Electrostatics Electrostatics - the study of electrical charges that can be collected and held in one place - charges at rest. Examples: BASIC IDEAS: Electricity begins inside the atom itself. An atom is electrically neutral; it has the same number of protons (+) as it does electrons (-). Objects are charged by adding or removing electrons (charged atom = ion) Fewer electrons than protons = (+) charge occurs More electrons than protons = (-) charge occurs There are two types of charges: positive (+) and negative (-). Like charges repel one another: (+) repels (+), (-) repels (-). Opposite charges attract one another: (+) attracts (-), (-) attracts (+). Charge is quantized Charge is conserved
Quantization of Charge The smallest possible amount of charge is that on an electron or proton. This amount is called the fundamental or elementary charge. An electron has charge: qo = -1.602 x 10-19 C A proton has charge: qo = 1.602 x 10-19 C Any amount of charge greater than the elementary charge is an exact integer multiple of the elementary charge. q = nqo, where n is an integer For this reason, charge is said to be quantized. It comes in quantities of 1.602 x 10-19 C Law of Conservation of Electric Charge The net amount of electric charge produced in any process is zero. Net amount of charge in an isolated system stays constant. Insulators vs. Conductors NOTE: Both insulators and conductors possess charge. Conductor (Metallic Bonds - free valence e s in outer shell) substance that allows electrons to move easily throughout (sea of electrons) ex. Silver, copper, Al, humid air Insulator (Covalent Bonds - no free e s in outer shell) substance that does not allow electrons to move freely; electron movement is restricted ex. Glass, rubber, plastic, dry air
Polarization is the process of separating opposite charges within an object. Object is still electrically neutral. Ionic bonds: bonding by the transfer of electrons. Electrons are removed from one atom and are attached to another atom resulting in (+) and (-) ions which attract each other. Will your electrostatic expts. work on humid days? The neutral water molecules in the air pick up excess charge from the charged object, and are then repelled away. Given enough time, the particles in the air will remove the excess charge from the object leaving it neutral. On humid days there are more water molecules in the air to steal charge more rapidly. On dry days there are fewer particles in the air to steal charges so we accumulate charge until we touch something and get discharged (shocked). Methods of Charging a Neutral Object: friction, conduction, induction Charging by Friction: transfer of electrons between the two objects that are rubbed together. Electrons with weaker bonds are ripped off one object and collect on the other object. Triboelectricity (tribo = friction) - useful for charging insulators
Charge is separated due to differences in electron affinity Triboelectric series: shows which materials have a greater tendency to become positive (+) and which have a greater tendency to become negative ( ). Ex: glass with silk or saran wrap - the glass gets (+) charge, saran wrap gets (-) charge PVC rod with fur - PVC rod gets (-) charge, fur gets (+) charge.
Charging by Conduction: transfer of electric charge by direct contact - useful for charging conductors A charged object is brought near, and then a neutral object; the amount of charge between the two objects; (Law of Conservation of Charge) the is acquired by each object.
Charging by Induction: charging a conductor without contact - useful for charging conductors. Grounding: an object can be neutralized if it is allowed to conduct its charge to something larger than itself - often Earth. Charging an object negatively by induction Charging an object positively by induction
A charged object is brought, but, a neutral object; the charged object attracts charges opposite to it - repels charges like it. A ground is used on the neutral object. Electrons can flow into ground or out of it. The neutral object obtains an to the initially charged object. Electrostatic force & Coulomb's Law is based on the following ideas: Electric charge is a fundamental quantity like mass, distance, or time. Charge is observable and measurable by the force it exerts on other charges. The force is a noncontact force (acts over a distance). The space around the charged object which exerts a varying non-contact force on other objects which pass through it is defined as the field. The variable q is used to represent an amount of charge (q may be positive or negative). The SI unit of charge is the Coulomb. 1 C = 6.24 x 10 18 electrons 1 C =? e's Coulomb s Law describes the electrostatic force between two charged objects. The force one charge, q1, exerts on another, q2, has a magnitude given by: k - Coulomb s constant, or k = 9 x 10 9 Nm 2 /C 2 q - magnitude of each charge in coulombs (C) d - distance of separation in meters (m) F - electrostatic force in Newtons. (N)
The force is along the line connecting the charges, and is attractive if the charges are opposite, and repulsive if they are the same. Relationship between F and d: Charges are small. Usually expressed in non-si units of microcoulombs (1 µc = 10-6 C) nanocoulombs (1 nc = 10-9 C) picocoulombs (1 pc = 10-12 C). Convert into Coulombs for calculations Coulomb's Law Problems Convert everything to SI units: Coulombs, Meters, Newtons
Electrostatics Sample Problems 1. A +6 µc and a +3 µc charge are separated by 0.03 m. What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force between them? 2. A repulsive force of 220 N exists between an unknown charge and a charge of +4.7 µc. If they are separated by 2.5 cm, what is the magnitude and sign of the unknown charge?
3. One proton and one electron are separated by 5.3 x 10-11 m. What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force between them? 4. A pith ball with +60 µc exerts a repulsive force of 175 N on another pith ball of 50 µc. How far apart are they?
The net force on a charge is the vector sum of all the forces acting on it. 5. Find the resultant force on the -6 µc charge. Ans:.007 N to Right
6. Find the resultant force on the +10µC charge. (Ans:.029 N to Left)
Superpostition Principle Problem Three point charges, q1, q2, and q3, lie along the x-axis at x = 0, x = 3.0 cm and x = 5.0 cm, respectively. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric force on each of the three point charges when q1 = + 6 µc, q2 = +5 µc, and q3 = -2 µc.