CHS108: General Chemistry I (For the students of the Departments of Physics, Botany, Zoology) Maximum Marks: 100 (i) Semester Paper: 80 (ii) Internal Assessment: 20 Pass Marks: 35% (28+7) INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of five sections: A, B, C, D and E. Sections A, B, C and D will have two questions from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 15 marks each. Section E will consist of 10 questions from whole syllabus and will be of 2 marks each. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt one question from each section: A, B, C and D. Section E is compulsory. SECTION-A Chemical Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium Objectives and limitations of chemical thermodynamics, state functions, thermodynamic equilibrium; work; heat; internal energy; enthalpy. First Law of Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics for open, closed and isolated systems; reversible, isothermal and adiabatic expansion/compression of an ideal gas; irreversible, isothermal and adiabatic expansion; enthalpy change and its measurement; standard heats of formation and absolute enthalpies; Kirchhoff s equation. Second and Third Law: Various statements of the second law of thermodynamics; efficiency of a cyclic process (Carnot s cycle); entropy; entropy changes of an ideal gas with changes in P, V, and T; free energy and work functions; Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation; criteria of spontaneity in terms of changes in free energy; third law of thermodynamics: absolute entropies. SECTION-B Chemical Equilibrium: General characteristics of chemical equilibrium; thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical equilibrium; Van t Hoff reaction isotherm; relation between Kp, Kc and Kx; temperature dependence of equilibrium constant-van t Hoff equation; homogeneous & heterogeneous equilibria; Le Chetalier s principle. Mechanism of Organic Reactions: Types of reagents-electrophiles and nucleophiles; types of organic reactions; energy considerations; reactive intermediates carbocations, carbanion, free radical, carbene, nitrene, aryne and enamine; methods of determination of reaction mechanism (product analysis, intermediates, isotope effect, isotopic labeling, kinetic and thermodynamic studies). 1
SECTION-C Stereochemistry Structure, reactivity and stereochemistry; configuration and conformation; optical activity due to chirality; d, l, meso and diastereoisomerism, sequence rules; reactions involving stereoisomerism; geometrical isomerism determination of configuration of geometric isomers. E & Z system of nomenclature; conformational isomerism conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane; conformations of cyclohexane, axial and equatorial bonds, conformations of monosubstituted cyclohexane derivatives; newman projection and sawhorse formula; fischer and flying wedge formulae. SECTION-D Compounds of Carbon Discussion (with mechanism) of reactions of hydrocarbons ranging from saturated acyclic and alicyclic, unsaturated dienes and aromatic systems; activating and deactivating substituents, orientation and ortho-para ratio; Huckel rule; as applied to 4n+2 systems. Synthetic Polymers: Addition or chain growth polymerization; Free radical vinyl polymerization; ionic vinyl polymerization; Zeigler Natta polymerization and vinyl polymer; condensation or step growth polymerization; polyesters, polyamides, phenol formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins and polyurethanes; natural and synthetic rubber; preparation and uses of common polymers. Suggested Books 1. Mahan B.H., University Chemistry, Pubs: Norosa Publishing House,1998. 2. Puri B.R., Sharma L. R. and Pathania M. S., Principles of Physical Chemistry, Pubs: Vishal Publishing Company, 2003. 3. Sienko M.J. and Plane R.A., Chemistry principles and properties, Pubs: MC Graw-Hill, New York 1975. 4. Morrison R.T.N. and Boyd R.N., Organic Chemistry, 5th edn., Pubs: Allyn and Bacon, London, 1987. 5. Cotton F.A., Wilkinson G.W. and Gaus P.L., Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Pubs: John Wiley & Sons,1987. 2
CHS109: Chemistry Practicals - I Maximum Marks: 50 (i) Semester Paper: 40 (ii) Internal Assessment: 10 Pass Marks: 35 (14+4) 1. Analysis of the given mixture containing four radicals. 2. Volumetric Analysis: (i) Acid-Alkali/Base: Involving use of one of one indicator (ii) Oxidation-Reduction: KMnO4 Titrations. 3
CHS208: General Chemistry II (For the students of the Departments of Physics, Botany, Zoology) Maximum Marks: 100 (i) Semester Paper: 80 (ii) Internal Assessment: 20 Pass Marks: 35% (28+7) INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of five sections: A, B, C, D and E. Sections A, B, C and D will have two questions from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 15 marks each. Section E will consist of 10 questions from whole syllabus and will be of 2 marks each. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt one question from each section: A, B, C and D. Section E is compulsory. SECTION - A Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis Rates of reactions, rate constant, order and molecularity of reactions. Chemical Kinetics: Differential rate law and integrated rate expressions for zero, first, second and third order reactions; half-life time of a reaction; methods for determining order of reaction; effect of temperature on reaction rate and the concept of activation energy. Reaction mechanism. Steady state hypothesis. Catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis, Acid-base catalysis and enzyme catalysis (Michaelis-Menten equation). Heterogeneous catalysis. Unimolecular surface reactions. Electro-Chemistry Specific conductance, molar conductance and their dependence on electrolyte concentration. Ionic Equilibria and conductance, Essential postulates of the Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes. Mean ionic activity coefficient and ionic strength. Transport number and its relation to ionic conductance and ionic mobility. Conductometric titrations. ph scale. Buffer solutions, salt hydrolysis. Acid-base indicators. Surface Chemistry:- SECTION - B Adsorption, absorption, adsorbent, adsorption by solids, applications of adsorption, factors influencing adsorption, The Freundlich & Langmuir theory of adsorption, applications of surface chemistry. 4
The Colloidal state:- Classification of colloids, Lyophobic & Lyophilic sols, preparation of colloidal solutions, purification of colloidal solutions, optical properties, emulsions, gels, importance & application of colloids. Covalent Bond: Various types of hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions (BeF2, BF3, CH4, PF5, SF6, IF7, SnCl2, XeF4, ClF3,SF4, ClO4-, ClO3-, NO3-). Concept of molecular orbitals. Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear (Li2 to Ne2) molecules and ions and heteronuclear diatomic molecules (CO, CO+, NO, NO+). Concept of electronegativity, polarity of bonds and dipole moments. SECTION - C Ionic Solids Factors affecting the formation of ionic solids, concept of close packing, radius ratio rule and coordination number. Calculation of limiting radius ratio for tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Structures of some common ionic solids NaCl, ZnS (zinc blende and Wurtzite), CsCl and CaF2. Lattice energy. Born-Haber cycle and its applications. s and p Block of Elements Variation in size effects, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, polarizability and metallic character. SECTION - D Coordination Chemistry/Compounds: Coordinate Bond. Werner s coordination theory, ligands, chelates.nomenclature of coordination compounds. Valence-bond and crystal field theories of bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes. Explanation of properties such as geometry colour and magnetism. d and f-block of Elements: Position in periodic Table, electronic configuration, variation in size, ionization energy, magnetic behavior. Lanthanide contraction, Applications of transition and inner-transition elements. Suggested Books 1. Mahan B.H., University Chemistry, Pubs: Norosa Publishing House,1998. 2. Puri B.R., Sharma L. R. and Pathania M. S., Principles of Physical Chemistry, Pubs: Vishal Publishing Company, 2003. 3. Sienko M.J. and Plane R.A., Chemistry principles and properties, Pubs: MC Graw-Hill, New York 1975. 4. Morrison R.T.N. and Boyd R.N., Organic Chemistry, 5th edn., Pubs: Allyn and Bacon, London, 1987. 6. Cotton F.A., Wilkinson G.W. and Gaus P.L., Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Pubs: John Wiley & Sons,1987. 5
CHS209: Chemistry Practicals - II Maximum Marks: 50 (i) Semester Paper: 40 (ii) Internal Assessment: 10 Pass Marks: 35% (14+4) 1. Analysis of the given organic compounds (solid) (Elemental Analysis, Detection of functional groups and (m.pt.). The compounds to be given are acids, phenols, carbohydrates, amides, amines and hydrocarbon) 2. To study adsorption of acetic acid from aqueous solution by charcoal. 3. To determine the heat capacity of calorimeter and enthalpy of neutralization by HCl with NaOH. 6