ggb wkqz welq ev wepvwik gvb`ð evz j w` q Qb Zv `i ch eÿy wqj GiKg : vbxq Av`vjZ GKwU Õh _vwpzõ gvîvi fiy cvly wba viy K i `Iqvi ÿ Î e _ Zvi cwipq w` q Q, Av`vj Zi DwPZ wqj ^vgxi DcvR b Ges K vwiqv ii DbœwZi mgq Zvi cwiev i x hfv e eq ii ci eqi a i A ezwbk Kv Ri gva g Ae`vb i L M Qb m jv K we epbvq bqv GQvov Zvi AwbwðZ A_ bwzk Ae v, evb i KvR Kivi e vcv i Zvi AbwfÁZv, eq mi Kvi Y KvR Luy R cviqvi m vebv wksev wb Ri fiy cvl Yi fvi en bi mvg_ Av Q wkbv BZ vw` welqi vbxq Av`vj Zi we epbv Kiv DwPZ wqj e j Zviv g b K ib GB mkj gvb` Ði mv _ fiy cvly wba vi Yi wel q K vwiweqvb KwgDwbwUi AviI we Í Z cwim i ˆZwi ZvwjKvi h _ó wgj i q Q (PZz_ Aa v q G wel q we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv Av Q) fiy cvl Yi wel q evsjv ` ki cvwievwik AvB b hv ejv Av Q Zv LyeB A úó mywbw` ó gvb`ð bv _vkvi Kvi Y Av`vjZ wksev cö_vmz cöwzôvb jv fiy cvly wba vi Y gvbm Z Kvb wbqg ev c wz h AbymiY Ki e Zvi Kvb wbðqzv bb djköæwz Z `Lv hvq, x K `Iqv fiy cvl Yi cwigvy cövq ÿ Î AwZ mvgvb n q _v K Ges weev ni cwimgvwßkv j bvixcyiæ li h Amg Avw_ K Ae v Zv ms kvab Kiv Avi m e n q I Vbv AwaKš, evsjv ` k xi fiy cvl Yi e vcv i `v qik Z gvgjv jvi wb úwë cöwµqv h_vixwz `xn I mgqmv c n q _v K cövqkt `Lv hvq Gme gvgjv hy Mi ci hym a i Pj Q d j `v úz Rxe bi cwimgvwß Z A_ bwzk mnvqzv jv fi Rb weevwnz bvix `i `v qik Z gvgjv jv ev Í e AKvh Ki n q c o G ai bi gvgjv wb úwë Z cvwievwik Av`vjZmg~n hv Z GKwU mywbw` ó mgqmxgv g b P j Zv evsjv `k mikvi GLbI wbwðz Ki Z cv iwb wksev `v qik Z gvgjvi me kl ivq bv Avmv ch ší AšÍZtc ÿ AšÍeZx Kvjxb mg qi Rb wbw` ó cwigv Y xi fiy cvly cviqvi welqwui wbwðz Kiv hvqwb Ab vb ` k, hgb cvwk Ív b, GB mgm vi mgvavb B Zvg a n q M Q gvgjv PjvKvjxb Ae vq x ^vgxi KvQ _ K fiy cvly cv e - G ai bi wbqg cöez bi gva g cvwk Ív b GB welqwui wb úwë Kiv n q Q 343 342 Ms. B-J v. Germany, Communication No.: 1/2003, bvixi cöwz ˆelg we jvc msµvší KwgwUi wm vší, wmwi Ackbvj cö UvK ji AvIZvq AvbxZ GKwU cö Íve/gvgjv K AMÖnY hvm e j NvlYv, 2004 mv ji 14 RyjvB 31Zg Awa ek b GB wm vší M nxz nq, cwiwkó `ªóe 343 cvwk Ív bi cvwievwik Av`vjZ AvBb, 1964, aviv 17A; gvj qwkqvi gymwjg cvwievwik ( dwv ij Uwi UvwiR) AvBb, 1984, aviv 70; gi v Ges gvj qwkqvi AšÍe Zx Kvjxb fiy cvly cö`vb K i _v K 91

weevn wbeüb weev n m wz, weev ni b~ bzg eqm Ges weevn wbeüb msµvší Pzw³ Òh _vchy³ KZ c i Øviv GKwU wbw` ó mikvwi iwr v ii g a mkj weev ni wbeüb wbwðz KiviÓ Rb m`m ivóªmg~ ni cöwz eva evakzv Av ivc K i Q 344 Z e evsjv ` ki ÿ Î weevn wbeüb GKwU RwUj cöwµqv mkj agx q m úª`v qi Rb GB weevn wbeüb eva Zvg~jKI bq wlªóvb Ges gymwjg m úª`v qi gvbyl K weevn wbeüb Ki Z n e wvkb, wkš m Î AvaywbK Z_ cöhyw³ wbf i ikw msiÿ Yi Kvb e e v bb weev ni bw_c Î i`e`j, we klz gymwjg `i Î GKwU eo mgm v, hv mikvi GLb ch ší wbqš Y e _ n q Q wn `y Rb Mvôxi ejvq weevn wbeü bi Av `Š Kvb e e v bb Z e evsjv ` ki gwš mfv 2012 mv ji g gv m wn `y weev ni Hw QK wbeü bi GKwU wej Aby gv`b K i Q ^xk Z bq Ggb m ú K i Î bvixi wbivcëv weavb Dc i Av jvwpz weeiy Abymv i, evsjv ` k Ggb A bk NUbv Av Q hlv b bvixiv cyiæ li mv _ `v úz m úk ervq iv L GB wek v m h, Zviv weevwnz hlb cyiælwu m úk fvo Z Pvq GKgvÎ ZLbB bvixiv eys Z cv i h, AvBb Abyhvqx Zv `i weevn nqwb wksev GB weev ni ˆeaZv cögv Yi Rb Kvb AvBbMZ Z_ cögvyvw` Zv `i nv Z bb gvbevwakvi welqk AvšÍR vwzk AvBb ÔcwieviÕ Gi aviyv K ek bgbxq A _ MÖnY K i Q RvwZms Ni Pzw³ msµvší KwgwU jv wewfbœ cvwievwik cwiw wz Z cwievi m úwk Z me AwaKv ii ^xk wz `Iqvi Rb m`m ivóªmg~n K DrmvwnZ K i Q D`vniY ^iƒc, AvBwmwmwcAvi -Gi 23 bs Aby Q `i ( h Aby Q` cwievi, weevn Ges ` úwzi mgvbvwakv ii wbðqzv `q) Dci ckk Z mvaviy gší e RvwZms Ni gvbevwakvi KwgwU e j Q, GKK wczv-gvzv Ges Zv `i mšívbvw`mn wewfbœ ai bi cwievi K ^xk wz `Iqvi e vcv i ivóªmg~ ni ˆbwZK `vq ev eva evakzv i q Q Gme cwiw wz Z bvix `i Rb mgawakvi I mgavpiy wbwðz KivI iv óªi Ab Zg `vwqz 345 evsjv ` k Kvb Kvb agx q Mvôx Z GKwU ˆea weevn ej Z wk evsvq m m ú K my úó gvb` Ði Afve i q Q G wel q mwvk aviyvi Afve Ges weevn wbeüb e e vi `ye j cö qv Mi Kvi Y A bk ` úwz wb R `i K weevn eü b Ave e j g b K ib wkš ev Í e `Lv hvq, 344 weev n m wz, weev ni b~b Zg eqm Ges weevn wbeüb msµvší Pzw³, 7 b f ^i 1962 mv j M nxz, G.A. res. 1763 (XVII), Kvh Ki niqvi ZvwiL - 9 ww m ^i 1964, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/convention.htm (me kl `Lv n q Q - 17 AvMó 2011), Aby Q` 3 evsjv `k 5 A ±vei 1998 mv j GB Kb fbkb MÖnY K i 345 RvwZmsN gvbevwakvi KwgwU, mvaviy gšíe bs 19, c viv 2 92

Zviv Avm j weev ni Kvb AvBbMZ kz B c~iy K ibwb hme bvix G ai bi cwiw wzi wkkvi nb Zviv cvwievwik AvB bi AvIZvq fiy cvly ev Ab Kvb ai bi wbivcëv jv fi AwaKvix nb bv, m fiy cvly ev wbivcëv hz AwKwÂZKiB nvk bv Kb evsjv ` ki DwPZ weev ni AvBbx kz c~i Y Aÿg niqv m Ë I Kvb e w³ wk cwiw wz Z ˆeevwnK Ges cvwievwik AwaKv ii `vex DÌvcb Ki Z cv i Zv wba vi Y wepvik `i Rb ^ Q w`k wb ` kbv cöyqb Kiv AvšÍR vwzk AvB bi mv _ m½wz weavb Kivi Rb B GB c` ÿc MÖnY Kiv Riæwi mvgvwrk wbivcëvi AwaKvi mvgvwrk wbivcëv jv fi AwaKvi wbwðz Kivi j evsjv `k eûwea gvbevwakvi Pzw³ Aby gv`b K i Q AvBwmBGmwmAvi Gi 9 bs Aby Q ` ÔmvgvwRK exgvmn cö Z Ki mvgvwrk wbivcëv jv fi AwaKviÕ ^xkvi K i biqv n q Q wmwi Kb fbk bi 11(B) bs Aby Q ` ejv n q Q, bvix `i Rb Õwe kl K i hviv ekvi, Amy, A g Ges eq wksev Ab vb Kvi Y hv `i Kg gzv nvwi q M QÕ Zv `i Rb mvgvwrk wbivcëvi e e v Kiv iv óªi `vwqz 346 Ab w` K Aby Q` 14(wm) ej Q, mvgvwrk wbicëv Kg m~wp _ K MÖvgxY bvixiv mivmwi DcK Z n eb - GUvB cöz vwkz 347 wmaviwcww Gi 28 bs Aby Q` kvixwik cöwzeüx, we klz bvix Ges wk kvix `i cöwz, mvgvwrk wbivcëv I `vwi`ª we gvpb Kg m~wpi myweav wbwðz Kivi Rb m`m ivóªmg~ ni Dci eva evakzv Av ivc K i Q we kl K i, cöwzeüx i q Q Ggb `wi`ª cwievi cöwzeüx fvzv cö`vbkvix Kg m~wpi myweav hv Z MÖnY Ki Z cv i Zv wbwðz Ki Z GB Aby Q ` ivóªmg~ ni cöwz eva evakzv Av ivc Kiv n q Q 348 wmbgmwmavi Gi mvaviy gšíe bs 19 G ejv n q Q, ÔAch vß cvwievwik mn hvwmzvõ _ K wb R K iÿvi Rb A_ wksev Ab vb m ú` jv fi gva g DcK Z niqvi AwaKvi mvgvwrk wbivcëv jv fi AwaKv ii AšÍf y³ 349 GLv b ejv n q Q ÔhyrmB Kg ms v bi e e v Ki Z ev Zv K a i ivl Z bv cvivi Kvi Y h AvqnxbZv ev ÿwzi gy LvgywL n Z nq, mwu K cywl q `Iqvi R b cö qvrbxq my hvm ev DcvR bi e e v Kiv iv óªi `vwqz Õ 350 mvgvwrk wbivcëv jv fi AwaKvi me bvmwi Ki Rb cö hvr n ji cöavbz bvix, wkï, wbf ikxj cövßeq e w³, cöwzeüx, Ges e qvte mn wbw` ó kªyxi gvby li cöwz Ôwe kl g bv hvmõ `Iqvi Rb wmbgmwmavi m`m ivóªmg~ ni cöwz AvnŸvb Rvwb q Q 351 Kv R AskMÖn Yi ÿ Î bvbv cöwzeükzv Ges cvwievwik `vq-`vwq Z i Kvi Y h mkj bvix mgv R f~wgkv ivl Z cv ib bv, 346 wmwi, Aby Q` - 11(e) 347 c~ e v³, Aby Q` - 14(c) 348 wmwcaviww, Aby Q` - 28 349 A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi m úwk Z RvwZmsN KwgwU, mvaviy gšíe bs 19, c viv - 2 350 c~ e v³, c viv - 16 351 A_ bwzk, mvgvwrk I mvs wzk AwaKvi m úwk Z RvwZmsN KwgwU, mvaviy gšíe bs 19, c viv - 31 93

Zv `i K AskMÖnYg~jK mvgvwrk wbivcëv x gi gva g mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv iv óªi `vwqz, GB g g AwfgZ e ³ Kiv n q Q 352 evsjv `k mikvi Ab vb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi cvkvcvwk weaev Ges Ô ^vgx cwiz ³vÕ bvix `i K bm ` z`ª A_ fvzv cö`v bi Rb cöksmbxq wkqz c` c MÖnY K i Q mgm v n jv, ewkifvm bvixb Gme Kg m~wpi e vcv i Iqv Kenvj bb ZvQvov mswkøó KZ c i mv _ hvmv hvm K i Gme Kg m~wpi Z_ msmön Kiv bvix `i c ÿ ek KwVb KvR cövq ÿ Î `Lv hvq, hme KZ c ÿi KvQ _ K Z_ jv cviqvi K_v, hgb vbxq mikv ii wewfbœ Awdm wksev cvwievwik Av`vjZmg~n, mlvb _ K Kg m~wp jvi Z_ mn R cviqv hvqbv Gme Kg m~wpi A_ fvzv wezi Y wej ^ Ges Znwej Ace env ii welqwui AZ ší cxov`vqk f wg e Ub Kg m~wpi g Zv Ab vb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp jvi g a I i q M Q ˆel g i bvbv Dcv`vb d j mme Kg m~wpi Kvw LZ mydj e q Avb Z cvi Qbv D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq, mikv ii Lvm Rwg weziy Kg m~wpwu ÕGKgvÎ h mkj bvix-cöavb cwiev i Õm g cyiælõ i q Q mme cwiev ii g a BÕ Lvm Rwg cviqvi hvm Zv K mxgve K i w` q Q 352 c~ e v³, c viv - 32 94

7. mycvwik MYcÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikv ii: msm` m`m e `, gwš cwil` wefvm Ges AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš Yvj qi cöwz; weevn, we Q` (c _K emevm), ZvjvK Ges GZ`m úwk Z hvezxq wel q evsjv ` ki AvB bi e vck ms v ii Rb KvR Kiæb G Î we klá e w³em Ges mykxj mgv Ri hme msmvb bvix AwaKvi I msl vjny m cö`vq wb q KvR K ib Zv `i mv _ civgk Kiæb fz³ fvmx mkj cÿ ev m úª`vq K mv _ wb q ag wksev bvix-cyiæl f ` ˆelg m wó Ki ebv Ggb weavb m ^wjz `Iqvwb AvBb cöyq bi Rb GKwU AskM«nYg~jK c«wµqv Pvjy Kiæb AšÍe Z xkvjxb c` c wn m e cvwievwik AvBb ms kva bi gva g Gi elg g~jk w`k jv `~i Kiæb Ges mme AvBb ev Íevq bi c«wµqv Rvi`vi Kiæb GB c«w Z KZ c mg~ ni KiYxq n jv - mkj ag xq Mvôxi m`m `i K Zv `i ag xq mswkøózv A ^xkvi bv K i we kl weevn AvB bi Aax b weev ni Dc hvmx K i M o Zvjvi e e v wbb evsjv ` ki AvBb Kwgk bi mycvwik Abyhvqx Ges bvix AwaKvi wel q mwµq msmvb jvi m ½ civgk µ g weevnwe Q` AvB bi Aax b weevnwe Q `i Î jv K c«mvwiz Kiæb me a g i Abymvix `i Rb weevn wbeüb eva Zvg~jK Kiæb weev ni ÿ Î wwwruvj c wzi Z_ e e v Pvjy Kiæb Ges mlv b weev ni hvezxq Z_ Ggbfv e msiÿ Yi e e v wbb, hv Z we qi c«gvy wn m e mme Z_ mviv ` k mnrjf nq eevwnk m úwëi aviyvi c~y ^xk wz w`b Ges `v úz m ú K i cwimgvwß Kv j bvix `i Avw_ K Ges A_ -ewnf ~Z Ae`vbmg~ ni ^xk wz w` q ^vgx- xi g a D³ m úwë mgvb fv M fvm Kiv K Aby gv`b Kiæb mkj ag xq m cö`v qi Rb GB weavb cö hvr n e fiy cvly AvB bi ms vi Kiæb, GRb : fiy cvl Yi cwigvy wby q Kivi mgq cvwievwik Av`vj Zi wepvik `i w`k wb ` kbv `Iqvi Rb mywb w`ó gvb`ð Zix Kiæb GB gvb` Ði AšÍf y³ n e: m ú K i mgqkvj; ` úwzi wbf ikxj c i wk vjvf Ges DcvR b gzvi Dci 95

cwiev ii wkï cwiph v I mvsmvwik `vq-`vwq Z i c«fve; c«z K c i ez gvb I m ve fwel Z Avq; wbf ikxj c i ( xi) wb R K wb R fiy cvl Yi mvg_ ; ^vgx- xi ^v Ges eqm; wbf ikxj c i Pvwn`v Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb; Rxeb- RxweKvi Ab vb Dcvq; Ges Aci c ÿi ckvmz Dbœq b wbf ikxj c ÿi Ae`vb xi fiy cvl bi AwaKv ii mv _ Zvi "eva Zv," "mzxz," " eevwnk KZ e," A_ev "PvwiwÎK mzzv" cöf wz gvb` Ði g a Kvi hvezxq m úk wejyß Kiæb evsjv `k myc«xg Kv U i nvb KvU wwwfk bi wm v ší `v úz m úk cybt vc bi AvBbx `vex K AmvsweavwbK AvL v `Iqv n q Q D³ wm vší gvzv ek mswkøó AvBbwU wejyß Kiæb eûweev ni bwzevpk djvdj Ges Zvi mv _ cvwievwik mwnsmzvi m úk wel q `ke vcx m PZbZv m wói c` ÿc wbb Ges eûweev ni Aemv bi Rb KvR Kiæb GB msµvší Z_ hv Z wewfbœ ai bi MYgva g cviqv hvq Ges mme Z_ cövwßi e e vwu hv Z cöwzeüx evüe nq Zv wbwðz Kiæb ev Í e eûweevn c«_vi c«pjb m ú~y iƒ c `~ixf Z bv niqv ch ší GB cö_v evwz j cöyxz AvBb (hw` _v K) hv Z eûweev ni wkkvi x Ges Zv `i mšívb `i m úwë, gvni Ges fiy cvly cövwßmn hvezxq AwaKv ii myiÿv `q, Zv wbwðz Kiæb eûweevn cö_v evwzj K i Kvb AvBb cöyxz bv niqv ch ší, cyiæ li GKvwaK we q Kivi mvg_ K iva Ki Z cv i Ggb AvB bi K Vvi c«qvm wbwðz Kiæb GQvov ^vgxi Avw_ K mvg_ ev Ae vi my úó Z_ cögvymn Av Mi xi KvQ _ K AbygwZ MÖn Yi kz vejx Ges weev ni bvwu ki mgqkvj evov bvi e e v wbb weevn we Q `i ÿ Î cyiæl Ges bvixi mgvb AwaKvi I my hvm wbwðz Kiæb ZvjvKcÖvß, weevn-wew Qbœ (c _K emevmkvix) Ges ^vgx cwiz ³ bvix `i Rb mvgvwrk mnvqzv cövwßi mywb w`ó gvb`ðmn GKwU cwic~y mvgvwrk wbivcëv AvBb c«yqb Kiæb `v úz fv½ bi wkkvi bvixmn `wi`«ev M nnxb gvbyl K hb wbwe Pv i M«dZvi I AvUK Kiv bv nq mrb feny i Ges M nnxb e w³ (cybe vmb) AvBb, 2011 evwzj ev ms kvab 96

Kiæb hviv Kvb Acivag~jK NUbvi mv _ RwoZ bq Zv `imn wbwe Pv i AvUKK Z `i gyw³ `Iqvi Rb Awej ^ we` gvb mkj gvgjv ch v jvpbv Kiæb mgvr Kj vy gš Yvj qi cöwz; we` gvb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp, G Z myweav cviqvi ÿ Î hvm Zvi gvckvwv Ges Av e` bi wbqg wel q bvix `i m PZbZv e w i Rb wewfbœ MYgva g GB m úwk Z Z_ e vckfv e c«pv ii D ` vm M«nY Kiæb Ges Z_ cövwßi e e v hv Z cöwzeüxevüe nq Zv wbwðz Kiæb mvgvwrk wbivcëv welqk AvBb ms v ii Rb gwš cwil` Ges cwikíbv Kwgk bi m ½ civgk Kiæb Gi cvkvcvwk evm vb, Lv`, Kg ms vb, Ges ^v mev welqk mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp jv Z c _K-emevmiZ Ges ZvjvKc«vß bvix `i hv Z ch vß cö ekvwakvi _v K Zv wbwðz Kiæb weziyk Z A_ jwÿz myweav fvmx `i Kv Q cušqv bv wbwðz Kiv Ges Znwe ji Ace envi I `yb xwz wpwýz Kivi Rb vbxq mikvi wefv Mi mv _ civgk µ g weaev Ges "cwiz ³" bvix welqk Kg m~wpmn bm` A_ fvzv Kg m~wp jvi Dci bri`vix e w Kiæb AvBb, wepvi I msm` welqk gš Yvjq Ges mywc«g Kv U i c«avb wepvicwzi c«wz; ZvjvK, we Q`, fiy cvlb Ges gvnivbvi gvgjv wj ^vaxb I ^ Qfv e cwipvjbvi ^v _ cvwievwik Av`vj Zi m gzv e w Kiæb gvgjvru Ges gvgjvi `xn m~wîzv Kgv Z cö qvrbxq e e v M«nY Kiæb; Gi Rb cvwievwik Av`vj Z AviI wepvik wb qv Mi A_ev wepvik `i Dci _ K Ab vb `Iqvwb gvgjvi fvi Kgv bvi e e v wbb fiy cvl Yi gvgjvi P~ovšÍ wb úwë bv niqv ch ší cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v ` ki Aax b wepvik `i AšÍ ez xkvjxb Av `k c«`v bi h gzv i q Q mwu K AšÍe Z xkvjxb fiy cvly c«`v bi Rb e envi Ki Z Zv `i cöwz Riæix wb ` kbv Rvix Kiæb gvgjvkvix Ges Av`vj Zi Kg KZ v `i Kv Q mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi cö qvrbxq Z_ mieiv ni Rb cöwzwu cvwievwik Av`vj Z GKwU we kl W Pvjy Ges Zv Z ch vß msl K Kg Pvix wb qv Mi Rb mgvr Kj vy gš Yvj qi mv _ GK hv M KvR Kiæb 97

cvwievwik Av`vjZ Ges Avcxj wefv Mi mkj gvgjv wb úwë cöwµqv ch v jvpbv Kiæb Ges `xn m~wîzv Kgv bvi Rb m jv K hy Mvc hvmx Kiæb we kl K i, wbgœwjwlz c` c M«n Yi gva g cvwievwik Av`vj Zi mgb Rvix c wz K DbœZ Kiæb : `Iqvwb AvBb c wz I cvwievwik Av`vjZ Aa v `k ms v ii D ` vm wbb Gme c wzi ms vi Ggbfv e Kiæb hv Z (1) mgb Ges cvwievwik Av`vjZ gvgjvi bvwuk AviI Ab Dcv q, hgb e w³mz Kywiqvi mvwf m, d v wksev B- gb ji gva g Rvix Kiv hvq, Ges (2) gvgjvi GKZidv Kvhµ g ïiæ Kivi Av M mgb Rvixi cöwµqv, jukvbqv mgbrvix Ges Gfv e mgb Rvixi Rb h cwigvy mgq e q nq mwu KI cy iv cöwµqvi g a h_vh_ iæ Z i mv _ mgwš^z Kiv hvq brviz wefvm Ges Zvi mgb Kvh µg msµvší mevi Dci Z`viwK e w Kiæb brviz wefv Mi Kg KZ v Kg Pvix `i e vcv i DÌvwcZ `yb xwzi Awf hvm Z`šÍ Kiæb mgb Rvixi Kv R brviz Kg Pvix `i hvzvqvz Li Pi hvmvb `Iqvi Rb cö qvrbxq Znwe ji e e v Kiæb cvwievwik Av`vj Zi ivq/wwwµ h_vmg q ejer Kivi Rb AvBb ev Íevq bi GKwU kw³kvjx c wz M o Zzjyb fiy cvly ev gvnivbvi Rb Av e`bkvix c mg~n K GKBmv _ wwµx Rvix Ges Zv ejer Kivi Av e`b `vwl ji AbygwZ w`b bvix AwaKvi, `Iqvwb c wz, Ges c«gv Yi wbqg wel q cvwievwik Av`vj Zi wepvicwz `i Rb DbœZ c«wk Yi e e v Kiæb, hv Z Zviv h_vh_ cwiw wz Z jukvbqv mgbrvix Ges gšwlk mv i wfwë Z Av`vj Z Kvb weevn cögvy Kiv n j Zvi Aby gv`b `q vbxq wjm vj GBW GbwRI- `i mv _ Av jvpbv K i `wi`ª Av e`bkvix `i Rb GKwU Znwej MVb Kiæb hv _ K ^v x `i nvwriv eve` LiPmn cvwievwik Av`vj Z gvgjv cwipvjbvi Rb wkqz AvBbx LiP hvmv bv hvq mkj AvBbx cöwµqvq c wzmz mgš^q wbwðz Ki Z cö qvrbxq Kg m~wp cöyqb Kiæb hv Z cöwzeüx e w³iv Hme cöwµqvq cy ivcywifv e AskM«nY Ki Z cv ib 98

gwnjv I wkï welqk gš Yvj qi c«wz; wewfbœ c«kvi MYgva g cvwievwik mwnsmzvi weiæ `ke vcx m PZbZvg~jK c«pvi Awfhv bi D ` vm M«nY Kiæb Ges Zv hb cöwzeüxevüe nq m welqwu wbwðz Kiæb GB c«pviyvq Askx`vix evm v bi AwaKvi, A_ bwzk wzi Rb myi v, A vqx fiy cvly Ges cvwievwik mwnsmzv we ivax AvB bi Aax b bvix `i c«wzkvi PvIqv K DrmvwnZ Kiv cöf wz wel qi Dci iæz v ivc Kiæb evj weevn c«wz iv ai e e v Ges evj weevn c«wz iva AvBb, 1929 -Gi ev Íevqb Rvi`vi Ges m cömvwiz Kiæb c«wz Rjvq AšÍZ GKwU Avk«q K `ª vc bi j mikvix bvix Avk«q K `ªi msl v e w Kiæb ZvjvK ev we Q` ciez x mg q Avw_ K mgm vq RR woz bvix Ges ZiæYxivmn cvwievwik mwnsmzvi wkkvi bvixiv hv Z Gme Avk«q K `ª A vqx emev mi Rb cö ekvwakvi cvq m welqwu wbwðz Kiæb A vqx Riæix Avk«q K `ª _ K DcvR bi mv _ m½wzc~y wbr ^ evm v b P j h Z bvix `i K mvnvh Kivi Rb Avqg~jK Ges Ab vb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi mvnvh MÖnY QvovI cö qvrbxq Dcvq ei Ki Z Ab vb gš Yvj qi m ½ hš_fv e KvR Kiæb mgvr Kj vy gš Yvj qi mv _ hvmv hvm K i feny i Avk«q K `«jv Z Avwk«Z bvix `i mkj gvgjv/ NUbv ch v jvpbv Kiæb Ges `v úz fv½ bi Kvi Y M nnxb niqv bvix `i gyw³ wbwðz Kiæb f~wg gš Yvj qi c«wz; LvmRwg e Ub Kg m~wpi Î bvix c«avb cwiev i GKRb "m g" cyiæl _vk j mb cwievi K Lvm Rwg cviqvi hvm e j we ewpz Kivi kz evwzj Kiæb Ab vb mswkøó gš Yvjqmg~ ni m ½ hvmv hvm K i AbwZwej ^ Awc Z m úwë c«z c b AvBb ev Íevqb Kiæb ag welqk gš Yvj qi c«wz; KvRx `i weiæ DÌvwcZ bvbv `yb xwz, weev ni `wjj Rvj I wek ZKiY msµvší Awf hvm M«nY I Z` šíi Rb GKwU cöwµqv Pvjy Kiæb 99

wb R `i weevn Ges weevn ciez x AwaKvi m ú K bvix `i g a m PZbZv evov bvi Rb wewfbœ c«kvi MYgva g Z_ cökv ki e vck D ` vm M«nY Kiæb Ges mme e e v hv Z cöwzeüxevüe nq Zv wbwðz Kiæb Kvwebbvgv I Gi wewfbœ Aby Q `i Zvrch Ges wkfv e bvixiv Zv `i we qi mgq mwui gva g mg SvZv Ki Z cv i m wel q gymwjg bvix `i m PZbZv e w i Rb we kl c` c M«nY wbwðz Kiæb vbxq mikvi wefv Mi c«wz; vbxq mikvi KZ c i `yb xwz Ges gzvi Ace env ii weiæ DÌvwcZ Awf hvm MÖn Yi GKwU cöwµqv Pvjy Kivmn mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi ev Íevqb h_vh_fv e gwbui Kiæb gymwjg cvwievwik AvBb Aa v ` ki AvIZvq mvwjm cwil `i m`m wn m e Zv `i hme `vwqz i q Q m wel q vbxq mikvi KZ c i m`m `i Rb c«wk Yi e e v M«nY Kiæb Ges D³ cwil` jv Z Zv `i Kvh vejx h_vh_fv e m úv` bi Rb ch vß Znwej c«`vb Kiæb mvwjwm cwil` jv Z vbxq mikv ii bvix Kg KZ v `i AskM«n Yi e e v wbwðz Kiæb evsjv `k cwikíbv Kwgk bi c«wz; bvix c«avb cwievi Ges `vwi`ª m úwk Z Z_ avivevwnkfv e mikvwi cöwz e`b, we kl K i mnmªvã Dbœqb j gvîvi AM«MwZ c«wz e` b AšÍf y³ Kiæb ZvjvKcÖvß, c _K emevmkvix, Ges weaevmn bvix c«avb cwievi jvi Dci mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi Kvh KvwiZv I c«fve wel q ch vqµwgk we køly Dc vcb Kiæb AvšÍR vwzk `vzv Mvôxi c«wz; evsjv ` ki AvB bi Aax b "A_ bwzk wz" mvab cvwievwik mwnsmzv wn m e MY n Z cv i GB welqwumn wb R `i A_ bwzk Ges AvBbMZ AwaKvi m ú K bvix `i m PZbZv e w i D ` v M mg_ b e w Kiæb cvwievwik AvB bi ms vi Ges cöpwjz AvBb I PP vq bvixi c«wz ˆelg Aemv bi j ÿ M nxz D ` v Mi cöwz mn hvwmzv e w Kiæb we kl K i, c _K emevmkvix, cwiz ³, 100

Ges ZvjvKc«vß bvix A_ev cvwievwik mwnsmzvi wkkvi weevwnz bvix `i AvBbx mnvqzvi Rb mg_ b e w Kiæb mvgvwrk mnvqzv jv f bvix `i my hv Mi AwaKv ii cöwz iæz w` q evsjv ` k mvgvwrk wbivcëvi AwaKvi m úwk Z GKwU AvBb Zwii cöwµqvq mn hvwmzv cö`vb Kiæb evsjv ` k `vzv `i mg_ b i q Q Ggb mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wp jv Z hb c wzmzfv e bvix c«avb cwievi jv K AšÍf y³ Kiv nq Ges mvgvwrk mnvqzv Kg m~wpi Z_ I my hv Mi welqwui mv _ cvwievwik Av`vj Zi m ú ³Zv e w i Dci hv Z Rvi `Iqv nq Zv wbwðz Kiæb mvgvwrk myi v mswkøó wel q M elyvi cwimi Ges Kg m~wp e w Kiæb ewa Z cwim i wkï cwiph vmn bvix `i M n vjx KvR K ^xk wz Ges cybe U bi gva g Avqea K Kv R bvix `i AwaK AskM«nY wbwðz Kivi welq jv M elyvq Ges Kg m~wp jv Z AšÍf y³ Kiæb bvix Ges Kb vwkï `i Rb, we klz ZvjvKc«vß, c _K emevmkvix, Ges cvwievwik mwnsmzv, evj weevn, Rvic~e K weevn wksev ^vgxi eûweev ni Kvi Y cvwj q Avmv bvix `i Rb mviv evsjv ` k Riæix A vqx Avk«vq bi my hvm m cömvi Y mnvqzv c«`vb Kiæb wepvi e e v Lv Zi ms v i `vzv `i mn hvwmzv cökí jv Z hb cvwievwik AvB bi elg wel q M elyv Ges GW fv Kwm, mgb Rvix I wwµx ev Íevq bi c wz K hy Mvc hvmxkiy, Ges AšÍ ez xkvjxb fiy cvl Yi Aby gv`bmn cvwievwik Av`vj Zi wepvi c wz ms kva bi g Zv welq jv K we klfv e iæz `Iqv nq Zv wbwðz Kiæb gvgjvru n«vm Ges cvwievwik Av`vj Zi wepvicwz `i c«wk Ymn cvwievwik Av`vj Zi Dbœqb c«póvi Î mn hvwmzv c«`vb Kiæb mnmªvã Dbœqb j gvîvi AM«MwZ c«wz e` b bvix c«avb cwiev ii Z_, we kl K i Zv `i `vwi `ª i gvîvi wel q Z_ AšÍf yw³ wbwðz Kiæb 101

K ZÁZv ^xkvi GB cöwz e`bwui jlk I M elk köxgwz AiæYv Kvk vc wzwb wndg vb ivbum IqvP-Gi bvix AwaKvi wefv Mi M elk (Researcher) cöwz e`bwu m úv`bv K i Qb h_vµ g bvix AwaKvi wefv Mi WcywU ww i±i R v bu Iqvjm, cwipvjk wjbm&j Mvb _vër, Ges wmwbqi GwWUi W vwb qj n vk wmwbqi wjm vj GWfvBRvi G vbmwjs ibww, Ges WcywU cövmövg ww i±i Ug cvwu qvmi cöwz e`bwu ch v jvpbv K i Qb ^v I gvbevwakvi wefv Mi cwipvjk Rv md A vgb, cöwzeüx AwaKvi wel qi M elk I GW fv KU kvš v ivd e vwim v, wkï AwaKvi wefv Mi Gwkqv M elk e W kdvw, Ges Gwkqv wefv Mi `wÿy Gwkqv wel qi M elk ZR _vcv GB cöwz e` bi wewfbœ As k Zv `i g~j evb gzvgz Ges Z_ -DcvË cö`vb K i Qb cöwz e`bwui cöv_wgk GKwU Lmovi wewfbœ Aa v q evb ii hme ch v jvpbvkvix gzvgz w` q Qb Zv `i Kv Q Avgiv we klfv e K ZÁ Zuviv n jb wb Riv KwiÕi mgš^qkvix Lykx Kwei, eª v Ki wndg vb ivbum GÐ wjm vj GBW mvwf mm-gi cwipvjk W. dw bv c iiv, XvKv wek we` vj qi AvBb Abyl `i wkÿk cö dmi kvn&bvr û`v, AvBb I mvwjk K `ªi gww qkb GÐ i vwcw imcý BDwb Ui wmwbqi WcywU ww i±i bxbv Mv ^vgx, Ges evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÐ mvwf mm Uªv -Gi Abvivwi ww i±i mviv nv mb bvix AwaKvi wefv Mi B Uvb köxgwz mswnzv G vgev GB M elyv Kv R AZ ší iæz c~y I me vz K mn hvwmzv cö`vb K i Qb GB wefv Mi `yb G mvwm qum g vw_d iv jøv Ges ivw ^` RB wm`ywi cöwz e`bwui m úv`bv I web v mi (Production) ÿ Î mn hvwmzv K i Qb cökvkbv cwipvjk MÖm PvB Ges gbj g v brvi wdur&iq ncwký gy`ªy I cökvkbv mswkøó Kv R mnvqzv w` q Qb Avgv `i M elyv Kv R mnvqzv `v bi Rb Avgiv A bk cvwievwik AvBb we klá, vbxq GbwRI, AvBbRxex, Ges Ab A b Ki Kv Q K ZÁ we kl K i Avkvi Av jv, evsjv `k wjm vj GBW GÐ mvwf mm Uªv (eøv ), evsjv `k gwnjv cwil`, evsjv `k b vkbvj DB gb jbqvm G mvwm qkb, eª vk wndg vb ivbum GÐ wjm vj GBW mvwf mm, Kg Rxex bvix, gv`vixcyi wjm vj GBW G mvwm qkb, Ges wb Riv KwiÕi Kv Q Avgiv K ZÁ wndg vb ivbum IqvP K wb R `i WKz g Ukb m Uvi I jvb eªix e env ii my hvm w` q M elyvq mn hvwmzv Kivi Rb Avgiv eøv K AvšÍwiK ab ev` RvbvB eøv i ZrKvjxb M elyv mnkgx Ges hvmv hvm I GW fv Kwm mgš^qkvix wkixb wjiv, gvbgybv Avn g` Ges 102

gvneyev Av³v ii Kv Q Avgiv we klfv e K ZÁ Zuviv gvv ch v q M elyvi mgq mvwe K mgb q Ges Abyev` mnvqzv w` q Qb m e vcwi hme bvix Zuv `i we q, c _K emevm Ges weevn we Q `i AwfÁZv jvi wzpviy K i Avgv `i K mvnvh K i Qb Zv `i mevb K AvšÍwiK ab ev` RvbvB hme mikvwi Kg KZ v, wepvik, KvRx Ges Z_ `vzviv GB cöwz e`bwu ˆZwii Rb Zv `i `xn mvÿvrkvi w` Z m Z n q Qb Zv `i mnvqzv KI Avgiv K ZÁZvi mv _ ^xkvi KiwQ wndg vb ivbum IqvP-Gi gzvgz I ` wófw½ GB cöwz e` b cökvwkz n q Q Gi h Kvb fzj åvwší wksev Kvb wkqz ev` c o _vk j Zvi m ú~b `vq wndg vb ivbum IqvP ^xkvi Ki Q GB cöwz e`bwu K Bs irx _ K evsjvq fvlvší ii ÿ Î cö qvrbxq mnvqzv `Iqvi Rb Avgiv Dbœqb civgk K I M elk ^vmzg PvKgvi cöwz K ZÁZv Rvbvw Q A K wwqv, dvw dvd Ûkb Ges Ab vb `vzv ms v hviv wndg vb ivbum IqvP-Gi bvix AwaKvi wefv Mi Kg KZ v K mnvqzv I mg_ b w` q Qb, Zv `i Avw_ K Aby`v bi K_vI Avgiv K ZÁZvi mv _ iy KiwQ 103

cwiwkó - 1 weev ni Pzw³ 104

105

cwiwkó - 2 bx Pi Uwe j evs j ` ki 61wU Rjvq eª vk wndg vb ivbum GÐ wjm vj GBW mvwf mm -Gi ZË veav b cvwievwik Av`vj Z wepvivaxb fiy cvly msµvší gvgjvi Z_ cwi ewkz n q Q gvgjv wj wepvi-c~e, wepvivaxb Ges ev Íevqbce - GB wzb Í i cöwµqvaxb i q Q KZ eqi a i fiy cvly msµvší gvgjv wj wepvivaxb i q Q (1998 mvj _ K 31 g 2012 ch ší) wepvi-c~e Í i Sz j _vkv gvgjvi msl v wepvivaxb gvgjvi msl v fiy cvl Yi Av `k niqvi cii ev Íevqb cöwµqvaxb Av Q Ggb gvgjvi msl v Sz j _vkv gvu gvgjvi msl v 2 erm ii bx P 3,031 1,109 1,657 5,797 2 ermi wksev ZviI ekx wkš 5 erm ii bx P 5 ermi wksev ZviI ekx wkš 10 erm ii bx P 897 648 1,264 2,809 176 113 296 585 10 ermi wksev ZviI ekx 3 1 10 14 gvu 4,107 1,871 3,227 9,205 106

hrw.org