Vegetation mapping
Handbook of vegetation science FOUNDED BY R. TUXEN H. LIETH, EDITOR IN CHIEF Volume 10
Vegetation mapping Edited by A. w. KOCHLER and I. S. ZONNEVELD Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Vegetation mapping. (Handbook of vegetation science ; v. 10) Includes index. 1. Vegetation mapping. 2. Phytogeography--Maps. I. Kuchler, A. W. (August WLlhelm), 1907- II. Zonneve1d, Isaak Samuel. III. SerLes. QK9ll.H3 pt. 10 [QK63] 581 s [581.9] 86-7269 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7885-6 e-isbn-13: 978-94-009-3083-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-3083-4 Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of Dr. W. Junk Publishers, MTP Press, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and D. Reidel Publishing Company. Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, USA for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Copyright 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the copyright owners.
V Contents Series Editor's Preface IX A Introduction 1. Preface 2. Historical Sketch 1 3 B. Basic Considerations 3. The nature of Vegetation 4. Composition and Structure of Vegetation 4A Physiognomic and Structural Analysis of Vegetation 5. Floristic Analysis of Vegetation 6. The Classification of Vegetation 6A Establishing a Floristic Classification 7. The Nature of the Environment and 13 25 37 51 67 81 89 C. Cartographic Considerations 8. Aspects of Maps 9. Boundaries, Transitions and Continua 10. Patterns, Colors and Symbols 11. The Legend: Organizing the Map Content l1a Examples of Vegetation Maps, their Legends and Ecological Diagrams 12. Language of Map Text 13. Other Technicalities 14. Automated Cartography and Electronic Geographic Information Systems A W. KUchler A W. KUchler D. van der Zee and H. Huizing 97 105 111 121 135 149 157 163
VI D. Methods and Procedures of Mapping 15. General Considerations 191 16. Survey Approaches 203 16A Low-level Aerial Survey Techniques W. van Wijngaarden 209 17. Sampling 215 18. Reflection, Absorption and Transmission of Light and Infrared Radiation through Plant Tissues 223 19. Observation Means and Platforms I.S. Zonneveld and A Kannegieter 233 19A A Practical Application of Radar Imagery for Tropical Rain Forest Vegetation Mapping G. Sicco Smit 249 20. Interpretation of Remote Sensing Images 265 21. Digital Image Processing Computer-aided Classification and Mapping N.J. Mulder 269 22. Mapping Herbaceous Vegetation 317 23. Mapping Dynamic Vegetation 321 24. Monitoring Vegetation and Surveying Dynamics 331 25. Mapping Land-use A Kannegieter 335 26. Mapping the Potential Natural Vegetation J.T.R. Kalkhoven and S. van der Werf 375 27. Compiling Small Scale Vegetation Maps from Source Maps 387 E. Examples of Vegetation Mapping Schools 28. KUchler's Comprehensive Method A W. KUchler 393 29. The ITC Method of Mapping Natural and Seminatural Vegetation with appendix at AH.M. Gils and W.v. Wijngaarden 401 30. Vegetation Mapping in Japan A Miyawaki and K. Fujiwara 427 31. The International Vegetation Map (Toulouse, France) F. Blasco 443 32. Other Contributions to Methodology 461 F. Ecological Information in Vegetation and Related Landscape Maps 33. Ecological Vegetation Maps and their Interpretation 469 34. Landscape (Ecosystem) and Vegetation Maps, their Relation and Purpose 481 G. The Application of Vegetation Maps 35. Introduction to the Application of Vegetation Maps 487
36. Environmental Indication 37. Basic Principles of Land Evaluation using Vegetation and other Attributes 38. Some Examples of Application H. Conclusion 39. The Outlook: Future Needs and Possibilities 40. The UNESCO Classification of Vegetation Bibliography Colour Section Index I.S. Zonneveld A.W. Kuchler I.S. Zonneveld VII 491 499 519 527 531 551 589 623
IX Series Editor's Preface The volume on vegetation mapping treats one of the major objectives of vegetation science. In several other volumes in the handbook series some aspects of mapping were covered. This volume, however, has this topic as the prime objective. This made it necessary that auxiliar methods for selecting mapping units had to be covered in this volume, although these topics were extensively treated already in other volumes or are planned to be treated in coming volumes of the series. The volume was started by Dr. KUchler when Dr. TUxen was still editor of the series. The response to his first manuscript was so much delayed that the new developments in automated mapping methods, remote sensing and new goals for vegetation mapping made it necessary to write a complete new manuscript. I was very fortunate that Dr. KUchler was willing to write and edit a new manuscript, jointly with Dr. Zonneveld of ITC* in Enschede, after a new * ITC is the acronym for the present "Institute for Aerospace Survey and earth sciences" (formerly International Training Centre for Aerial Survey) DelftiEnschede Netherlands. P.O. B.6.7500 AA. table of contents was generated. To get the cooperation of Dr. Zonneveld was another advantage for this volume. ITC in Enschede is one of the best vegetation mapping centers today, employing the latest developments in remote sensing, mapping routines, and field survey equipment. I thank both editors for their fine work. Though it was sometimes difficult for them to select individual topics for inclusion, the final decision was always made in the interest of the book as a whole. I hope, therefore, that the volume provides a general source book for everyone interested in vegetation mapping, for mapping at large and small scales for special topics in agriculture, forestry, or ecology. The respective volumes for the application of vegetation science in this handbook are greatly enhanced by the appearance of this volume on vegetation mapping. The two editors deserve thanks and respect for their work on behalf of our profession. I am sure the volume will be widely used in the future. Osnabriick, April 1988 H. LIETH