Tree of life Where do insects fit?

1 Outline Who Cares About Insects? INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY STACEY BEALMEAR Extension Agent, Urban Horticulture Yuma County 2 Who Cares About Insects Anyway Insect Classification Anatomy and Metamorphosis Insect Orders Integrated Pest Management 3 Pollination (squash, cucumbers, and citrus) Roughly 1/3 possible due to insect pollinators Decomposition (nutrient recycling) Insect product (silk, honey, shellac) Food for humans and other animals Detrimental (diseases, damage goods ) The Most Diverse Group Tree of life Where do insects fit? Insect Classification 4 5 6 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Arthropoda Class = Insecta (Hexapoda) Order = http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/chart1.jpg http://byunews.byu.edu/releases/archive04/nov/crandall/crandall1-h.jpg http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti 1

Insect Classification Insect Classification Insect Anatomy and Metamorphosis 7 8 9 ~30 orders Grouped by similarities Morphology and DNA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/nymphalidae8.jpg Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Arthropoda Class = Insecta Order = Lepidoptera Family = Nymphalidae Genus = Aglais Species = urticae http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/som/01-p52~insect-metamorphosis-posters.jpg http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htm Insect Anatomy Insect Anatomy Insect Anatomy 10 11 Legs Important for identification Always connected from 12 Antennae Sensory organ Helps with identification thorax http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg All Insects Have: 3 Body Segments 3 Pairs of Legs 1 Pair of Antenna http://web.localnature.com/articles/backyardnature/pics/insectdesign/cockroch.jpg http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/entomology/images/topics/extmorphology/leg_master.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/200px-ant_sem.jpg http://www.backyardnature.net/in_order.htm Copyright http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=63162&rendtypeid=4 2007 L. Shyamal, license cc-by-sa 2.5 2

Insect Anatomy Insect Anatomy Insect Internal Anatomy 13 14 15 Wings None, one or two sets Outgrowths of the exoskeleton Found on the thorax Important for identification Mouth Parts Important for identification Used to capture, manipulate and chew food Chewing Mouthparts http://z.about.com/d/insects/1/0/a/0/-/-/mouthparts.jpg Circulatory system moves nutrients, salts, hormones, and metabolic wastes Open circulatory system Insect blood (Hemolymph) does not deliver oxygen Digestive system extracts nutrients and other substances from the food Nervous system is a network of specialized "information highway Side view of body showing relative position of circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and nervous (blue) systems. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/image:maybug.jpg http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm Insect Internal Anatomy Metamorphosis (What is it?) Hemimetabolism 16 17 18 Respiration: Oxygen is delivered through a group of internal tubes Grow by molting Juvenile to Adult Hard outer shell (Exoskeleton) Incomplete Metamorphosis ~Five nymphal instar Resemble adults Lack wings http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/trachea-ts.gif No veins or arteries http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg/8 00px-Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93289&rendtypeid=4 http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html 3

Holometabolism Metamorphosis Insect Orders 19 Complete Metamorphosis ~5 larval instar Do not resemble adults Lack wings 20 Most go through complete metamorphosis 21 http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap047.html Matthew C. Wilson Coleoptera-Beetles Coleoptera-Beetles Coleoptera-Beetles 22 23 24 Over 600,000 species have been identified Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings One hardened (elytra) One soft http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/877/45001086.jpg Larvae with head capsule and three pairs of legs C-shaped grubs http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/916/55046138.jpg http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/beetle.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/beetle_larvae_filtered_sw.jpg 4

25 Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers 26 Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers 27 Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers Complete metamorphosis Siphoning mouthparts Two pairs of membranous wings http://magickcanoe.com/butterfly/skipper-antennae.jpg Butterflies Frenulum http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/frenulum.gif www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/butterfly_moth.cfm Skippers http://farm1.static.flickr.com/235/456444401_4ff3f66ad8.jpg Moth Butterfly Moths http://magickcanoe.com/blog/2006/06/07/antennae/ http://oliviahorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/giant-leopard-moth.jpg http://www.geocities.com/kishan_nie/photos/butterfly1.jpg 28 Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers Larvae Three pairs of true legs 5 or less pairs of prolegs Prolegs with crochets 29 Diptera-Flies Complete metamorphosis Sponging/piercing 1 pair of wings 30 Diptera-Flies http://www.macrophotos.com/charleskrebs/prolegs.jpg http://www.dddi.org/enttutorial/keyimmature/keyimmature3.html http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg http://www.dkimages.com/discover/home/animals/invertebrates/arthropods/insects.html http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/fly.jpg http://rebekahusry.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/mosquito_bite.png 5

Diptera-Flies Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants 31 32 33 Larvae lack Legs Head capsule Mouth hooks Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts (Most) Two pairs of wings Most with thread waist http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/pmg/garden/images/invert/rassawfly.jpg http://www.dkimages.com/discover/home/animals/invertebrates/arthropods/insects/bees.html http://www.extermital.com/images/paper%20wasp%20diag.jpg http://photo.bees.net/biology/ch3/mouthparts.jpg Hemuli Sawfly Larvae: 6-8 prolegs http://www.deathonline.net/decomposition/images/250/mouth_hook.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/fruit_fly_larva_01.jpg http://www.tolweb.org/tree/tolimages/fig-1-aulacid-wings.jpg http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425.html http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/general3.htm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/ant_closeup.jpg http://i.pbase.com/u46/crocodile/large/29990428.cooperativeeffort.jpg Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas.. 34 35 36 Ants or Wasp? Ichneumonid Wasps- Incomplete metamorphosis Sucking mouthparts Two pairs of wings http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/insects/velvetant.htm http://www.spc.int/lrd/images/rifa-ant_small.jpg Ants - Pedicel on waist - Elbowed antennae http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/diaglab/02images/78iwasp.jpg http://www.graciagroup.com/images/sci_ichneumonid.jpg http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/assets/images_hemiptera/bug_life_cycle.gif http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2110/2123060109_9893091d13_o.jpg http://magickcanoe.com/stinkbugs/predatory-stinkbug-3-small.jpg http://www.salk.edu/labs/mnl-t/clh/bug%20rnai.html 6

Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas.. Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas.. Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas.. 37 38 39 Half leathery and half membranous wing Suborder Heteroptera- True Bugs Suborder Auchenorrhyncha- Cicadas and hoppers http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/largemilkweedbug.jpg UC Statewide IPM Program http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/leafhopp.gif http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/animals/insects..jpg http://princesslilo.files.wordpress.com http://schmidling.com/lfbug1.jpg http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/256658220_65d987dc14.jpg?v=0 40 Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas.. Suborder Sternorrhyncha- Whiteflies, aphids and scales 41 Orthoptera-Grasshoppers, Crickets and Katydids Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts 42 Mantodea-Mantids Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings Two pairs of wings http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/2002-10-d28-aphids2-fr4-ed1.jpg http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62575&rendtypeid=4 http://www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us/4th/kkhp/1insects/bugpix/mantis2/nymph_5icon.jpg http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ data/assets/image/81041/scale_insect_on_bursaria_620.jpg http://www.solarnavigator.net http://www.nku.edu/~biosci/costarica2003/punta%20marenco/day3/punta%20marenco1.htm 7

Mantodea-Mantids Dermaptera-Earwigs Thysanoptera-Thrips 43 44 45 Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings http://www3.telus.net/conrad/images3/ch_8-04a.gif Unique metamorphosis Rasping-Sucking mouthparts Two sets of wings http://attra.ncat.org/images/thrips/figure1.jpg http://www.orchidboard.com/community/attachments/pests-diseases.jpg http://www.bugsincyberspace.com/mantids/mantid_images/mantis_oothecae_perch.jpg http://www.finiteinsight.com/redmantis/plumab_black_hiweb.jpg http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/orthopta/earwig.jpg http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/biosecurity_generalplanthealthpestsdiseaseandweeds.jpg Thysanura-Silverfish Collembola-Springtail Time for a break 46 47 48 Nonmetamorphosis Chewing mouthparts No wings Nonmetamorphosis Chewing and sucking mouthparts No wings Eats glue, book bindings, paper, photos, sugar and hair Been in existence for 300 million years http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/urban/images/springtail.jpg Feed on decaying matter http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent525/soil/soilpix/images/collembola.jpg 8

49 Integrated Pest Management 50 What is IPM? Systematic approach to pest management that focuses first on preventing problems Monitoring pest populations, identifying pests, educating yourself and choosing a combination of tactics to keep pest populations at an acceptable level Cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical methods Holistic view http://www.uky.edu/ag/ipm/teachers/outd oorclassrm/scat.jpg 51 Prevention and Landscape Design Design/Maintenance Naturalistic Plant Selection Well adapted Plant Placement Appropriate microclimates http://www.modernphoenix.net/gatztips.htm Pest insects love stressed plants!!!! 52 Monitoring Sample twice per week during the growing season Pests develop quickly under warm conditions and slower when it is cool 53 Monitoring Schemes 54 Monitoring Tools One aphid 75 daughters Daughters reproduces in two or three days 75 daughters This is 5,625 aphids in three generation only! 9

Identify Injury Chewed Leaves or Blossoms Dieback of Shoots, Twigs or Branches 55 56 57 Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts Chewing Mouthparts Siphoning Sponging Chewing Injury Defoliation Shot holes Margin notching Skeletonization Leaf mining http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-095f4.jpg http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/leafskeleton02.jpg Chewing Injury Shoot dieback Branch dieback Exit holes http://buckeyegardening.com/images/invasives/bfbshootdieback.j pg http://www.rainbowscivance.com/graphics/sycamore_anthracnose/syc_lead.jpg http://apps.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/graphics/crops/agriphones/uploaded/berry081806f1. jpg http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/fd/santafetrees/images/twigdamage 2.jpg http://www.bgiusa.com/images/pests/leafminers_lg.jpg http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/fruit/ce206.jpg http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg001 2.htm Chewing Mouthparts Caterpillars Beetles 58 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=65596&rendtypeid=4 59 Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Defoliation Shot holes Skeletonization Mining Bark rippling Shot and branch dieback Insect Products Frass Protective covers http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2255/2516808592_a6763d9eff.jpg 60 Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Shot holes Margin notching Skeletonization Bark rippling Bark cracking Branch dieback http://images.google.com/imgres 10

Leaf Miners White Grubs Discolored and Distorted Leaves 61 62 63 Pests of many plants Foliage Mining Pest of many plants Feed on plant roots Wilting Discoloration Turf death Sucking Injury Stippling Streaking Leaf yellowing http://picasaweb.google.com/gardenpunks/02192007/photo#5033381350461 781570 http://www.apsnet.org/education/illustratedglossary/photoss-v/stippling.jpg http://farm1.static.flickr.com/104/270060746_7f8d6ed5df.jpg?v=0 http://www.ensisjv.com/portals/0/sawfly006.jpg http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/images/thrips/chilli- Damage/Chilli%20Thrips.html Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts Aphids Whitefly 64 65 66 Pests of many plants Feed on all plant parts Injury caused Yellowing Leaf curl Vector plant disease Pests of many plants Feed on foliage Yellowing Leaf curl Vector plant diseases Insect products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold Alex Wild Insect Products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/images/aphids/aphidfeeding.jpg 11

True Bugs and Hoppers Mealy Bugs Scale Insects 67 Pests of many plants Feed on foliage Stippling Leaf Cupping Insect Products Fecal spots (lace bugs) http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/1-58.jpeg 68 Pests of many plants Discoloration Dieback Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold 69 Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Yellowing Dieback Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold Ants found on plant Steve Hise http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_cicadas/images/wpea7.jpg Spider Mites Rasping-Sucking Mouthparts Thrips 70 Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Stippling Discoloration Dieback Insect Products Webbing 71 72 Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Streaking Cupping Vector plant diseases Insect Products Fecal spots http://ag.arizona.edu/yavapai/diagnostics/assets/images/insects/thrips.jpg http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/veg/ce29.htm 12

Distorted Branches or Trunk Insect Products 73 Leaf galling Twig galling Bark rippling Bark cracking Leaf cupping http://www.plantengallen.com/imagesnederlands/hartigiola_ann_nessbg_060804_ 3.jpg http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1337/1022645685_2c2059f132.jpg?v=0 http://www.extension.iastate.edu/newsrel/garden/oakroughbulletga ll.jpg 74 Signs Honeydew Exoskeletons Sooty mold Fecal spots Silk Protective cases Frass Fluffy white wax http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/images/insects/lacebugdamageoemeleriafecalspotsthumbnailj PG.jpg http://www.uky.edu/ag/ipm/sponsprj/county02/02marshall/mealybugs.jpg http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/entomology/extension/kin/kin_2007/kin-12/frass.jpg http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/insectcorner/photos/images/honeydew_from_aphids.jpg http://mgonline.com/sootymold.jpg http://www.biokids.umich.edu/images/signs/build/tent_caterpillar_nes t.jpg 75 Insect Management http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/images/hcbc_042b.jpg/$file/hcbc_042b.jpg http://www.rec.udel.edu/update02/issue%2013%202002_files/image00 6.jpg Insect Management Cultural Control Sanitation 76 77 78 Cultural Control Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Start with healthy transplants Plant a diversity of crops Right Plant, Right Place Provide correct care Spacing Water Fertilizer Pruning Drainage ph Sanitation Remove pest source Clean equipment Pickup old fruit Remove alternate hosts (weeds) 13

Physical Control Biological Controls Predators 79 Row covers Traps (sticky, pheromone ) Heat Hand removal Spraying with water Remove infested plant parts Diatomaceous Earth Vacuuming Tilling soil 80 The Good Guys! Protect them from pesticides Choose least toxic Spot spray Avoid spraying plants in bloom Create habitat for them Plant a variety of flowers Ground covers make good habitat Beneficial insects also need water 81 Insect Order Predators Pests controlled Heteroptera Big-eyed bugs Aphids, leafhoppers, lygus bugs (nymphs), spider mites Heteroptera Minute pirate bugs Aphids, spider mites, thrips, immature stages of many small insects Heteroptera Assassin bugs Caterpillars, plant bugs Neuroptera Green lacewings Aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs (immature), spider mites, thrips, small larvae Diptera Hover flies (syrphid Aphids flies) Coleoptera Lady beetles Aphids, mealy bugs, scales, spider mites Big Eyed Bug Convergent Lady Beetle Green Lacewing 82 83 84 Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available aphids and occasionally on whiteflies, other softbodied insects and insect eggs Commercially available Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available 14

Praying Mantis Mealybug Destroyer Minute Pirate Bug 85 86 87 Generalist predators on wide variety of insects Commercially available Mealybugs and scales Commercially available Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available Damsel Bug Syrphid Assassin Bug 88 89 90 Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Not commercially available Predaceous on aphids and other small, soft-bodied insects Not commercially available Predaceous on a wide variety of small to mediumsized insects Not commercially available 15

Twice Stabbed Lady Beetle Parasitoids Aphidius 91 92 93 Predaceous on many species of scale insects on many fruit, nut, and ornamental trees including Not Commercially available Insect Order Parasitoids Pests controlled Hymeoptera Ichneumonids, Aphids (larvae), cutworms, loopers, Braconids, Chalcids, omnivorous leaftiers, oriental fruit moths, Mymarids tortrix moths Diptera Tachinids Codling moths, Colorado potato beetles, corn earworms, cutworms, grasshoppers, hornworms, imported cabbage worms, plant bugs, tussock moths, others Aphids Commercially available Tachinid Fly Ordering Biological Controls Chemical Control 94 95 96 Some are host specific and others have various host insects Not commercially available http://greenmethods.com/site/ The Green Spot Ltd. 93 Priest Rd. Nottingham, NH 03290-6204 USA Phone: 603.942.8925 Fax: 603.942.8932 A chemical used to kill pests (not always an insect). Insecticide- Insects Herbicide- Weeds Miticide- Mites Acaricide- Ticks and Mites Fungicide- Fungus Rodenticide- Rodents 16

Read the label Danger-Warning-Caution Safety equipment 97 98 99 Follow all directions for Recommended concentration Safety Disposal Wear the correct protective equipment 100 Storage Store in original container Tightly closed Out of reach (children and pets) Clean, dry, well vented area Out of sun and freeze 101 Disposal Never dump pesticides Consult label for proper disposal Never reuse empty containers Triple rinse sprayers before storage 102 After use Take off shoes before entering the house Wash yourself with soap and water Wash clothes Separate from other clothes 17

Things to Remember Pesticides Pesticides 103 104 105 Never spray on a windy day! If a little is good, more is NOT better! Depends on the plants use Safer brand products Horticultural oils and soaps Pyrethrins http://www.parkorchids.com/safer%20soap.jpg Bayer Advanced Products Systemic insecticide Imidacloprid Bacillus thuringiensis Entomopathogenic bacteria http://www.bayeradvanced.com Caterpillars; some beetle and fly larvae Larvae stop eating, become limp and shrunken, die and decompose Wrap up 106 107 Questions Insects are AWESOME 18