Nonverbal Cues of Dominance Laura van Hooff, Jasmijn Verspaandonk, Nicole van den Reek, Guusje Nagels & Jalou Lemmens

Nvbl C f Dm L v Hff, Jmj Vdk, Nl v d Rk, Gj Nl & Jl Lmm Ab Th m f h d w v h vbl x f dm b hm d whh h w dff bw l d dm T h, h l bhv f f h TV hw Tm Ild w ld Th x vbl bhvl d h h m dm w d, h, l x, fld m, hd d v Th l hwd h l dm hw m vbl f dm h l l Th w ll f l x, h, d v Fhm, l dm hwd m dm h l l, ll m d d h Kwd: vbl mm, dm, vl, l bhv Id Wh v l, lh d, dm bhv dl b Whh h l v ml q ql h, v wll vll b fd wh h k f hm hw h dm I v wh h f m xd, mll vbl d dm ( w wd) Hwv, vbl h l d f dm Nvbl l mj l dh dm bhv wll I f hw l fl, whh w bl ll l hw (Hwl, 1999) I fl, l f dm bhv dld b bh m d wm Th d f m h vbl bhv f bh dm d l, d v h m vbl f dm B v h dff bw dm v l, h d hv w h fllw h q: RQ: Wh h dff bw h vbl bhv f l dm d l l? Nvbl f dm M d hv b dd d dm d l vbl f dm bhv Th vbl bhv b zd b bh vl d vbl Ovll, m xv mm d wh hh lvl f dm Pl hw h dm vbl bhv hh xv mm d d h, h z, bd, f, d fl x (Db, 216; Rdw, 1987; Shwz, T, & Pwll, 1982; B, & Db, 26) Nvbl f dm h h f ld h vlm, f h, l l d d v (Rdw, 1987; B & Db, 26) Oh dm d z h, z l d d (Db, 216; Rdw, 1987) Wh hw dm, bd mvm bm d d h, fm, d d (Shwz, T, & Pwll, 1982; Td & Fl, 23) A m xv dm vbl vll x Db (216) h d xv ld h mll bvd wfl dvdl F xml, l d wh m dm Nvbl f dm fl x fw f wh fwd bw (B & Db, 26) I dd h m vbl, m f dm bhv h f hh hd whl lk mv h hd w fm h (F, d Akk & Bj, 214) Af l h vbl f dm, B d Db (26) ld: Th bhv hh d f l l xd Bd h h d h d dm x, h fllw hh fmld: H1: A dm hw m dm vbl h l

H2: A dm hw m dm vbl h l Mhd P- I d xm whh h fm ld f h m h dm bhv w dd vd h dm l, w dld Th - d Ql v whh w kd m f h l ml h f dm h fm Th vd lvl f dm w md wh fv m, h b wd wh d Th d h v d q kd h f h f fm f h b fd Adx I I l, 25 mld h q d d m f h f h f fm Th fm f h - d f w hw w m, d w hw w fml S w zd dm l b h h h q, b f h w w f h F h dm fm, l 92% f h fmd h d fl F bh f h l fm, 96% f h hh h w fl Th m k f hh h h l hw h fm w fd, hwd h f h dm l 96% dd wh h m Hwv, f h l, l 1 f 25 vd h l h f fm fd, d 17 f 25 vd h l h d fm fd Th ff ld b xld d h bj f h v d x f h l Sm h h hwd h 96% d f h dm, whl h m dd f h l fm 1% f h d whh h l h fm w vd md h dm F bh f h dm fm, 24 f 25 fmd h h l h fm w hw dm Th, h - fm d f z h fm h l dm D I h d, h dd vbl w h f, whh w h dm l Fhm, h dd vbl h vbl x f dm (d, h, l x, fld m, hd, d v ) F 1 ll xml f h, Ml Th ml d f 64 (32 dm, 32 l) vd f ll d f 2 d 3 f h Dh v f Tm Ild All vd w lld h wb f Vdld, wh fll d f h hw vlbl Tm Ild l hw wh f l d d fm h h l ld I h "lm lh ", h d h ld wll Hlf f h ld l hwd w h hw dm Th l h hw wh dd m h d f h Th vd f h dm d w ld fm h, bd h l f Dhdf (1958), wh dbd f fl whh l hv d Th ld vd hw w l fm h m x (dd v d) mm d hv l d d fl, h d w v h dd A h mm h hw d v h d hw h bhv f mll l, wll mbl d hf bl f l Th h hlf f h ld l hwd h m l I h l, h dd hv v wh h dd d h d lk h d fm h m x Th mm hw w l wll, hwv, h, h fl vd h v I d l h d mk h vd bl f h, h vl ld d dd b dd Adb Pm P Th d f h vd fm vd, m v ld l h

h Hwv, ll vd hd d bw 2 d 35 d! F 1 Exml f h dm Cd Bd h d md h d, dbk w mld l h vd Th d h d w xd qll b ll d I d f l fm (fm mb,, m f h b ld, dm/-dm, d d), h vbl (d, h, l x, fld m, hd, d v ) d m mm, wh k bhv h w h dbk ld b dd All dd w bd l, x f h fld m Fld m w ld d b k h vd Th w zd h lm, ml, fq d Th f h vbl ld b wd wh (1) () Th fq hd b wd wh h mb f m f d Fll, h f w md l fm 1 5, wh 1 b lw d 5 b hh I w d h wh dd ll, h wld b d 1 d wh d hh h whl vd, h wld b d 5 F v, h m f w d w Th d lbl w md b hv 2% f h ml dbl dd Af h, h f h d w md d h Ch K w lld Th l dd h h d lbl vbl w ff f ll vbl, whh m h h vbl hd Ch' K bv 6 All b fd Tbl 1 Adx II Pd Cd w d b w d Eh d dd hlf f h l f h dm d d hlf f h l f h l d Af ll l w dd, h w d d d 2% f h ml w Cd 1 dd 1% f h ld dd ml b d 2 (5% f h dm d d 5% f h l d) Cd 2 dd xl h m f h d h w ld dd b d 1 Th d w d dvdll d q vm Bk w k bw mv Rl T h hh h l dm hw m vbl f dm h l l, dd - w fmd wh f dd vbl d h m f h mb f f dm dd vbl I l, 64 wh 32 dvdl wh w bh h dm d l w ld O v, l dm (M = 39, SD = 11) hwd m dm h l l (M = 176, SD = 11) Th l f h l hw h l dm fl hw m vbl f dm h l h l (Mdf = -133, (64) = -69, < 1) Th m dff l-zd ff f d = 132 I l, f hh w d, f whh h ff dld F 2 Mv, wh x h w bhv, hq w fmd f h I l, 32 dvdl w ld bh I l, 64 w ld Th w 16 m d 16 wm h ml Th w f bw h f l x χ2(1) = 825, = 4, h χ2(1) = 2619, <1, v χ2(1) = 884, = 3 d f M fll, 188% (N = 6) f h l h dm l xdd, b l 94% (N = 3) f l h l xdd Th dd f l dm hw l x

(64) = -821, = 1), BC 95% CI [-1,28, -,79] Th dff l-zd ff d = 22, d dld F 3 F 2 Sf ff f f h mb f w 15 m hh h h l I h dm, 313% (N = 1) hwd v, b l 31% (N = 1) hwd h h l Th dd f l dm hw v w 7 m hh h h l Of h l h dm, 969% (N = 31) hd h, b l 344% (N = 11) f h l h l hd h Th dd f l dm hw h w 3 m hh h h l Th l d h hh h l dm hw m vbl f dm h l l I d whh dm hw m dm vbl h l, dd - w fmd I w md 5- l (, v lw, hh ) Th m f h l f w 213 (SD = 72) Th lbl f h l w lw, Cbh α = 44 Thf, ll f h m b vd mll d h d hld b d l Th dd vbl m f w mll dbd (zkw l = 269, z-k l = 237, z-kw dm = 27) Thf h -vl m b lbl d m wh hld b ld h bd 95% fd vl h wll b vdd O v, l dm (M = 264, SD = 57) hwd m dm h l l (M = 162, SD = 43) Th dff w f (Mdf = -12,! F 3 Sf ff f f h vll f h Fll, wh f vbl w m l, mll dd - w fmd O v, l dm hd m d (M = 49, SD = 14) h l l (M = 26, SD = 141) Th dff w f (Mdf = -149, (64) = -486, <1) Th dff lzd ff, d = 12 Addll, l dm (M = 464, SD = 18) hd m h h l l (M = 188, SD = 169) Th dff w f (Mdf = -335, (5451) = -786, = 1), BC 95% CI [-335, -24], d lzd ff d = 195 D Th m f h d w v hw l x dm wh h vbl bhv Th fllw w vd: d, h, l x, fld m, hd d v Wh ll w k h, l dd h l h dm d d m f h h l h l d Th l hh 1 I h m fd, fh l w dd b v v l l Th l dd h l dm hwd m h, l x,

d v h l h l Hwv, h d b h f d, fld m, d hd Th l d h f h vld h h w dff bw h d wh ll w k h Thf, hh 2 d Wh zm h l, d h d d h w fl m h dm h h l Sm f h hw b l dm w f wh h w Th mh b xld b h f h h d l x dl ld dm, w d (Db, 216) A h hd f xml d l l hw dm (F l, 214) Hwv, hd l xd l f h, mb wh dff m Th h f K, Ch, d Chwl (1996) hwd h hd mvm vll vl A dbd h mhd, h fld m w ldd h d hm, b d b k Hwv, lk x, fld m w f f dm vbl bhv, h vbl bhv w xlvl hw b m A lm f h d bl l b, h f h TV hw dm b d l x d Th w ld -ld h l vhw bd h xv h, d mh hf x m dm h v Al, h vd w ld fm l hw, whh mh ld m w f h f h h bhv b flmd I bl h m xd h bhv Th d fd h dff vbl f dm l d dm Fh h hld b d v d l f d dff h x f dm Sm f dm ll m mm f m h f wm F xml, m ll d xd h m h wm (Sm- Azd & Ad, 211) I lkl h h dff h wll Fhm, f h ld l lk h dm d whh l bhv dml F xml h wld f, wh h mm wh hl wh m lk h f h m Ah h ld b fh vd, h f lf d D h d h f h d, h f lf d d b fql vbl h dm d F xml, hd h h, f h dm T kwld, h f lf d h v b d wh dm vbl bhv bf Fh h ld l k h Rf B, J K, & Db, N E (26) Nvbl x f dm d w hm lh Th S hdbk f vbl mm S, 2 Dhdf, R (1958) Twd h f l fl Jl f fl Rl, 2(2), 17-183 Dvd, J F, & Ell, S L (1982) Dd vl dm: Ab f w bd lv f lk whl k d lk whl l Sl Phl Ql, 45(2), 16-113 Db, NE (216) Pw d Dm Nvbl Cmm Th Il Eld f Il Cmm, 1-9 DOI:112/97811185419wb146 Hwl, P H (1999) Th f l dm: A -bd vl v Dvlml Rvw, 19(1), 97-132 F, Q, O d Akk, R, & Bj, M (214) A l vw f l bhv f dff l d C Sl HMI, Uv f Tw K, R M, Ch, Y, & Chwl, P (1996) Nvbl bhv d vbl mm: Wh d vl hd ll? I Adv xml l hl (Vl 28, 389-45) Adm P Rdw, C L (1987) Nvbl bhv,

dm, d h b f k Am Sll Rvw, 683-694 Shwz, B, T, A, & Pwll, E (1982) Dm vbl bhv Sl Phl Ql, 114-12 Td, L Z, & Fl, A R (23) Pw mv: mlm dm d bmv vbl bhv Jl f l d l hl, 84(3), 558 Sm-Azd, Z, & Ad, W L (211) Th dl f dm vbl : Th l f l d d Il N, 16(3), 451-479

Adx I P Id: v D m d fm l dm Eh f h m w wd wh d B dlm, V h vk -vbl mm v d ld Cmm- Ifmwh, Tlb Uv, v wj kl dzk U bkjk k flmj w vvl l ll vl Dlm d dzk d v 3 m Uw v wd vwljk bhdld Alv bdk v w dlm! M vdljk, Jmj Vdk, Jl Lmm, Gj Nl, Nl v d Rk L v Hff Q fm: I d fm k v fl D m d fm zj vd D d fm v D m d fm zj mdd

Adx II Id lbl Tbl 1 Ch K: Id vbl vbl K D 1

D 6 8 6 U h 9 7 6

U h 7 1 1 P l x 8 2 5

P l x 7 3 F l d m 1

F l d m 6 1 2 H d 1

H d 7 9 8 I v 9 7

I 8 1 8 v