EFFECTS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF LETTUCE Wantira Ranabuht Department of Botany, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Lettuce Lettuce : Lactuca sativa L. Family : Asteraceae Lettuce consist of : H 2 O 95% Carbohydrate 1-2% Protein 1-2% Lipid 0.25% (น พนธ, 2547) 1
Lettuce Energy Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 55 kj (13 kcal) Carbohydrates 2.2 g Dietary fiber 1.1 g Fat 0.2 g Protein 1.4 g Water 96 g Vitamin i A equiv. 166 μg (18%) Folate (Vit. B 9 ) 73 μg (18%) Vitamin C 4 mg (7%) Vitamin K 24 μg (23%) Iron 1.2 mg (10%) Organic Farming promote and enhance agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity avoid the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, etc.) (กรมว ชาการเกษตร, 2543) http://www.organicagriculture.co/home.php 2
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) PLANT AM AMF associations involve three-way interactions between the fungus, host plant and soil factor. (Brundrett et al., 1996) 3
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AM) Plant : Get water, minerals and root protection from attacking by soil pathogen. AMF : Get carbon (Photosynthesis) from host plant. (Brundrett et al., 1996) Benefit of AMF Increase minerals and water uptake Improve resistance to stress conditions Increase soil stability (ก ตต มา, 2548; Brundrett et al., 1996) 4
Benefit of AMF Protective effect against root diseases (soil pathogens) and nematodes. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) AMF increase yield of plants tomato eggplant strawberry potato Karagiannidis et al., 2002 5
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) There was diversity and colonization levels of AMF in onion roots grated in organic field than conventional field Guillermo et al., 2009 Objectives To study the effect of different isolates of AMF on growth and yield of lettuce (Latuca sativa L.) for using in organic farming system http://www.lesla.com/board/gen.php?id=27841&mode_id=17 6
Materials and methods AMF isolation and inoculum preparation p Identification of AMF Studying the effect of different isolates of AMF on growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) AMF isolation AMF were collected from lettuce a commercial organic farm in Wang Nam Keaw district, Nakorn Rachasima province Soil around rhizosphere was randomized sampling at the depth of 0-20 cm 7
AMF isolation wet-sieving and decanting technique (Gerdemann and Nicolson, 1963) sucrose centrifugation (Daniel and Skipper, 1979) 850 μm 180 μm 150 μm 75 μm 75 μm 150 μm AMF inoculum preparation Propagating of AMF The isolated AMF spores were propagated by growing in Sorghum sp. pot 8
Identification of AMF spore staining (Gai et al., 2006) PVLG AMF AMF PVLG + Melzer s reagent Identification of AMF Morphology shape, color, size and wall layer 9
Results AMF could be identified by using morphological characteristics into 4 genera Genus Acaulospora Gigaspora Glomus Scutelluospora Species Acaulospora sp. Gigaspora sp. Glomus etunicatum Glomus geosporum Glomus macrocarpum Glomus mosseae Scutelluospora sp. Identification of AMF A B C D E F G A : Acaulospora sp. B : Gigaspora sp. C : G. etunicatum D : G. geosporum E : G. macrocarpum F : G. mosseae G : Scutellosora sp. 10
Effect of AMF on growth and yield of lettuce Lettuce : Lactuca sativa L. Green Oak Red Oak Effect of AMF on growth and yield of lettuce Seedlings of green oak and red oak inoculation 50 spores of each isolate 45 days measured leaf number, leaf fresh and dry weight and percentage of root infection % root infection by Philips and Hayman (1970) method 11
Results Growth and productivity of green oak lettuce with AMF Control A B C D E F G A : G. mosseae B : G. etunicatum C : Gigaspora sp. D : G. geosporum E : Scutellosora sp. F : Acaulospora sp. G : G. macrocarpum Results Root Infection hypha arbuscule vesicle 12
Results Growth and productivity of green oak lettuce infected with AMF leaf fresh weight Leaf dry weight Treatment leaf number % root infection (g) (g) Control 4.75±0.48 a 0.23±0.07 a 0.01±0.00 a 0±0 a Acaulospora sp. 5.14±0.26 a 0.24±0.05 a 0.02±0.00 a 61.42±3.36 b Gigaspora sp. 6.77±0.30 abc 1.10±0.18 a 0.05±0.01 a 54.86±4.92 b Glomus etunicatum 5.69±0.29 ab 0.67±0.13 a 0.04±0.01 a 56.71±6.10 b Glomus geosporum 667±0 6.67±0.23 bc 0.63±0.08 08 a 0.03±0.0003±0 00 a 55.23±4.96 b Glomus macrocarpum 8.20±0.63 d 2.43±0.48 b 0.17±0.03 b 56.41±3.41 b Glomus mosseae 7.50±0.50 cd 2.70±0.63 b 0.15±0.04 b 61.71±5.99 b Scutelluospora sp. 8.18±0.60 d 2.93±0.68 b 0.18±0.04 b 69.90±4.76 b Column values followed by the same letter are not significantly different as determined by Duncan s multiple range test (P = 0.05). Results Growth and productivity of red oak lettuce with AMF Control A B C D E F G A : G. mosseae B : G. etunicatum C : Gigaspora sp. D : G. geosporum E : Scutellosora sp. F : Acaulospora sp. G : G. macrocarpum 13
Results Growth and productivity of red oak lettuce infected with AMF Treament leaf number leaf fresh weight (g) Leaf dry weight (g) Control 7.20±0.92 c 0.83±0.23 a 0.06±0.02 a 0±0 a % root infection Acaulospora sp. 5.45±0.28 a 0.46±0.12 a 0.03±0.01 a 59.75±3.49 b Gigaspora sp. 5.54±0.43 ab 0.74±0.23 a 0.05±0.01 a 59.80±4.20 b Glomus etunicatum 6.53±0.26 abc 1.42±0.19 a 0.08±0.01 a 60.50±2.91 b Glomus geosporum 6.60±0.43 0.43 abc 2.03±0.71 0.71 ab 0.11±0.04 0.04 ab 52.10±3.71 b Glomus macrocarpum 5.85±0.39 abc 0.39±0.07 a 0.03±0.00 a 61.09±2.08 b Glomus mosseae 7.00±0.75 bc 3.48±1.58 c 0.19±0.10 c 62.34±3.40 b Scutelluospora sp. 5.92±0.38 abc 0.80±0.14 a 0.05±0.01 a 60.38±3.60 b Column values followed by the same letter are not significantly different as determined by Duncan s multiple range test (P = 0.05). Discussion Plant AMF Effect lettuce G. mosseae AMF increased nitrate (L. sativa ) reductase activity Marulanda (nitrate ammonium) (2003) lettuce G. coronatum similar to (L. sativa) Adraiana et al. (2003) G. intraadices G. clarodeum G. mosseae 4 mm N + 1 mm P 14
Conclusion Green oak Red oak Scutelluospora sp. Glomus mosseae Acknowledgements Utilization of Biodiversity and the Center of Excellence in Biodiversity, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University 15
Thank you Dr. Teerada Wangsomboondee 16