Acids and Bases Chapter 11 Acids and Bases in our Lives We produce lactic acid in our muscles when we exercise. Acid from bacteria turns milks sour in the products of yogurt and cottage cheese. We have hydrochloric acid in our stomachs to help digest food and we take antacids, which are bases such as sodium bicarbonate, to neutralize the effects of too much stomach acid. Acids and Bases in our Lives Acids and bases are important substance in health, industry, and the environment. One of the most common characteristics of acids is their sour taste. Lemons and grapefruits taste sour because they contain acids such as citric and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Vinegar tastes sour because it contains acetic acid. Acids and Bases in our Lives In the environment, the acidity or ph of rain, water, and soil can have significant effects. When rain becomes too acidic, it can dissolve marble statues and accelerate the corrosion of metals. In lakes and ponds, the acidity of water can affect the ability of plants and fish to survive. The acidity of soil around plants affect their growth. It can stop the plant from taking up nutrients through the roots
Acids and Bases in our Lives The lungs and kidneys are the primary organs that regulate the ph of body fluids, including blood and urine. Major changes in the ph of the body fluids can severely affect biological activities within the cells. Buffers are present to prevent large fluctuations. 11.1 Acids and Bases Describe and name acids and bases. Chapter 11 Acids and Bases 11.1 Acids and Bases 11.2 BrønstedLowry Acids and Bases 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 11.4 Dissociation Constants for Acids and Bases 11.5 Dissociation of Water 11.6 The ph Scale 11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases 11.8 AcidBase Titration 11.9 Buffers Acids The term acid comes from the Latin word acidus which means sour. In 1887, the Swedish chemistry Svante Arrhenius was the first to describe acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H + ) when they dissolve in water.
Acids are Electrolytes Because acids produce ions in water, they are also electrolytes (can conduct electricity). Hydrogen chloride dissociates in water to give hydrogen ions, H +, and chloride ions, Cl : It is the hydrogen ions that give acids a sour taste. Naming Acids Binary acids: H n X hydro[nonmetal ic] acid Change the ending of the nonmetal to ic and insert into the brackets. hydro and acid do not change. HCl HBr H 2 S Naming Acids Acids have two common formats: Binary acids: H n X H n = some number of H s x=nonmetals Examples: HCl, HBr, H, H 2 S Polyatomic acids: H n XO m XO m = polyatomic ion Examples: H 2 SO 4, H 3 PO 4, HClO 4 Polyatomic Ion Review More O s = ate SO 4 2 Less O s = ite SO 3 2 Chlorine can form 4 polyatomic ions with oxygen: ClO 4 ClO 3 ClO 2 ClO
Naming Acids Polyatomic Acids: H n XO m [Polyatomic ion] acid ate to ic ite to ous H 2 SO 4 H 3 PO 4 HClO 3 Bases You may be familiar with some household bases such as antacids, drain cleaners, and oven cleaners. According to the Arrhenius theory, bases are ionic compounds that dissociate into cations and hydrogen ions (OH) when they dissolve in water. They are electrolytes. Bases Most Arrhenius bases are formed from a metal from Groups 1 or 2 and one or more hydroxides (OH ) M(OH) n M=metal (OH) n = 1 or more hydroxide group Examples: LiOH, Ca(OH) 2 The hydroxide ions give bases common characteristics such as a bitter taste or slippery feel.
Naming Bases Bases have the same names that we used for ionic compounds. LiOH NaOH Ca(OH) 2 Al(OH) 3 11.2 BrønstedLowry Acids and Bases Identify the conjugate acidbase pairs for Brønsted Lowry acids and bases. Chapter 11 Acids and Bases 11.1 Acids and Bases 11.2 BrønstedLowry Acids and Bases 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 11.4 Dissociation Constants for Acids and Bases 11.5 Dissociation of Water 11.6 The ph Scale 11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases 11.8 AcidBase Titration 11.9 Buffers Arrhenius Acids and Bases The definitions we gave in section 11.1 for acids and bases were first described by Arrhenius. So we call acids and bases described by H + and OH as Arrhenius acids and bases. Arrhenius acid: substances that produce H + in water. Arrhenius base: substances that produce OH in water.
BrønstedLowry Acids and Bases In 1923, a pair of scientists, J.N. Brønsted and T.M. Lowry expanded the definitions of acids and bases. The shortcoming of the Arrhenius definitions was that there were many molecules that didn t have OH groups that acted like bases. A new set of definitions describing BrønstedLowry acids and bases included a greater number of molecules. H + = H 3 O + A free hydrogen, H+, does not actually exist in water. Its attraction to polar water molecules is so strong that the H+ bonds to a water molecules and forms a hydronium ion, H 3 O + BrønstedLowry Acids and Bases BrønstedLowry acid: a substance that donates a hydrogen ion, H + BrønstedLowry base: a substance that accepts a hydrogen ion, H + Arrhenius acid: produces H + Arrhenius base: produces OH BrønstedLowry acid: donates H + BrønstedLowry base: accepts H + BrønstedLowry Acids HCl donates its H + to water producing H 3 O + and Cl By donating the H +, HCl is acting as the acid in this reaction. By accepting the H +, water is acting as a base in this reaction.
BrønstedLowry acid: donates H + BrønstedLowry base: accepts H + BrønstedLowry Bases Water: a BL acid and base Water gives an H + to NH 3 forming NH 4 + and OH Water can act as both a BronstedLowry acid or base depending on what it reacts with. NH 3 acts as the base by accepting the H + Water acts as the acid by donating the H+ BrønstedLowry acid: donates H + BrønstedLowry acid: donates H + BrønstedLowry base: accepts H + BrønstedLowry base: accepts H + Practice Practice Identify the reactant that is a BronstedLowry acid and the reactant that is a BronstedLowry base: Identify the reactant that is a BronstedLowry acid and the reactant that is a BronstedLowry base: HBr(aq) + H 2 O(l ) H 3 O + (aq) + Br (aq) CN (aq) + H 2 O(l ) HCN(aq) + OH (aq)
Conjugate AcidBase Pairs According to BronstedLowry theory, a conjugate acidbase pair consists of molecules or ions related by the loss of one H + by an acid, and the gain of one H + by a base. Every acidbase reaction contains two conjugate acidbase pairs because an H + is transferred in both the forward and reverse directions. Conjugate AcidBase Pairs When the base H 2 O gains an H +, its conjugate acid, H 3 O + is formed. Conjugate AcidBase Pairs When an acid such as HF loses one H +, it becomes F. HF is the acid, and F is its conjugate base. * The conjugate is always what is formed by donating or accepting H +. So it is always on the products side. Conjugate AcidBase Pairs Now if we combine the two previous examples:
Conjugate AcidBase Pairs Amphoteric Substances Water can act like an acid when it donates H + or as a base when it receives H + Substances that can act as both acids and bases are amphoteric. Water is the most common amphoteric substance and its behavior depends on the other reactant. Water will donate H + when mixed with a base and will accept H + when mixed with an acid. Amphoteric Substances Practice Another example of an amphoteric substance is bicarbonate, HCO 3. With a base, HCO 3 acts as an acid and donates H + to give CO 3. With an acid, HCO 3 acts as a base and accepts H + to give H 2 CO 3 Identify the conjugate acidbase pairs in the following reaction: HBr(aq) + NH 3 (aq) Br (aq) + NH + 4 (aq)
Chapter 11 Acids and Bases 11.1 Acids and Bases 11.2 BrønstedLowry Acids and Bases 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 11.4 Dissociation Constants for Acids and Bases 11.5 Dissociation of Water 11.6 The ph Scale 11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases 11.8 AcidBase Titration 11.9 Buffers Strong vs Weak In the process called dissociation, an acid or base separates into ions in water. The strength of an acid is determined by the moles of H 3 O + that are produced for each mole of acid that dissolves. The strength of a base is determined by the moles of OH that are produced for each mole of base that dissolves. Strong acids and bases dissociate completely in water. Weak acids and bases dissociate only slightly, leaving most of the initial acid or base undissociated. 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases Write equations for the dissociation of strong and weak acids; identify the direction of reaction. Strong Acids Strong acids are examples of strong electrolytes because they donate H + so easily that their dissociate in water is essentially complete. When HCl (a strong acid) dissociates in water, H + is transferred to H 2 O. The resulting solution contains essentially only H 3 O + and Cl. Thus one mole of a strong acid dissociates in water to yield one mole of H3O+ and one mole of its conjugate base. We write the equation for a strong acid, such as HCl, with a single arrow.
Weak Acids Weak acids are weak electrolytes because they dissociate slightly in water, forming only a small amount of H 3 O + ions. When acetic acid dissociates in water, it donates the H+ to water. However, only part of the acetic acid molecules dissociate into ions. Most remain as molecules. Thus one mole of a weak acid partially dissociates in water to give less than a mole of H 3 O + and C 2 H 3 O2 We write the equation for a weak acid in aqueous solutions with a double arrow to indicate that the forward and reverse reactions are at equilibrium. Strong and Weak Acids The rest are weak acids. Strong and Weak Acids There are only 6 common strong acids: Hydroiodic acid HI Heavily regulated Hydrobromic acid HBr Used to make other molecules and extracting ore Perchloric acid HClO 4 Rocket fuel ingredient Hydrochloric acid HCl Stomach acid Sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 Drain cleaner, leadacid batteries Nitric acid HNO 3 Explosives ingredient
Diprotic Acids Some weak acids, such as carbonic acid, are diprotic acids that have two H +, that dissociate one at a time. For example, carbonated soft drinks are prepared by dissolving CO 2 in water to form carbonic acid, H 2 CO 3. H 2 CO 3 dissociates partially into HCO 3 and H + in water: H 2 CO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + HCO 3 (aq) HCO 3 is also a weak acid and will partially dissociate into CO 2 3 and H + HCO 3 (aq) + H2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + CO 2 3 (aq) Acid Summary A strong acid in water dissociates completely into ions. A weak acid in water dissociates only slightly into a few ions but remains mostly as molecules. Strong acid: HI(aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3O+(aq) + I (aq) Weak acid: HF(aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O+(aq) +F (aq) Diprotic Acids Sulfuric acid, H 2 SO 4, (a strong acid) is also a diprotic acid. H 2 OS 4 will dissociate completely into H + and HSO 4 : H 2 SO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + HSO 4 (aq) HSO 4 is a weak acid and dissociates only partially: HSO 4 (aq) + H2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + SO 4 2 (aq) Bases As strong electrolytes, strong bases dissociate completely in water. KOH(s) K+(aq) + OH(aq) Weak bases are weak electrolytes that are poor H+ acceptors and produce very few ions in solution. NH 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH (aq)
Bases in household products Practice By comparing their relative strengths, we can determine the direction of a reaction. H 2 SO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + HSO 4 (aq) Direction of Reaction There is a relationship between the components of each conjugate acidbase pair: Strong acids have weak conjugate bases. As the strength of the acid decreases, the strengths of the base increases. In any acidbase reaction, there are two acids and two bases. However one acid is stronger than the other acid. And one base is stronger than the other base. H 3 SO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + HSO 4 (aq) Practice Which direction will the reaction favor? CO 3 2 (aq) + H2 O(l) HCO 3 (aq) + OH (aq)
Practice Which direction will the reaction favor? HF(aq) +H 2 O(l) H 3O + (aq) + F (aq) 11.4 Dissociation Constants for Acids and Bases Write the expression for the dissociation constant of a weak acid or weak base. Chapter 11 Acids and Bases 11.1 Acids and Bases 11.2 BrønstedLowry Acids and Bases 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 11.4 Dissociation Constants for Acids and Bases 11.5 Dissociation of Water 11.6 The ph Scale 11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases 11.8 AcidBase Titration 11.9 Buffers As we have seen, acids have different strengths depending on how much they dissociate in water. Because the dissociation of strong acids in water is essentially complete, the reaction is not considered to be an equilibrium situation. However, because weak acids in water dissociate only slightly, the ion products reach equilibrium with the undissociated weak acid molecules.
Formic acid HCHO 2, the acid found in bee and ant stings, is a weak acid. It dissociates in water to form hydronium ion, H 3 O +, and formate ions CHO 2 Practice Write the equilibrium expression. HCHO 2 (aq)+h 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + CHO 2 (aq) * Only (aq) states are included in equilibrium expressions. (s) and (l) are ignored (including water). Writing Dissociation Constant Expressions Because weak acids and bases reach an equilibrium when mixed in water, we can write an equilibrium constant expression (just like in ch. 10). aa + bb cc + dd K a = [ ] = [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] K a is called the acid dissociation constant. Writing Dissociation Constants An equilibrium expression can also be written for weak bases: CH 3 N 2 (aq)+h 2 O(l) CH 3 NH 3 + (aq) + OH (aq) Kb = [ ] = [ ] * Only (aq) states are included in equilibrium expressions. (s) and (l) are ignored (including water).
Dissociation Constants Just like in chapter 10, K s less than 1 indicate that there is more reactant than product. Which is in agreement of how we defined weak acids and weak bases. (Mostly molecules (reactants) and a small amount of ions (products)). Strong acids and bases have very large K s because its almost 100% dissociated. These K s are not usually bothered with. Chapter 11 Acids and Bases 11.1 Acids and Bases 11.2 BrønstedLowry Acids and Bases 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 11.4 Dissociation Constants for Acids and Bases 11.5 Dissociation of Water 11.6 The ph Scale 11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases 11.8 AcidBase Titration 11.9 Buffers
11.5 Dissociation of Water Use the water dissociation constant expressions to calculate the [H 3 O + ] and [OH ] in an aqueous solution. Water In many acidbase reactions, water is amphoteric, which means tat it can act either as an acid or a base. In pure water, there is a forward reaction between two water molecules that transfers H + from one water molecule to the other. One molecule acts as an acid by losing H+ and the other water molecule that gains H + acts as the base. Every time H+ is transferred between 2 water molecules, the products are one H3O+ and one OH, which reacts in the reverse direction to reform two water molecules. In this section, we will use the dissociation constant expression and apply it to a very important equilibrium reaction: water reacting with itself. Water Dissociation Constant, K w H 2 O(l) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + OH (aq) Kw = Experiments show that in pure water and 25 C, *ignore (s) and (l) [H3O+] = [OH] = If we plug the concentrations back into Kw: Kw =
Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions The K w applies to any aqueous solution at 25 C because all aqueous solutions contain H 3 O + and OH. When [H 3 O + ]and[oh ] in a solution are equal, the solution is neutral. However most solutions are not neutral; they have different concentrations of [H 3 O + ] and [OH ]. Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions If acid is added to water, there is an increase in [H 3 O + ] and a decrease in [OH ], which makes it an acidic solution. If base is added to water, [OH ] increases and [H 3 O + ] decreases, which gives a basic solution. However for any aqueous solution, whether it is neutral, acidic, or basic, [H 3 O + ][OH ] = 1.0 x 1014 Using K w to calculate [H 3 O + ] and [OH ] If we know [H 3 O + ], we can use K w to calculate [OH ] or if we know [OH ] we can use K w to calculate [H 3 O + ]. Kw = [H 3 O + ][OH ] [OH ]= [ ] [H 3 O + ] = [ ]
Practice A vinegar solution has a [OH ] = 5.0 x 10 12 M at 25 C. What is [H 3 O + ] of the vinegar solution? Is the solution acidic, basic, or neutral? Chapter 11 Acids and Bases 11.1 Acids and Bases 11.2 BrønstedLowry Acids and Bases 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 11.4 Dissociation Constants for Acids and Bases 11.5 Dissociation of Water 11.6 The ph Scale 11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases 11.8 AcidBase Titration 11.9 Buffers Practice What is the [H 3 O + ] of an ammonia cleaning solution with [OH ] = 4.0 x 10 4 M? Is the solution acidic, basic, or neutral?