Introduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark

Similar documents
Study guide chapter 9

WHAT IS A MAGMA. Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth.

The Nature of Igneous Rocks

GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca:

GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12

Magma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary.

Overview of Ch. 4. I. The nature of volcanic eruptions 9/19/2011. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5

Part A GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES. Name

! Profile of Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Mauna Loa is one of five huge shield volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaii.

Volcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Engineering Geology ECIV 2204

The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other

Topography the natural and human features of the Earth s surface. ie. Surface features need to understand difference between relief and elevation

Theory of Plate Tectonics

Volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb.

Volcano - A Volcano is an opening in the Earth s surface through which molten material or volcanic gases are erupted.

Physical Geology, 15/e

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics

Vulcanicity. Objectives to identify the basic structure of volcanoes and understand how they form.

Chapter 5 9/10/2011. Introduction. Volcanoes and Volcanism. Volcanism. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction

VOLCANOES. Homework due Wed./Thurs. I have a few copies left, or get by moodle or webpage

Earth s Structure. Earth has 4 layers. The inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. How do we know???

Chapter 7: Volcanoes 8/18/2014. Section 1 (Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics) 8 th Grade. Ring of Fire

Magma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary.

Structure of the Earth

Geology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT

Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa

Types of Volcanoes. Key Concept: Tectonic plate motions can result in volcanic activity at plate boundaries.

Unit 4 Lesson 4 Volcanoes. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards

Critical Thinking 1. Contrast How could you tell the difference between a mafic rock and a felsic rock by looking at them?

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called

Imagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through.

Plate Tectonics Lab II: Background Information

When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere.

Bryson Extra Credit Reading

Types of Volcanoes KEY CONCEPT: TECTONIC PLATE MOTIONS CAN RESULT IN VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AT PLATE BOUNDARIES.

Earth has more than 600 active volcanoes. An active volcano is one that has erupted within recorded history.

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions

A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through

EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL

Important information from Chapter 1

A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a. Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as. Lava.

Tectonics of Magma. From partial melting of mantle Occurs at oceanic ridges and mantle plumes More dense: makes oceanic crust

Magma vs. Lava. Molten rock below Earth s surface is called magma. The magma that reaches the surface and erupts out of a volcano is called lava.

Ch12&13 Test. 3. Where does the first motion of an earthquake occur? a. fault c. epicenter b. focus d. locus

Goal 2.1 Forces in the Lithosphere. Volcanic Activity

Volcano. Magma. Lava. weak spot in crust where magma and gases come up. molten mixture of rockforming

Chapter 18. Volcanism

Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Earthquakes Lesson 2 Volcanoes Chapter Wrap-Up

3.2 Notes: Volcanoes Form as Molten Rock Erupts

Plate Tectonics. Chapter 8

Apr 20 2:26 PM. the opening in Earth's crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt. the landform that develops around this opening

Layers of the Earth Date: SWABT: Identify and describe the layers of the Earth and their characteristics

TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology

Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers.

Formation of the Hawaiian Islands. Volcanoes, Magma, and Hot Spots

The Earth. Part II: Solar System. The Earth. 1a. Interior. A. Interior of Earth. A. The Interior. B. The Surface. C. Atmosphere

Earth s Interior HW Packet HW #1 Plate Tectonics (pages )

World Geography 3202 Unit 1. Ch. 1: Landform Patterns and Processes

Physical Geography. Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism. Chapter 12 GEOGRAPHY Earthquakes and Volcanoes. What are Earthquakes?

1/31/2013 BASALTIC BASALTIC ANDESITIC RHYOLITIC

YORK CASTLE HIGH SCHOOL CHRISTMAS TERM EXAMINATIONS GEOGRAPHY Duration 1 1 /2 HRS.

V o l c a n o es. Part I Composition. Types of deposits. Types of volcanoes Distribution

A. What is a volcano?

12.2 Plate Tectonics

NC Earth Science Essential Standards

GLY July Ms. Nelda Breedt. Plates move slowly and eventually.

Effects of Eruptions. Most active in the world Kilauea, Hawaii.

1. I can describe evidence for continental drift theory (e.g., fossil evidence, mountain belts, paleoglaciation)

Get Ready for an ERUPTION!!!

Features of Tectonic Plates

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Plate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock

Chapter 1: Landforms Patterns & Processes. Pg

Lecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar

Folding. Faulting. Volcanoes

Objectives: Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Describe conditions that cause volcanoes. Describe the relationship between volcanoes and Earth

The mantle under the crust (about 2,890 km deep) is composed mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. The elements of the crust have

Get Ready for an ERUPTION!!! VOLCANOES

Visualizing Earth Science. Chapter Overview. Volcanoes and Eruption Types. By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner. Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other

Introduction to volcanoes. Volcano: an opening in the earth s surface through which lava, hot gases, and rock fragments erupt

Constructive & Destructive Forces

Chapter 11 Section 2 VOLCANOES TB 337

Earth s Structure and Surface

World Geography 3202 Unit 1. Ch. 1: Landform Patterns and Processes

Questions and Topics

What is Inside a Volcano?

Earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy

Nebular Hypothesis (Kant, Laplace 1796) - Earth and the other bodies of our solar system (Sun, moons, etc.) formed from a vast cloud of dust and

Study Guide: Unit 3. Density and Pressure: You should be able to answer the types of questions given in the end of module questions.

LIGO sees binary neutron star merger on August 17, 2017

Name: Earth Science Date:

Volcanoes. I Types of Volcanoes II Plutonic Activity III Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity IV Magma and Lava V Types of Lava Flows

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics

Chapter 18 - Volcanic Activity. Aka Volcano Under the City

DYNAMIC PLANET. Name: School:

Plate Tectonics. I. The Discovery of Plate Tectonics II. A Mosaic of Plates III. Types of Plate Boundaries IV. How Plates Move

UNIT 1 - Major Land and Water Forms

Transcription:

Introduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark

Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Effusive: lavas (e.g., Kilauea)

Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Explosive: pyroclastic rocks (e.g., Krakatau)

Factors Governing Volcanic Activity Properties of magma inter-related related Composition Viscosity Gas content Komatiite: ~40% SiO 2 Basalt: ~50% SiO 2 Andesite: ~60% SiO 2 Rhyolite: ~70% SiO 2 low SiO 2 high SiO 2

Factors Governing Volcanic Activity Properties of magma Viscosity high SiO 2 low SiO 2

Factors Governing Volcanic Activity Properties of magma Gas content Volcano Location Kilauea Hawaii Kilauea Hawaii Usu Japan Usu Japan Galeras Colombia Nevado del Ruiz Colombia Erta Ale Ethiopia Activity Date Lava lake 1918 Lava lake 1983 Dome 1954 Dome 1985 Dome 1990 Crater 1986 Lava lake 1974 Temp ( o C) 1,170 1,010 800 336 187 85 1,130 H 2 O 370,000 798,000 980,000 999,000 943,000 644,000 794,000 CO 2 489,000 31,500 12,000 400 22,230 338,000 104,000 SO 2 118,400 149,000 430 32 23,030 (+H S) 2 1,100 67,800 H 2 S 400 6,220 4 35 -- 10,400 6,200 HCl 800 1,000 530 170 7,180 320 4,200 HF -- 1,900 240 -- -- -- -- Ar -- -- 0.25 0.25 48 7.1 -- H 2 4,900 9,025 6,300 390 29 1,230 14,900 N 2 -- -- 570 14 4,218 2,100 1,800 CH 4 -- -- 17 0.44 0.46 1,680 -- CO 15,100 592 33 -- <1 <0.4 4,600 Other +NH 3 +He (in micromoles (10-6 moles) per mole)

Factors Governing Volcanic Activity Physical environment Cooling rate Surface temperature Water

Factors Governing Volcanic Activity Physical parameters of eruption Vent size Effusion rate Slope

Effusive Eruptions: Lava Flows Composition: mostly basalt, some rhyolite

Effusive Eruptions: Lava Flows Distribution: (basalt) Slope: channels up to 50 km long Flat: sheet-like Rhyolite: : dome-shaped flows

Effusive Eruptions: Lava Flows Basaltic flow types: Pahoehoe: : flowing, ropy surface Thin Low volume Low viscosity Aa: rubbly surface Thick High volume High viscosity

Explosive Eruptions: Pyroclastic Eruption dynamics: Gas bubbles burst Magma particles + expanding gases

Explosive Eruptions: Particles Size, shape and composition Lapilli Bombs Ash Ash vesicular

Explosive Eruptions: Pyroclastic Deposit types: Air fall: : mantles topography, size decreases from vent Pyroclastic flow: channel flow from collapsed column hot rapid movement

Major Types of Volcanoes Classified by: Ratio of lava flows to pyroclastic rocks Magma composition Volcano slope Shape of vent Rate and volume of eruption

Major Types of Volcanoes

Major Types of Volcanoes Shield volcanoes: : Hawaiian style Eruption with central craters or radial fracture / fissure eruption Lava flows, basaltic Gentle slope Low eruption rate

Major Types of Volcanoes Composite volcanoes: : circum-pacific belt Crater or caldera (> 1 km diameter) Mixed lava flows and pyroclastic rocks Andesite and rhyolite Relatively steep slopes High eruption rate

Major Types of Volcanoes Cinder cones: Basalt to rhyolite, pyroclastic rocks Small, steep slopes Erupted from craters

Major Types of Volcanoes Fissure eruptions: Continental: : flood basalts (e.g., Columbia River Plateau, NW USA) 200,000 km 2 area x 0.8 km thick

Major Types of Volcanoes Fissure eruptions: Continental: : flood basalts (e.g., Columbia River Plateau, NW USA and Deccan Flood Basalts, India) 500,000 km 2 area x ~1 km thick

Fissure Major Types of Volcanoes eruptions: Submarine: : rift zones; pillows Large volume rapidly extruded Plains: several km thick

Major Types of Volcanoes Calderas: : Yellowstone Park (0.6 Ma) Rapid withdrawal of magma causes collapse Rhyolite to andesite, pyroclastic rocks Mostly pyroclastic flows > 1 km diameter (up to 50 km)

Major Types of Volcanoes Calderas: : Yellowstone Park (0.6 Ma) Rapid withdrawal of magma causes collapse Rhyolite to andesite, pyroclastic rocks Mostly pyroclastic flows > 1 km diameter (up to 50 km)

Earth s s Interior Earth structure based on composition Radius: 6371 km Crust: 7 to 60 km thick Mantle: ~2900 km thick Core Outer: ~2250 km thick Inner: ~1220 km thick But we can only see stuff at the surface!

Earth s s Interior: Seismic Waves P & S seismic waves - earthquakes P waves: : push-pull pull waves fast waves, slow down in fluids S waves: : shear waves slow waves, do not travel through fluids refract at layer boundaries higher density - higher velocity

Earth s s Crust Outer layer of rock Oceanic crust: basaltic, 7 km thick Continental crust: granitic, 30 to 60 km thick low SiO 2 high SiO 2??? SiO 2 change in composition change in density

Earth s s Mantle: ~ 2900 km thick 82% of volume 68% of mass

Earth s s Mantle Composition of upper mantle - ultramafic Rock fragments Oceanic slabs Seismic velocity Seismic velocity: crust mantle core increases with depth

Earth s s Core 16% of volume 32% of mass Structure: Outer core: liquid (S- wave shadow zone) Inner core: solid (P-wave shadow zone) Core density and composition:?

Earth s s Core: Magnetic Field Electrically conductive Motion in fluid Core density and composition:?

Core Density and Composition Density (composition) of Earth: 5.5 g/cm 3 Seismic waves: composition Mass balance Crust: 2.7 (granite) / 3.0 basalt Mantle: ultramafic ~3.3 upper to ~3.8 to 5? at base Crust and Mantle: 85% of Earth s s volume

Core Density and Composition 85% of volume has a density < 3.8? & the total volume has a density of ~ 5.5 What is the density of the remaining 15%?

Core Density and Composition Outer core (@T, P): Fe ~10 g/cm 3 Inner core (@T, P): Fe ~12 g/cm 3 Wt% Fe O Si Mg Earth 1 34.6 29.5 15.2 12.7 Earth 2 29.3 30.7 14.7 15.8 Earth 3 29.9 30.9 17.4 15.9 Bulk composition of the Earth: iron-rich rich Crust: oxygen and silicon Ca Al Ni Na S 1.1 1.1 2.4 0.6 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.7 0.3 4.7 -- 1.9 1.4 1.7 0.9

The Earth s s Surface Important factors for Plate Tectonics: Rate of heat flow: tectonic style Water: influences melting point

Plate Tectonics Plate boundaries: heat flow/magma generation

Plate Tectonics Divergent: plates move apart Usually oceanic, but also continental Tensional

Plate Tectonics Convergent: plates moving together compressional

Plate Tectonics: Dynamic System Size and shape of plates change Appalachian Mountains: active margin off east coast of North America is now passive

Plate Tectonics: Dynamic System Size and shape of continents and oceans change Subduction,, sea- floor spreading Oceans: ~200 Ma Continents: ~4 Ga

Driving Forces Heat Loss Mantle forces: rolling currents Plate forces: slab pull and ridge push Mantle plumes: from lower mantle

Driving Forces Heat Loss Rate of heat loss: 200 o C/10 9 years (billion)

Driving Forces Heat Loss Where is heat lost from? 70% - magma production at plate boundaries 20% - conduction through continents 10% - radioactive decay in crust

Driving Forces Heat Loss What is the rate of heat flow over time? Start: up to 8x greater than today Archean: : 3 to 6x greater Phanerozoic: similar to today

Driving Forces Heat Loss How is heat generated? Decay of radioactive isotopes: : K, U, and Th or short-lived isotopes of I and Al Accretional energy: in the nebula Gravitational energy: : phase changes Core formation: : reduction to iron metals Solar wind: : electromagnetic currents

2024 © sciencedocbox.com Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Feedback