Study Guide for Chapters 2, 3, and 10 1. What is matter? Where can it be found? Anything that has mass and takes up space. 2. What units are used to measure volume? Liters and meters cubed 3. How would you measure the volume of a regular solid? What unit would you use? LXWXH; cm cubed 4. How would you measure the volume of an irregular solid? What unit would you use? Displacement method; ml 5. What is the difference between Mass and Weight? What units are used for each? Mass is a measure of matter in an object measured in grams. Weight is the amount of gravitational force exerted on an object measured in newtons. 6. What is inertia? How is it related to mass? Tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. The more mass an object has, the greater its inertia. 7. What is a physical property of matter? Give a few examples. Characteristic of a substance that doesn t involve a chemical change. Examples: Thermal Conductivity, state, density, solubility, ductility, malleability. 8. Define the following terms: a. Thermal Conductivity: ability to conduct electricity b. Solubility: ability to dissolve in water c. Ductility: able to be rolled into a wire d. Malleability: able to be pounded and rolled into sheets 9. Define Density. What formula do we use to find Density. What are the units (2) for Density? Mass compared to volume; D=M/V; g/ml or g/cm cubed
10. When liquids are layered in a graduated cylinder, where is the most dense liquid? The least dense liquid? Most dense at bottom; least dense on top. 11. Complete the statement. Physical Changes DO NOT involve the creation of a new substance. 12. Give 2 examples of Chemical Properties. Reactivity with Oxygen, Flammability, Fizzing, Odor, Gas forms 13. Which properties are easier to observe, Physical or Chemical? Physical 14. List some signs of chemical changes. Fizzing, Odor, gas forms 15. What do Chemical Changes produce? New substances 16. Give some examples of Chemical Changes. Rusting, Souring milk, tarnishing 17. Which change is more easily reversed, chemical or physical? Physical 18. What are the three most common states of matter? Solid, liquid, gas 19. What is matter made up of? Tiny particles called protons, neutron, and electrons 20. How does particle movement differ with solids, liquids, and gases? Solids vibrate in place, liquids are close, but can slip past each other, gases move quickly and spread apart 21. List some characteristics of solids. Have a definite volume and shape. 22. What are the 2 kinds of solids? Describe and list examples of each. Can be crystalline (orderly formation) like quartz or amorphous (special arrangement that allows reshaping like clay). 23. List some characteristics of liquids. Definite volume, not shape. Takes shape of container. 24. What are 2 unique characteristics of liquids? Surface tension and Viscosity 25. List some characteristics of gases. No definite volume or shape.
26. What are the three factors that control gases behavior. Explain each. Volume: measure of the size of a body in 3 dimensional space. Pressure: amount of force exerted. Temperature: measure of how fast particles are moving. 27. What is a change of state? How does movement and energy play a role? Change of a substance from one PHYSICAL form to another. Energy is either added or removed for changes in state to occur. The faster the particles are moving the more energy is added(endothermic). The slower the particles are moving the more energy is removed (exothermic) 28. What is melting? Does melting involve adding or removing energy? Solid to liquid energy added. 29. What is freezing? Does freezing involve adding or removing energy? Liquid to solid energy removed 30. Define Evaporation. Change from a liquid to a gas adding energy. 31. Define Boiling. Liquid changing to a vapor (gas) where atmospheric pressure = vapor pressure. 32. How does pressure affect boiling point? The farther you are above sea level the lower the boiling point. There is less atmospheric pressure. 33. What is condensation? Is energy added or removed? Gas to liquid energy removed. 34. What is sublimation? Is energy added or removed? Solid to Gas energy added 35. When substances gain or lose energy, what 2 things could be happening? Any change in state or a change in temperature. 36. Define Temperature. Average measure of the kinetic energy (moving particles) in a substance. 37. What are the three temperature scales? What is the boiling and freezing point of each scale? Fahrenheit: 212 degrees boiling point and 32 degrees freezing point. Celsius: 100 degrees boiling point and 0 degrees freezing point. Kelvin: 373 boiling point and 273 freezing point.
38. What is thermal expansion? Why is it important to the development of road and bridges? The tendency of objects to expand when a state change occurs. Roads and bridges are constructed with expansion joints for safety purposes. 39. What is Absolute Zero? How do we express Absolute Zero in Celsius and Kelvin? The point at which all particles cease to move or vibrate. Absolute zero is ZERO on the Kelvin scale, -273 on the Celsius scale. 40. Define heat. How does heat move? How thermal energy is transferred. Heat ALWAYS moves from a warmer area to a cooler area. 41. What are the 3 kinds of heat transfer? Describe each. Conduction direct contact; Convection by fluid (gas or liquid) in a circular pattern; Radiation by electromagnetic wave (heat you can feel, but not see) 42. What are conductors and insulators? Give examples of each. Conductors CONDUCT electricity. Example: cookie sheet or copper wire. Insulators PREVENT conductivity. Example: oven mitts or a flannel shirt. 43. Compare and Contrast heat and temperature. Temperature is the measure of moving particles. Heat is how the particles move. 44. What unit do we use to express heat? Joules (J) 45. What is specific gravity? Is it a physical or chemical property? WHY? PHYSICAL property comparison of the density of an object to the density of water at 4 degrees Celsius (water in the process of freezing) 46. Define specific heat. What tool is used for measuring specific heat? What units to we use to express specific heat? Amount of heat needed to raise one unit of mass by 1 degree Kelvin or 1 degree Celsius. Measured in Calories WITH a Calorimeter. 47. What does Charles Law state? Volume of gas is directly proportional to the temperature when pressure is constant REMEMBER a Helium BALLOON When it s cold they droop When it s hot they are full!! Make C in Charles into a Balloon to remember!! 48. What does Boyle s Law state? Volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of a gas when temperature is constant. A good example is a BICYCLE pump remember the B is Boyle s is for BICYCLE. 49. What is plasma? Why is it significant? An ionized (positively charged) gas. Makes up more than 99% of the visible universe! NOT in plasma TV s!!!
50. What is the 5 th state of Matter? How does it occur? Bose-Einstein Condensate. As more and more energy is removed from an object. The particles in SPECIFIC elements (Sodium, Rubidium, etc.) begin to act strangely. Essentially then collapse and form one BIG BLOB as they approach Absolute Zero.