APRIL 1999 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL CLASSROOM EDITION Hurricanes, typhoons, coastal storms Earthquake (San Francisco area) Flooding

12 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL CLASSROOM EDITION APRIL 1999 THE COST OF DISASTERS APRIL 1999 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL CLASSROOM EDITION 13 THE COST OF DISASTERS FORCES OF NATURE The U.S. government spends billions on disaster relief THE MAPS BELOW show the places in the U.S. where four types of natural disasters earthquakes, tornadoes, floods and hurricanes are most likely to occur. Note the hurricane and tornado maps don t include Alaska. None of the maps include Hawaii because these types of disasters rarely occur in this state. The highest risk of earthquakes, or groundshaking hazards, occur on the West Coast, primarily in California. From 1989 to 1998, the Federal Emergency Management Agency spent $7.4 billion for earthquake relief. In the past 10 years, two huge quakes shook California: one in the San Francisco Bay area in 1989, and the other in Northridge, Calif., in 1994. FEMA paid out $6.5 billion for Northridge alone. Because of the flat terrain in the Great Plains states of the U.S., the highest risk of tornadoes occurs there. From 1989 to 1998, FEMA paid out $1.3 billion because of tornado damage. As for floods, many occur along major waterways such as the Mississippi River. is also a common problem in the Northwestern U.S. because of regular and somewhat heavy rain. From 1989 to 1998, FEMA spent more than $4 billion for flood relief. Most hurricanes occur on the East Coast. However, when hurricanes make landfall, they can cause significant amounts of damage well inland. From 1989 to 1998, FEMA spent nearly $8 billion on hurricane relief, the highest amount of money in total obligations paid out for any type of disaster. Interpreting the Data The table on page 13 shows how much money (total obligations) the Federal Emergency Management Agency spent on major U.S. disasters (declared by the president) from 1989 to 1998. FEMA is an independent agency of the federal government that helps with disaster preparedness and disaster relief. FEMA payouts differ from insurance claims in that FEMA money comes from U.S. taxpayers and insurance payouts come from an individual s own policy. Total obligations are broken down into five categories and are shown two ways: in dollars and in the bar charts to the right of the table. Here is a brief explanation of the categories: Public assistance: Grants available to state and local governments to repair damaged public property. Grants also pay part of the costs for debris removal and emergency services. Individual assistance: Grants available to individuals and families to pay for temporary housing, emergency home repairs and other serious disasterrelated needs. Hazard mitigation: Funding available to the states to help reduce the threat of future disaster risks. The funds can be used for things such as removal or elevation of homes in floodplains, and reinforcement of structures. Mission assignments: Reimbursable funds to other federal agencies that provide resources or services associated with disaster recovery. FEMA administration: Costs associated with administering disaster recovery, which include establishing field offices and other satellite offices, and personnel costs. For a breakdown of disasters by state and for a link to the FEMA Web site, please visit the Archive at the Student Center of our Web site at http://info.wsj.com/classroom 1989 Earthquake (San Francisco area) High winds Severe freeze 1990 Severe freeze Volcano (Kilauea, Hawaii) 1991 Severe thunderstorms Severe freeze Hail and flooding 1992 and flooding Earthquakes and high winds and hail Hail and flooding Hail Severe thunderstorms Public Assistance $502,709,913 701,445,046 36,301,151 16,384,417 9,225,398 6,249,097 4,916,870 92,736,403 104,871,056 7,563,703 10,134,163 3,222,065 5,568,483 2,004 119,057,788 89,625,801 44,427,091 52,926,089 22,887,851 13,941,016 5,642 3,420,808 2,519,943 1,956,750 1,082,688,637 127,793,229 44,730,791 52,344,906 19,901,869 20,551,738 14,656,945 5,635,620 1,764,854 1,527,378 481,841 701,364 Individual Assistance $552,438,813 74,233,910 15,524,827 11,606,799 8,437,478 40,327,833 29,063,207 27,322,858 20,715,125 1,465,163 2,176,893 385,423 47,986,033 10,641,983 5,752,062 29,865,718 7,825,484 9,531,203 2,716,865 473,000,839 40,370,067 57,724,480 3,746,324 6,695,261 4,429,053 2,627,723 4,115,785 537,436 120,920 748,061 1,404,032 Hazard Mitigation $38,764,434 60,593,709 2,906,525 1,318,742 339,496 70,198 278,325 7,554,434 8,268,037 5,196,376 904,020 167,114 11,710,553 3,816,244 3,988,930 2,971,981 1,867,966 1,069,416 113,572 59,244 180,546 35,853,775 865,757 2,231,623 3,190,155 2,022,981 932,491 484,970 272,172 72,572 35,484 79,353 28,769 Mission Assignments $110,944,599 6,824,358 4,582 3,057 1,543,204 10,776 4,421,122 7,687 337 5,418,052 115,178 31,472 1,260 12 2,308 7,586 9,966 534,948,227 391,216 7,237,352 50,996 22,960 353,368 141,419 1,146 150 180 FEMA Administration $144,494,590 26,132,116 4,489,361 1,996,004 1,904,427 12,888 37,414 9,056,459 8,124,049 37,900,146 77,857 74,060 206,956 68,067 27,222 31,932,513 1,617,179 5,293,680 2,141,048 3,411,347 1,484,915 3,479,620 727,633 18,183 194,021 187,019,461 11,699,762 10,127,104 4,424,523 2,261,056 1,526,331 1,198,743 2,084,217 1,313,100 311,276 246,317 7,840 99,962 Total Obligations $1,349,352,349 869,229,139 59,226,446 31,305,962 19,909,856 6,332,183 5,232,609 151,218,333 150,337,125 82,404,205 20,792,982 12,577,406 5,780,715 5,636,887 414,649 216,104,939 95,174,402 64,383,156 63,792,440 58,032,894 24,323,139 13,024,051 6,978,878 2,597,370 2,341,283 2,313,510,939 181,120,031 122,051,350 63,756,904 30,904,127 27,792,981 19,109,800 12,108,940 3,687,962 1,995,058 1,555,722 1,411,872 830,275 1993 Earthquake Hazard Highest lowest Regional Local and flooding and fires High winds Earthquakes World Trade Center bombing 492,082,611 227,990,005 179,389,922 6,299,379 15,948,322 13,547,753 4,171,846 1,159,602 274,852 296,661,687 124,477,003 5,039,666 6,834,158 1,260,713 1,686,456 135,401,488 40,154,432 13,005,975 11,036,067 808,527 1,413,344 52,857 257,659 28,663,995 1,086,558 32,305 28,034 86,866 654 1,405 7,491 118,986 58,135,404 16,030,948 6,004,846 4,148,500 205,237 424,950 940,941 2,030,283 706,321 1,010,945,185 409,738,946 203,472,714 28,346,138 17,048,952 15,386,701 5,114,192 4,510,946 3,044,274 1994 Earthquake (Northridge) and flooding El Nino (salmon industry) Severe freeze High surf 4,200,081,139 328,476,805 100,449,500 223,688,194 92,900,660 13,593,604 5,097,788 1,758,590 1,430,495,727 88,762,349 121,884,863 12,588,346 10,407,372 1,184,306 655,100,728 31,377,269 35,051,903 28,174,390 11,394,705 3,409,826 1,471,782 838,841 410,671 205,368 19,638,973 20,785,401 2,333,759 98,405 105,585 123,308 194 12,114 10,004 193,480,500 36,163,151 14,632,026 4,483,334 2,357,430 4,613,370 646,906 81,914 159,042 256,670 6,498,797,067 505,564,975 274,352,051 256,444,323 106,758,380 34,328,454 12,526,254 6,018,543 2,340,417 1,656,348 1995 and flooding Oklahoma City bombing 266,608,180 199,873,454 107,104,324 29,590,165 6,537,620 529,604 2,142,497 168,500,321 106,076,690 147,784,332 15,247,675 2,123,269 6,121,754 83,407,657 52,563,788 32,130,998 5,061,108 189,058 319,172 103,101,582 18,514,614 1,072,786 90,182 1,411 81,824 136,870,869 39,059,032 20,680,829 4,644,436 2,295,372 1,263,898 288,889 758,488,609 416,087,578 308,773,269 54,633,566 11,146,730 7,997,080 2,750,558 1996 Risk of Highest High Medium Low Hurricane Frequency 60 per 100 years 40 20 5 and high winds and flooding 335,147,021 330,507,794 171,130,676 182,969,336 17,999,642 24,086,246 15,705,715 9,882,639 280,625,229 303,774,032 59,055,638 23,277,301 13,138,688 2,245,691 83,116,948 88,936,175 33,846,498 1,560,206 4,910,615 4,645,677 1,112,014 1,376,945 149,705,397 4,665,769 2,873,249 5,468 160,389 221,973 46,437 15,608 64,107,033 70,050,798 21,086,677 2,953,901 3,487,926 2,280,199 1,687,185 1,126,810 912,701,628 797,934,568 287,992,738 187,488,911 49,835,873 44,372,783 18,551,351 14,647,693 1997 and flooding and high winds 458,318,371 214,851,757 59,333,294 68,477,412 117,103,579 15,189,824 10,289,221 160,681,939 178,237,770 74,421,232 40,512,545 16,069,516 9,618,785 73,668,703 52,610,051 18,898,545 8,772,483 3,588,347 2,548,597 2,473,126 30,543,894 4,093,658 11,687,913 2,795,444 169,904 125,187 8,014,658 52,894,536 49,152,928 21,928,793 44,857,498 3,456,654 7,444,327 3,872,982 776,107,443 498,946,164 186,269,777 165,415,382 124,318,484 41,377,451 34,268,772 1998 and flooding High winds Drought Landslide 229,986,695 196,004,748 189,363,812 65,026,705 91,443,497 62,699,405 38,719,498 7,936,806 1,736,287 679,221 925,178,455 89,817,580 58,636,963 102,931,017 10,757,693 7,078,693 1,321,596 2,170,950 687,100 698,249 6,308,255 32,738,191 403,277 1,447,967 3,217,964 19,313 82,400 263,352,165 428,212 2,896,010 2,227,066 122,657 1,835,080 100 1,384,505 1,033,444 16,392 332,403,852 36,476,721 35,410,985 32,949,794 9,570,883 8,001,442 1,875,060 601,819 2,842,374 113,770 1,751,619,416 329,035,516 319,045,961 203,537,859 113,342,697 82,832,584 41,935,567 10,005,530 7,783,055 1,496,483 Karl Hartig Sources: Maps from Trilateral North American Natural Hazards Map Project (USGS Geologic Hazards Team, data coordinators). Table based on data from Federal Emergency Management Agency

APRIL 1999 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL CLASSROOM EDITION 5 ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT CHARTS The Costs of Disasters Answers are on p. 16. THIS MONTH S Centerspread displays four U.S. maps that illustrate the places where natural disasters earthquakes, tornadoes, floods and hurricanes are most likely to occur. The table on p. 13 shows how much money the Federal Emergency Management Agency spent on disasters in the U.S. from 1989 to 1998. FORCES OF NATURE, PP. 1213 Objective: Examine costs of disasters nationally and locally, and analyze the impact of disasters on the economy. INTERPRETATION 1 Use the maps on p. 12 and Forces of Nature to answer each of the following questions: A Find your state on each map and analyze its risk factor for each of the four natural disasters. Are you living in an area known for its earthquakes or hurricanes? What types of procedures does your state have in place to handle weather emergencies? Do homeowners carry any special insurance to protect them? B Which state isn t represented on these maps? Why? C Which area(s) show the highest risk of earthquakes? Of tornadoes? Of floods? Of hurricanes? D Based on these maps, which state or region looks like the least risky place to live? Would you choose to live there? Why? E For which type of natural disaster did the Federal Emergency Management Agency spend the most money from 1989 to 1998? What was this amount? Why do you think this type of disaster was so costly? F What percentage of the total obligations FEMA paid out for earthquake relief between 1989 and 1998 was related to the Northridge, Calif., earthquake in 1994? G Calculate the total amount FEMA paid out for hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes from 1989 to 1998. 2 Use the Interpreting the Data text and the table on p. 13 to answer these questions: A What role does FEMA play in disasters? How does it differ from a private insurance company? B In 1998, how much did FEMA spend on tornadoes alone? C For which years did FEMA s spending on hurricanes rank at the top of the list? In which year was this spending the largest? D Aside from fires, for which manmade disasters did FEMA spend the most money? In which years did these disasters occur? On which of these disasters was spending greater? For which of these disasters was publicassistance spending larger? Compare publicassistance spending for this disaster with the total amount of publicassistance spending for all disasters that year. E On which single disaster during this tenyear period did FEMA spend the most money? Why do you think this was so? How much of this total amount did FEMA spend on each of the following: Public Assistance Individual Assistance Hazard Mitigation Mission Assignments FEMA Administration Compare spending on FEMA Administration for this event with spending on FEMA Administration for hurricanes, typhoons and coastal storms in 1998. Which is larger? What do you think could have caused this? F What were FEMA s total obligations for all disasters in 1994? 3 Discuss the impact of disasters on the economy. A How do disasters affect businesses and consumers? What effect do natural disasters have on the environment? Can natural disasters benefit the environment? How? B How can damage from these disasters be prevented or reduced? WEBSITE ACTIVITY I Make a timeline of disasters occurring in your state between 1989 and 1998, and analyze the impact of these disasters on your state s economy. How much did FEMA spend? Which disasters were the most costly? For naturaldisaster data for your state, go to the Archive at the Student Center on our Web site at http://info. wsj.com/classroom Related Video WHEN DISASTER STRIKES V Costly disasters are making insurance companies quake with fear. How have disasters affected homeowners insurance rates?

Federal Emergency Management Agency Obligations for Major Disasters Declared Since the Stafford Act (1989) (As of 12/31/99) Date Public Individual Hazard Mission FEMA Total State Declared Incident Type (FEMA description) Incident Type (WSJCE catagory) Assistance Assistance Mitigation Assignments Administration Obligations AK 6/10/89 3,110,869 1,039,464 340,912 258,884 4,750,129 AK 5/10/89 Severe freezing Severe freeze 4,916,870 278,325 37,414 5,232,609 AK 5/30/91 Heavy snow, ice jams, flooding and flooding 1,956,750 180,546 9,966 194,021 2,341,283 AK 9/13/94 Severe storms and flooding 56,450,431 1,681,829 11,071,846 149,778 2,330,719 71,684,603 AK 10/13/95 Severe storms and flooding 6,381,540 1,192,398 29,349 370,869 7,974,156 AK 6/7/96 Extreme Inland 9,882,639 2,245,691 1,376,945 15,608 1,126,810 14,647,693 AL 11/17/89 Severe storms and tornadoes 2,298,734 676,982 124,303 1,817 403,309 3,505,145 AL 2/17/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 6,905,663 2,399,847 379,484 6,439 1,047,362 10,738,795 AL 3/21/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 18,932,784 12,052,662 1,258,315 1,172,190 1,231,190 34,647,141 AL 1/4/91 Severe storms and flooding 2,284,511 1,853,839 221,254 2,132 609,647 4,971,383 AL 7/8/94 Tropical Storm Alberto, severe storms,flooding 8,425,281 5,076,706 2,104,168 189,616 1,036,513 16,832,284 AL 3/30/94 Severe storms, tornadoes, and flooding 3,532,519 1,581,482 469,959 12,886 820,742 6,417,588 AL 3/3/94 Severe winter ice storm, freeze, flooding and flooding 13,176,390 1,605,943 54,270 92,368 14,928,971 AL 10/4/95 Hurricane Opal 32,710,917 7,887,815 6,528,060 24,209 4,217,955 51,368,956 AL 4/21/95 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 1,804,535 565,619 364,379 1,562 746,778 3,482,873 AL 3/20/96 Severe storms, flooding, and tornadoes 573,085 52,944 69,131 695,160 AL 2/23/96 Severe winter storm, ice & flooding and flooding 9,691,979 266,643 285,416 10,244,038 AL 7/25/97 Storms, flooding, high winds and high winds 5,368,480 6,853,209 1,906,323 95,000 2,403,679 16,626,691 AL 3/9/98 Severe storms and flooding 15,291,365 3,984,087 446,380 30,000 1,686,020 21,437,852 AL 9/30/98 Hurricane Georges 18,356,094 16,588,189 56,166 3,399,102 38,399,551 AL 4/9/98 Severe storms and tornadoes 11,601,502 3,206,753 160,345 15,515 1,728,482 16,712,597 AR 5/15/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 9,242,260 2,010,969 848,887 600 326,318 12,429,034 AR 5/30/91 Severe storms and flooding 2,744,537 281,253 236,871 3,262,661 AR 7/24/92 Severe thunderstorms Severe thunderstorms 701,364 28,769 180 99,962 830,275 AR 2/28/94 Severe winter ice storm 8,733,304 1,713,561 35,597 206,827 10,689,289 AR 4/23/96 Severe storms and tornadoes 3,688,135 1,989,971 504,808 391 1,038,267 7,221,572 AR 4/14/97 Severe storms and flooding 2,516,851 1,363,000 201,212 822,676 4,903,739 AR 3/2/97 Severe storms and tornadoes 9,003,076 8,982,110 2,473,126 8,014,658 3,739,394 32,212,364 AS 2/9/90 Hurricane Ola 620,320 11,218,229 2,912,929 1,608,207 22,652,469 39,012,154 AS 12/13/91 Hurricane Val 36,317,855 37,307,535 7,821,521 4,406,594 18,010,728 103,864,233 AZ 12/6/90 Severe storms and flooding 6,320,592 107,926 187,911 6,616,429 AZ 1/19/93 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 116,977,866 2,395,221 6,087,111 13,852 2,962,852 128,436,902 CA 10/18/89 Loma Prieta earthquake Earthquake 701,445,046 74,233,910 60,593,709 6,824,358 26,132,116 869,229,139 CA 6/30/90 3,222,065 2,176,893 167,114 7,687 206,956 5,780,715 CA 10/22/91 Oakland Hills Fire 43,977,555 5,386,708 2,895,307 1,260 1,851,659 54,112,489 CA 2/11/91 Severe freeze Severe freeze 5,642 9,531,203 7,586 3,479,620 13,024,051 CA 5/4/92 Earthquake and aftershocks Earthquake 7,183,355 1,649,834 942,297 11,678 941,254 10,728,418 CA 7/2/92 Earthquake and aftershocks Earthquake 12,718,514 5,045,427 1,080,684 11,282 1,319,802 20,175,709 CA 5/2/92 Fire during a period of civil unrest 98,194,182 38,255,489 812,322 221,705 10,426,282 147,909,980 CA 8/29/92 Old Gulch and Fountain fires 29,599,047 2,114,578 53,435 169,511 1,273,480 33,210,051 CA 2/25/92 Rain/snow/wind storms, flooding, mudslides and flooding 42,213,472 1,674,908 2,438,452 8,920 2,837,192 49,172,944 CA 10/28/93, mudslides, flooding, soil erosion and fires 6,299,379 6,834,158 11,036,067 28,034 4,148,500 28,346,138 CA 2/3/93 Severe winter storm, mud/land slides, flooding and flooding 179,389,922 5,039,666 13,005,975 32,305 6,004,846 203,472,714 CA 1/17/94 Earthquakes and aftershocks (Northridge) Earthquake 4,200,081,139 1,430,495,727 655,100,728 19,638,973 193,480,500 6,498,797,067 CA 9/13/94 El Nino, Salmon Industry El Nino (salmon industry) 1,577,823 261,797 503,710 2,343,330 CA 1/10/95 Severe winter storms, flooding, mud/landslides and flooding 106,402,119 76,566,945 34,464,499 14,409,572 17,594,759 249,437,894 CA 3/12/95 Severe winter storms, flooding, mud/landslides and flooding 93,471,335 29,509,745 18,099,289 4,105,042 21,464,273 166,649,684 CA 1/4/97 Severe storms, flooding, mud/landslides 99,203,963 29,814,011 18,545,919 1,866,375 18,238,445 167,668,713 CA 2/9/98 Severe winter storm and flooding and flooding 152,912,402 40,859,939 32,558,037 182,412 22,857,479 249,370,269 CO 8/1/97 Severe storms, flooding, mudslides, ground saturation 5,754,364 8,636,163 615,671 59,400 2,763,561 17,829,159 CT 7/17/89 Tropical storm Allison 14,921,023 1,231,692 220,678 231,852 16,605,245 CT 8/30/91 Hurricane Bob 6,008,680 83,820 568,235 6,660,735 CT 12/17/92 Winter storm and coastal flooding and flooding 4,512,630 1,925,410 246,296 31,279 992,913 7,708,528 CT 1/24/96 Blizzard of 1996 7,971,317 70,936 8,042,253 DC 8/28/89 Severe storms and high winds High winds 2,810,725 34,763 5,917 2,851,405 DC 6/17/94 Severe winter ice storm 2,405,113 339,742 357 51,824 2,797,036 DC 1/11/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 1,279,266 446 51,890 1,331,602 DE 2/6/92 Severe coastal storm 2,743,335 324,192 183,785 3,251,312 DE 1/15/93 Severe coastal storm and flooding 1,055,269 115,927 58,748 1,229,944

DE 3/16/94 Severe ice storms, flooding and flooding 5,456,842 363,341 20,746 116,170 5,957,099 DE 1/12/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 3,298,781 79,351 3,378,132 DE 2/13/98 Severe winter storms, high winds & flooding and flooding 2,178,468 47,169 655,689 2,881,326 FL 4/3/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,766,249 262,517 2,028,766 FL 1/15/90 Severe freeze Severe freeze 8,555,625 71,332 8,626,957 FL 8/14/92 Severe storms and flooding 6,236,544 558,336 96 200,827 6,995,803 FL 8/24/92 Hurricane Andrew 761,945,307 327,305,309 22,128,473 488,697,844 100,358,862 1,700,435,795 FL 10/8/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 3,009,665 1,534,443 167,297 208,447 4,919,852 FL 3/13/93, flooding, high winds &tides, freezing 34,695,172 33,320,150 1,830,758 473,672 3,356,753 73,676,505 FL 7/10/94 Tropical Storm Alberto, severe storms,flooding 11,744,254 11,643,946 4,192,698 1,629,144 2,033,318 31,243,360 FL 11/28/94 Tropical Storm Gordon, tornadoes, flooding,rain 3,018,074 512,043 25,171 888,669 4,443,957 FL 10/27/95 6,902,342 4,833,515 2,022,087 4,000 360,737 14,122,681 FL 8/10/95 Hurricane Erin 23,818,036 5,346,833 4,315,621 1,862,048 35,342,538 FL 10/4/95 Hurricane Opal 69,589,157 21,477,261 14,628,927 1,271,704 12,739,354 119,706,403 FL 10/15/96 Tropical Storm Josephine 12,000 5,888,699 445,534 10,600 1,403,663 7,760,496 FL 6/18/98 Extreme fire hazards 1,736,287 2,170,950 1,033,444 2,842,374 7,783,055 FL 1/6/98 54,320,296 14,798,330 685,429 208,136 8,164,325 78,176,516 FL 9/4/98 Hurricane Earl 1,833,321 591,732 2,425,053 FL 9/28/98 Hurricane Georges 27,379,474 15,361,822 262,208 64,920 3,954,297 47,022,721 FL 11/6/98 Tropical Storm Mitch 924,978 2,462,440 151,078 3,538,496 FL 2/12/98 Severe storms, winds, tornadoes and flooding 7,206,749 3,031,345 90,548 601,238 10,929,880 FM 1/17/91 Typhoon Russ 381,270 784,790 13,536 1,293 760,664 1,941,553 FM 12/10/91 Typhoon Yuri 967,890 517,531 247,434 1,662 349,048 2,083,565 FM 2/7/92 Typhoon Axel 731,275 51,315 4,687 85,667 872,944 FM 4/3/98 Severe drought Drought 1,005,184 686,045 377,978 2,069,207 GA 10/19/90 Severe storms and flooding 5,580,958 2,203,535 455,147 737,967 8,977,607 GA 2/23/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 9,263,005 2,820,470 1,063,181 5,905 1,691,502 14,844,063 GA 3/15/91 Severe storms and flooding 2,404,123 432,740 243,646 125 726,346 3,806,980 GA 12/1/92 High winds, heavy rains and high winds 1,764,854 537,436 72,572 1,313,100 3,687,962 GA 3/4/93, high winds, heavy rains 1,159,602 463,193 52,857 6,069 1,550,479 3,232,200 GA 7/7/94 Tropical Storm Alberto, severe storms,flooding 308,307,270 69,023,623 24,568,360 18,941,470 32,204,651 453,045,374 GA 3/31/94, flooding and severe storms 3,186,905 1,832,446 816,314 73,482 2,424,844 8,333,991 GA 10/19/94 Heavy rains tornadoes, flooding, high winds 6,874,180 7,210,636 1,737,505 35,878 848,107 16,706,306 GA 10/10/95 Hurricane Opal 14,277,097 2,659,135 2,441,675 829,263 20,207,170 GA 12/20/95, thunderstorms, flooding 535,257 66,075 601,332 GA 3/11/98 Severe storms and flooding 40,259,254 7,999,647 367,351 3,107 4,800,673 53,430,032 GU 12/24/90 Typhoon Russ 1,842,557 3,211,783 365,696 71,101 3,446,165 8,937,302 GU 12/4/91 Typhoon Yuri 4,000,554 1,772,409 718,484 3,000 2,875,100 9,369,547 GU 8/28/92 Typhoon Omar 20,470,922 18,455,008 3,250,061 13,681,552 16,538,882 72,396,425 GU 12/17/97 Super Typhoon Paka 60,883,715 34,913,359 8,496,760 2,767,557 42,040,541 149,101,932 HI 5/18/90 Lava flow, Kilauea Volcano Volcano 10,134,163 1,465,163 904,020 74,060 12,577,406 HI 9/12/92 Hurricane Iniki 146,132,922 39,449,181 4,283,132 22,743,081 46,128,044 258,736,360 HI 11/26/96 Severe storms, high winds and flooding and high winds 4,772,873 616,735 800 850,546 6,240,954 IA 5/26/90 Severe storms and flooding 7,984,395 5,287,124 60,099 5,500 1,102,758 14,439,876 IA 9/6/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,265,944 831,409 116,776 103 255,376 2,469,608 IA 7/12/91 Severe storms and flooding 2,021,595 473,034 151,028 56 413,443 3,059,156 IA 12/26/91 Ice storm 12,148,603 174,450 103,346 204,604 12,631,003 IA 10/2/92 Severe storms and flooding 2,679,449 241,640 170 92,794 3,014,053 IA 4/26/93 Severe storms and flooding 2,457,570 1,029,837 181,891 60 340,010 4,009,368 IA 7/9/93 Severe storms and flooding 106,328,604 87,568,565 33,592,799 12,745,063 12,670,105 252,905,136 IA 6/24/96 Severe storms and flooding 3,001,233 334,569 992 253,915 3,590,709 IA 8/21/96 Severe storms and flooding 4,895,698 523,758 4,622 484,620 5,908,698 IA 11/20/97 Severe snow storms, rain, strong winds 3,225,993 7,835 333,024 3,566,852 IA 7/2/98 Severe Storms, flooding and 15,868,018 17,705,978 2,735 2,713,267 36,289,998 ID 2/11/96 Severe storms and flooding 14,173,866 5,229,285 2,990,708 481,098 2,856,446 25,731,403 ID 1/4/97 Severe storms, flooding, mud/landslides 12,998,090 3,578,528 2,883,109 482,970 3,562,741 23,505,438 ID 6/13/97 Severe storms, snowmelt, mud/landslides, flooding 8,320,561 1,449,734 430,511 8,585 1,025,643 11,235,034 IL 1/13/89 Severe storms and tornadoes 893,437 147,475 327 58,537 1,099,776 IL 8/29/90 Severe storms and flooding 5,349,402 925,400 454 559,423 6,834,679 IL 6/22/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 5,468,309 592,280 457,787 432,642 6,951,018 IL 3/6/90 Severe ice storm 5,568,483 337 68,067 5,636,887 IL 4/15/92 14,827,660 18,534 616,324 7,214,526 181,788 22,858,832 IL 7/9/93 Severe storms and flooding 124,238,132 77,435,270 34,685,454 5,488,834 13,320,181 255,167,871 IL 4/26/94 Severe storms and flooding 11,814,013 5,341,237 2,727,028 9,187 883,234 20,774,699 IL 5/30/95 Severe storms, flooding 18,535,689 13,059,741 3,854,623 149,195 2,378,512 37,977,760 IL 7/25/96 Severe storms, rains, flooding 17,322,587 142,435,163 20,984,273 438,351 4,298,900 185,479,274

IL 4/23/96 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,559,899 455,968 445,313 465,738 2,926,918 IL 5/6/96 Severe storms and tornadoes 15,391,383 10,692,749 3,695,556 218,500 592,360 30,590,548 IL 3/21/97 Severe storms and flooding 1,478,069 919,384 397,040 324,499 3,118,992 IL 9/17/97 Severe storms, flash flooding 63,725,942 6,578,981 2,715 2,088,431 72,396,069 IN 12/6/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,195,600 2,674,194 3,188 238,800 4,111,782 IN 6/4/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 7,951,227 2,405,601 410,020 10,244 621,951 11,399,043 IN 1/5/91 Severe storms and flooding 3,966,716 2,491,450 236,490 1,990 773,788 7,470,434 IN 3/29/91 Severe ice storm 19,353,326 1,663,964 1,696 120,270 21,139,256 IN 8/17/92 Severe storms and flash flooding 2,147,015 866,750 17,899 107,062 3,138,726 IN 9/18/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 4,748,991 142,397 14,091 35,817 4,941,296 IN 9/9/93 Severe storms and flooding 2,002,174 107,005 2,109,179 IN 7/3/96 Severe storms and flooding 5,991,445 1,805,075 983,404 250,000 723,697 9,753,621 IN 4/2/96 Blizzard of 1996 3,388,925 37,673 3,426,598 IN 3/6/97 Severe storms and flooding 3,737,507 5,855,778 2,123,602 488,123 6,140,039 18,345,049 IN 7/22/98 Severe storms and flooding 4,865,795 6,700 559,866 5,432,361 IN 5/8/98 Severe Winter Storm 4,444,187 283,473 4,727,660 KS 4/29/91 Severe storms and tornadoes 2,132,542 2,162,814 548,397 4,843,753 KS 7/22/93 Severe storms and flooding 51,574,428 24,243,413 15,228,629 2,795,106 6,324,506 100,166,082 KS 11/5/98 Severe storms and flooding 293,017 9,134,848 568,975 9,996,840 KS 10/14/98 Severe storms, flooding & tornadoes 3,522,963 2,429,460 778 518,333 6,471,534 KY 2/24/89 Severe storms and flooding 6,368,335 2,623,171 583,788 634,649 10,209,943 KY 6/30/89 Severe storms and flooding 2,952,672 1,196,969 288,919 411,600 4,850,160 KY 10/30/89 Severe storms, mudslides and flooding 4,371,941 2,199,274 174,237 617,526 7,362,978 KY 1/29/91 Severe storms and flooding 3,254,703 130,272 269,591 3,654,566 KY 3/16/94 Severe weather freezing rain, sleet, snow 19,275,056 2,007,420 119 810,518 22,093,113 KY 6/13/95, winds hail rain 5,561,249 2,123,269 183,931 983 2,038,113 9,907,545 KY 6/1/96 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 1,602,791 378,861 158,755 437,584 2,577,991 KY 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 3,300,617 116,865 3,417,482 KY 3/4/97 Severe storms, flooding and tornadoes 34,208,246 57,232,797 16,185,930 11,613,223 16,735,885 135,976,081 KY 4/28/98 Severe Storms,, and 4,201,693 4,024,007 23,542 4,151,435 12,400,677 KY 3/3/98 Severe winter storm 14,139,824 16,113 252,181 358,390 14,766,508 LA 11/22/89 Heavy rains and flooding 1,412,582 270,014 1,682,596 LA 5/20/89 Severe storms and flooding 1,918,725 2,960,521 170,179 728,960 5,778,385 LA 7/17/89 Tropical storm Allison 623,133 3,557,651 33,218 1,056 559,331 4,774,389 LA 6/16/89 Severe storms and tornadoes 579,273 63,918 643,191 LA 4/23/91 Severe storms and flooding 1,030,420 3,063,981 135,929 532,621 4,762,951 LA 5/3/91 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 12,835,361 12,399,852 830,167 12 1,063,781 27,129,173 LA 8/26/92 Hurricane Andrew 71,265,445 60,015,316 2,205,658 7,600,471 7,638,523 148,725,413 LA 2/2/93 Severe storms and flooding 2,001,971 150 456,829 2,458,950 LA 2/28/94 Severe winter ice storm 5,757,284 1,296,447 101 190,562 7,244,394 LA 5/10/95 Severe storms and flooding 23,311,852 107,011,446 16,318,064 475,393 9,132,628 156,249,383 LA 3/18/97 Severe winter storm 3,715,742 96,995 49,248 3,861,985 LA 9/23/98 Tropical Storm Frances, Hurricane Georges 10,525,604 20,201,699 304,040 2,241,495 33,272,838 MA 8/26/91 Hurricane Bob and flooding 29,011,770 41,984 743,210 7,468 2,290,908 32,095,340 MA 11/4/91 Coastal storm 9,309,817 6,662,739 667,790 36,781 2,028,199 18,705,326 MA 12/21/92 Winter coastal storm 14,656,945 2,627,723 484,970 141,419 1,198,743 19,109,800 MA 10/25/96 Severe storms and flooding 31,736,630 21,077,748 10,618,405 184,131 3,626,214 67,243,128 MA 1/24/96 Blizzard of 1996 22,607,534 127,542 22,735,076 MA 6/23/98 Heavy rains, flooding 12,549,300 24,480 11,565 1,831,118 14,416,463 MD 8/28/89 Severe storms and high winds High winds 3,438,372 35,435 6,971 3,480,778 MD 3/16/94 Severe winter weather and ice storms 9,561,553 513,386 31,833 278,397 10,385,169 MD 1/23/96 Severe storms and flooding 3,096,136 3,152,169 470,556 135,473 2,380,107 9,234,441 MD 9/30/96 Hurricane Fran 1,360,168 1,221,166 119,969 583,013 3,284,316 MD 1/11/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 13,641,385 22 101,011 13,742,418 ME 6/7/89 Severe storms and flooding 1,114,147 167,841 66,814 1,348,802 ME 4/19/91 Severe storms, ice jams and flooding 7,763,891 1,010,478 17,100 253,182 9,044,651 ME 8/28/91 Hurricane Bob 4,244,106 2,750 439,670 14,631 316,530 5,017,687 ME 11/7/91 Coastal storm 1,906,723 202,319 222,985 251 243,348 2,575,626 ME 3/27/92 Heavy rains, ice jams and flooding and flooding 2,631,119 278,409 263,489 3,173,017 ME 5/11/93 Heavy rain snowmelt, ice jams & flooding 2,721,984 737 418,559 315,945 3,457,225 ME 5/13/94 and ice jams 13,200 471,449 90,367 43,190 326,231 944,437 ME 5/20/96 Severe storms,mudslides,inland,coastal flooding 2,027,462 315,846 1,724 391,599 2,736,631 ME 10/28/96 Severe storms and flooding 5,880,347 3,929,709 1,554,488 47,944 1,111,311 12,523,799 ME 3/13/96 Severe storms, winds, rain, floods, ice jams and flooding 1,657,224 254,936 637 433,458 2,346,255 ME 7/2/98 Severe storms and flooding 1,826,562 98,864 21,759 1,089,115 3,036,300 ME 1/13/98 Severe ice storms, rain and high winds 34,270,866 6,558,470 1,331,943 1,549,310 5,962,337 49,672,926

MH 12/6/91 Typhoon Zelda 1,737,422 587,636 934,526 2,863,146 6,122,730 MH 2/7/92 Tropical storm Axel 1,510,408 442,677 243,299 801,541 1,449,749 4,447,674 MH 12/16/92 Typhoon Gay 674,428 103,603 28,408 1,076,329 1,936,000 3,818,768 MH 10/6/94 High surf and wave action High surf 1,758,590 410,671 12,114 159,042 2,340,417 MI 5/10/94 Severe deep freeze Severe freeze 5,097,788 838,841 81,914 6,018,543 MI 7/23/96 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 4,028,737 13,757,076 2,288,361 969,847 21,044,021 MI 7/11/97 Severe storms, flooding and tornadoes 18,830,728 15,004,500 2,129,441 2,278,950 38,243,619 MI 6/24/98 Severe storms and straight line winds High winds 25,743,666 749,459 26,493,125 MI 8/6/98 Severe storms and high winds High winds 5,476,631 240,319 5,716,950 MN 5/8/89 3,610,528 344,957 251,361 1,825 205,168 4,413,839 MN 12/26/91 Ice storm 8,154,309 774,946 67,291 8,996,546 MN 6/26/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 5,369,338 810,097 7,552 424,975 6,611,962 MN 6/11/93 Severe storms, tornadoes flooding 29,043,303 31,105,647 13,512,738 191,844 2,176,440 76,029,972 MN 8/18/95 Severe thunderstorms, winds, tornadoes, flooding 5,283,934 813,665 209,933 6,307,532 MN 6/1/96 8,998,371 1,233,642 249,369 10,481,382 MN 1/5/96 High winds, freezing rain, heavy snow 4,654,381 617,977 5,272,358 MN 8/25/97 Severe storms and flooding 9,877,756 2,256,339 1,329,692 997,511 14,461,298 MN 1/7/97 Severe ice storms 12,419,776 1,958,312 2,260 91,764 14,472,112 MN 1/16/97 Major winter storm and blizzard conditions 24,802,808 2,204 433,998 25,239,010 MN 4/8/97 Severe flooding, winter storms, high winds, ice jams and flooding 157,829,838 38,558,811 29,362,944 858,367 16,608,709 243,218,669 MN 4/1/98 Severe storms and tornadoes 26,326,389 2,400,496 1,268,309 102,763 2,420,295 32,518,252 MN 6/23/98 Severe Storms,Straight line winds and 25,887,234 1,391 1,250,618 27,139,243 MO 5/24/90 Severe storms and flooding 7,117,167 2,667,730 671,482 668,968 11,125,347 MO 5/11/93 Severe storms and flooding 1,668,458 505,202 2,173,660 MO 7/9/93 Severe storms and flooding 136,049,594 80,693,087 37,890,445 7,249,203 19,358,617 281,240,946 MO 12/1/93 Severe storms, tornadoes, and flooding 2,651,705 2,566,672 1,147,357 50 629,523 6,995,307 MO 4/21/94 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 1,963,782 386,048 1,062 519,677 2,870,569 MO 6/2/95 Severe storms, flooding, hail, tornadoes 14,985,079 6,686,605 2,298,697 7,180 2,173,005 26,150,566 MO 10/14/98 Severe storms and flooding 6,268,025 4,362,355 3,732 1,001,096 11,635,208 MO 10/19/98 Severe storms and flooding 3,221,445 243,736 3,465,181 MP 2/5/90 Typhoon Koryn 1,776,235 111,825 86,940 66,979 2,041,979 MP 12/14/90 Typhoon Owen 2,482,846 10,146,928 1,566,149 1,104,241 10,768,997 26,069,161 MP 3/11/97 Typhoon Fern 2,111,172 275,723 25,961 572,873 2,985,729 MP 12/8/97 Super Typhoon Keith 3,522,102 4,411,286 1,926 1,821,221 9,756,535 MP 12/24/97 Super Typhoon Paka 1,960,423 1,187,900 422,863 3,571,186 MP 3/20/98 Severe drought Drought 6,931,622 82,400 698,460 223,841 7,936,323 MS 2/28/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 6,002,838 1,587,113 644,412 4,985 588,859 8,828,207 MS 3/5/91 Severe storms and flooding 1,927,343 658,486 178,910 418,343 3,183,082 MS 1/3/91 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 1,035,857 1,250,016 102,177 551,823 2,939,873 MS 5/17/91 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 6,478,162 2,144,651 726,090 875,470 10,224,373 MS 3/20/92 Severe storms and tornadoes 671,926 393,138 46,153 267,370 1,378,587 MS 11/25/92 Severe storms, high winds and tornadoes 2,358,966 1,499,081 885,450 4,743,497 MS 10/17/92 Wind storms, tornadoes and hail and hail 1,527,378 120,920 35,484 311,276 1,995,058 MS 2/18/94 Severe winter storm, freezing rain and sleet 68,206,664 6,740,496 25,059 1,231,258 76,203,477 MS 5/12/95 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 3,304,481 325,084 78,889 759,548 4,468,002 MS 6/13/97 517,618 8,467 237,125 763,210 MS 10/1/98 Hurricane Georges 20,724,349 29,170,857 99,247 223,915 6,300,660 56,519,028 MT 5/16/96 Severe storms,flooding,ice jams,soil saturation 1,588,378 229,712 82,489 1,900,579 MT 2/23/96 Severe storms, flooding & ice jams and flooding 1,923,801 264,662 4,900 242,936 2,436,299 MT 7/25/97 Severe storms, ice jams, snowmelt, flooding, soil sat. 5,055,176 599,518 25,000 1,346,089 7,025,783 NC 9/25/89 Hurricane Hugo 57,649,618 2,233,107 2,103,279 4,780 2,209,631 64,200,415 NC 5/17/89 5,194,766 514,788 155,247 477,740 6,342,541 NC 9/10/93 Hurricane Emily 274,852 1,686,456 257,659 118,986 706,321 3,044,274 NC 10/23/95 Severe storms and flooding, high winds 5,156,456 630,340 15,178 500,054 6,302,028 NC 7/18/96 Hurricane Bertha 13,900,317 2,405,087 48,078 59,127 1,636,064 18,048,673 NC 9/6/96 Hurricane Fran 235,148,561 61,501,753 40,744,723 149,061,183 21,670,238 508,126,458 NC 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 2,114,271 14,821 2,129,092 NC 2/23/96 Winter storm 11,362,183 158,664 11,520,847 NC 1/15/98 Severe storms and flooding 7,670,057 2,131,854 687,362 2,007,866 12,497,139 NC 8/27/98 Hurricane Bonnie 12,422,581 7,871,059 66,082 1,713,000 4,292,078 26,364,800 NC 3/21/98 Severe Storms,, and 996,846 600,821 1,021,677 2,619,344 ND 5/8/89 2,075,956 190,644 132,551 154,237 2,553,388 ND 7/26/93 Severe storms and flooding 8,568,219 17,256,122 4,438,231 70,177 2,556,337 32,889,086 ND 7/1/94 Severe storms and flooding 3,559,769 501,495 120,498 252,368 4,434,130 ND 5/16/95 Severe storms, flooding, ground saturation 10,340,616 3,550,971 1,707,688 27,209 1,494,763 17,121,247 ND 6/5/96 Severe storms,flooding,ice jams,soil saturation 9,716,662 1,084,330 8,754 2,378,752 13,188,498

ND 1/12/97 Major winter storm and blizzard 15,143,993 119,432 718,963 15,982,388 ND 4/7/97 Severe flooding, winter storms, high winds, ice jams and flooding 200,183,068 89,982,262 29,797,276 29,517,467 24,757,454 374,237,527 ND 6/15/98 and ground saturation 9,421,752 5,198,258 13,350 2,222,510 16,855,870 NE 7/4/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 3,069,700 513,944 348,889 300 380,756 4,313,589 NE 5/28/91 Severe storms and flooding 4,762,095 525,680 10,069 154,993 5,452,837 NE 8/19/92 Severe storms and flooding 1,932,352 166,370 64,904 2,163,626 NE 4/2/93 Ice jams and flooding 7,595,139 505,873 106,268 8,207,280 NE 7/19/93 Severe storms and flooding 48,679,446 2,762,053 8,152,444 315,402 1,770,035 61,679,380 NE 5/9/94 Severe snow and ice storm 31,837,821 6,553,220 55 135,484 38,526,580 NE 6/25/96 Severe storms and tornadoes 3,446,829 3,082 183,834 3,633,745 NE 11/1/97 Severe snow storms, rain, strong winds 34,794,051 34,430 640,366 35,468,847 NH 8/29/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,788,716 187,122 21 167,464 2,143,323 NH 9/9/91 Hurricane Bob and severe storms 1,879,033 82,209 162,170 2,123,412 NH 11/13/91 Coastal storm 531,105 80,375 67,327 397 161,121 840,325 NH 10/29/96 Severe storms and flooding 1,913,073 2,777,175 757,244 1,133,079 6,580,571 NH 1/3/96 Excessive rainfall, high winds, flooding and high winds 2,102,089 297,614 50,800 376,399 2,826,902 NH 7/2/98 Severe storms and flooding 2,702,043 334,950 12,050 1,472,397 4,521,440 NH 1/15/98 Severe ice storms, rain and high winds 7,948,937 520,223 1,869,908 33,504 1,307,215 11,679,787 NJ 12/18/92 Coastal storm high tides heavy rain and flooding 38,507,020 10,136,125 1,890,154 339,099 6,612,422 57,484,820 NJ 3/3/92 Severe coastal storm 3,775,526 115,889 690 755,265 4,647,370 NJ 11/19/96 Severe storms and flooding 2,124,859 269,365 1,072,126 3,466,350 NJ 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 33,433,587 144,361 33,577,948 NJ 9/23/97 Severe storms and flooding 1,087,880 1,623,667 1,200 746,056 3,458,803 NJ 3/3/98 Severe winter coastal storm, high winds and flooding and flooding 2,057,530 503,206 9,685 2,152 675,766 3,248,339 NM 6/18/92 Thunderstorms, hail and flooding Hail and flooding 481,841 748,061 79,353 150 246,317 1,555,722 NM 6/7/93 Severe storms and flooding 1,788,690 111,637 74,181 1,974,508 NM 1/29/98 Severe winter storm 1,895,591 85 90,027 1,985,703 NV 1/3/97 Severe storms, flooding, mud/landslides 18,828,775 3,715,246 4,108,168 633,316 3,040,403 30,325,908 NY 9/16/91 Hurricane Bob 12,680,009 135,640 481,001 13,296,650 NY 3/21/91 Severe winter storm 49,969,563 1,202,884 10,136 1,225,014 52,407,597 NY 12/21/92 Coastal storm high tides heavy rain and flooding 34,932,049 17,093,620 1,333,194 2,933 5,332,262 58,694,058 NY 4/2/93 Explosion at World Trade Center Explosion at World Trade Center 4,171,846 1,405 940,941 5,114,192 NY 1/24/96 Severe storms and flooding 95,152,340 18,071,920 15,525,913 113,363 12,100,986 140,964,522 NY 11/19/96 Severe storms and flooding 2,147,473 4,975,170 1,118,634 959 2,497,888 10,740,124 NY 12/3/96 Severe storms and flooding 17,998,086 2,741,479 2,965,391 27,655 3,547,331 27,279,942 NY 1/12/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 21,725,916 247,481 21,973,397 NY 7/7/98 Severe storms and flooding 10,022,323 3,549,045 77,250 25,000 2,280,086 15,953,704 NY 9/11/98 Severe storms and high winds High winds 7,499,201 1,321,596 19,313 100 885,282 9,725,492 NY 6/16/98 Severe Thunderstorms, and 2,187,748 19,313 169,212 2,376,273 NY 1/9/98 Severe winter & ice storms, high winds, flooding and flooding 27,404,463 16,264,303 77,250 2,694,160 9,824,691 56,264,867 OH 6/10/89 Severe storms and flooding 2,760,521 2,757 721,217 3,484,495 OH 6/6/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 8,840,201 5,635,977 667,672 258,366 1,085,132 16,487,348 OH 8/4/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 6,448,805 2,084,513 528,220 331,725 745,747 10,139,010 OH 8/25/95 Severe storms and flooding 100,000 3,548,223 790,166 532,976 4,971,365 OH 1/26/96 Severe storms and flooding 4,537,087 1,842,547 1,835,894 36,656 1,608,857 9,861,041 OH 6/24/96 8,265,658 960,508 15,111 475,156 9,716,433 OH 3/4/97 Severe storms and flooding 29,850,551 22,520,854 8,188,616 467,134 3,931,466 64,958,621 OH 6/30/98 Severe storms, flooding and tornadoes 22,211,164 13,581,047 312,729 1,852,500 6,953,661 44,911,101 OK 5/18/90 Severe storms and flooding 10,222,445 870,779 1,019,536 914 436,145 12,549,819 OK 5/8/91 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,288,266 554,051 113,572 179,236 2,135,125 OK 4/26/93 Severe storms and tornadoes 715,573 306,413 1,021,986 OK 5/12/93 Severe storms, tornadoes flooding 11,010,358 4,518,284 1,106,889 1,060,153 17,695,684 OK 4/21/94 Severe storms and flooding 730,314 88,782 159,348 978,444 OK 9/1/95 Severe storms and flooding 3,948,602 198,515 209,728 4,356,845 OK 4/26/95 Explosion at Federal Courthouse Oklahoma City bombing 529,604 6,121,754 81,824 1,263,898 7,997,080 OK 6/26/95, severe storms, flooding 7,455,297 1,021,643 2,551 359,567 8,839,058 OR 1/24/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,948,739 194,454 64,283 2,207,476 OR 4/26/93 Earthquake Earthquake 9,290,350 937,775 427 244,548 10,473,100 OR 10/15/93 Earthquake Earthquake 4,257,403 475,569 227 180,402 4,913,601 OR 8/2/94 El Nino, Salmon Industry El Nino (salmon industry) 2,363,942 382,602 194 65,628 2,812,366 OR 8/3/95 1,643,665 213,604 67,819 1,925,088 OR 2/9/96 High winds, severe storms, flooding and high winds 50,651,212 21,962,371 10,870,597 1,696,776 8,988,056 94,169,012 OR 12/23/96, land & mud slides, wind and sev. storms and high winds 3,074,225 524,046 30,000 956,375 4,584,646 OR 3/19/96 Severe storms and high winds 2,616,559 422,449 5,947 3,044,955 OR 1/23/97 Severe winter storms, flooding, land and mud slides and flooding 6,040,783 2,119,966 1,261,777 2,204 1,355,329 10,780,059

OR 6/12/98 889,391 941,012 437 754,842 2,585,682 PA 3/10/94 Severe winter storms 73,564,798 8,307,217 5,284 1,416,392 83,293,691 PA 1/21/96 Severe storms and flooding 61,689,565 71,976,140 17,869,139 2,793,401 21,799,074 176,127,319 PA 6/18/96 495,058 3,930,297 82,955 582,179 5,090,489 PA 12/23/96 Severe storms, high winds, rain and flooding and high winds 1,429,127 264,984 280,344 5,777 393,130 2,373,362 PA 9/17/96 Hurricane Fran 3,475,308 4,346,079 577,315 2,706 1,693,136 10,094,544 PA 7/26/96 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 10,714,822 8,568,279 2,250,674 1,634 1,476,046 23,011,455 PA 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 26,959,855 851,019 27,810,874 PA 6/8/98 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,716,028 1,415,025 720,629 3,851,682 PR 9/21/89 Hurricane Hugo 68,962,324 360,521,908 3,142,297 3,113,632 111,209,337 546,949,498 PR 1/22/92 Severe storms and flooding 10,371,231 53,217,033 2,453 8,081,252 71,671,969 PR 9/16/95 Hurricane Marilyn 2,648,658 20,063,560 4,030,743 672,019 16,657,148 44,072,128 PR 9/11/96 Hurricane Hortense 45,620,780 192,241,883 33,967,699 98,502 22,265,048 294,193,912 PR 9/24/98 Hurricane Georges 126,191,290 811,763,460 147,501 258,263,839 297,095,004 1,493,461,094 PW 11/28/90 Typhoon Mike 841,745 2,745,918 239,777 1,550,633 965,536 6,343,609 RI 8/26/91 Hurricane Bob 10,081,554 25,965 466,927 11,449 822,315 11,408,210 RI 1/24/96 Blizzard of 1996 2,625,421 40,533 2,665,954 SC 9/22/89 Hurricane Hugo 240,431,459 90,216,622 10,890,588 33,191,981 14,861,037 389,591,687 SC 10/22/90 Severe storms and flooding 4,276,784 1,248,750 347,491 396 668,200 6,541,621 SC 9/30/96 Hurricane Fran 3,871,862 29,748 26,150 170,680 4,098,440 SC 9/4/98 Hurricane Bonnie 2,757,219 241,875 2,999,094 SD 7/2/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 974,939 94,577 111,345 1,180,861 SD 7/19/93 Severe storms, tornadoes flooding 10,219,406 17,345,772 4,735,075 81,287 3,364,127 35,745,667 SD 6/21/94 Severe storms and flooding 4,921,718 737,538 100,775 460,838 6,220,869 SD 5/26/95 12,761,287 9,592,862 2,666,191 70,748 2,141,502 27,232,590 SD 3/14/95 Severe winter storms 2,142,497 319,172 288,889 2,750,558 SD 1/5/96 Severe winter storm 7,914,690 1,137,757 5,000 51,551 9,108,998 SD 1/10/97 Severe winter storms and blizzard conditions 13,603,594 8,350 997,182 14,609,126 SD 2/28/97 Severe winter storm, snow and ice 1,691,942 265,521 42,955 2,000,418 SD 4/7/97 Severe flooding, winter storms, high winds, ice jams and flooding 35,629,930 17,748,018 3,403,816 30,275 4,592,824 61,404,863 SD 6/1/98 Severe Storms,, and 4,130,667 3,380,404 201,886 3,839,415 11,552,372 TN 2/27/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,434,606 640,688 80,800 25,938 2,182,032 TN 1/4/91 Severe storms and flooding 4,113,442 1,668,453 500,168 683,255 6,965,318 TN 6/21/91 Severe storms and flooding 4,609,935 136,468 172,845 4,919,248 TN 4/14/94 Extensive rainfall and flash flooding 3,212,940 1,575,996 694,558 3,800 165,722 5,653,016 TN 2/28/94 Severe winter ice storm, flash flooding and flooding 55,954,769 6,806,269 677 1,400,646 64,162,361 TN 6/14/95 976,371 5,127 428 257,259 1,239,185 TN 4/2/97 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,286,145 636,675 133,588 2,056,408 TN 3/7/97 Severe storms, flooding and tornadoes 6,294,320 2,183,935 583,174 74,690 2,913,958 12,050,077 TN 1/11/98 Severe storms and flooding 23,069,579 2,247,831 2,022,246 8,739 1,906,247 29,254,642 TN 7/23/98 Severe storms and flooding 2,166,743 1,170,862 446,473 3,784,078 TN 4/20/98 Severe storms and tornadoes 23,724,596 3,735,419 2,988 3,281,647 30,744,650 TX 4/23/89 Severe storms and flooding 1,485,805 552,428 65,767 220,240 2,324,240 TX 7/18/89 Severe storms and tornadoes 838,461 6,518,960 59,946 913 900,923 8,319,203 TX 5/19/89 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 16,384,417 11,606,799 1,318,742 1,996,004 31,305,962 TX 1/9/90 Severe freeze Severe freeze 12,159,500 6,525 12,166,025 TX 5/2/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 12,839,969 8,677,414 1,094,343 80,738 1,183,669 23,876,133 TX 12/26/91 Severe thunderstorms Severe thunderstorms 13,941,016 7,825,484 1,069,416 2,308 1,484,915 24,323,139 TX 4/12/91 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 2,538,471 14,071,199 209,532 920,273 17,739,475 TX 3/20/92 Severe storms and flooding 2,638,877 475,493 3,114,370 TX 9/9/92 Excessive rain and hail Hail 1,404,032 7,840 1,411,872 TX 7/2/92 Severe storms and tornadoes 680,934 286,854 967,788 TX 12/4/92 Severe thunderstorms and tornadoes 1,054,875 1,126 227,292 1,283,293 TX 10/18/94 Severe thunderstorms and flooding 20,477,429 112,084,038 19,140,289 1,906,531 10,053,566 163,661,853 TX 4/29/94 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,184,306 205,368 10,004 256,670 1,656,348 TX 6/13/95 Thunderstorms, flooding, hail, tornadoes 61,320 4,155,713 237,640 329,530 4,784,203 TX 7/7/97 Severe storms and flooding 5,361,150 4,500,267 630,955 6,840 2,208,191 12,707,403 TX 8/26/98 Tropical Storm Charley 5,029,295 8,605,240 123,211 2,561,920 9,454,866 25,774,532 TX 9/23/98 Tropical Storm Frances, severe storms and flooding 3,948,777 6,404,643 2,291 2,244,269 12,599,980 TX 10/21/98 Severe storms, flooding & tornadoes 313,734 49,622,686 137,379 9,445,178 59,518,977 UT 1/31/89 Dike failure and flash flooding 1,086,029 95,048 40,680 1,221,757 VA 11/8/89 Severe storms, mudslides and flooding 3,337,528 244,296 266,505 67,110 3,915,439 VA 5/19/92 Severe storms and flooding 4,389,322 732,909 435,615 2,208 702,379 6,262,433 VA 12/22/93 Severe storms and tornadoes 81,947 1,422 173,391 256,760 VA 4/11/94 Severe winter ice storm 4,346,601 702,901 162,072 5,211,574

VA 3/10/94 Severe ice storms, flooding and flooding 18,312,659 2,619,152 29,892 748,246 21,709,949 VA 7/1/95 Severe storms and flooding 13,296,981 4,130,738 1,662,147 286,631 2,425,989 21,802,486 VA 1/27/96 5,377,325 2,236,871 71,462 26,137 1,947,995 9,659,790 VA 9/6/96 Hurricane Fran 16,239,618 7,444,577 3,139,799 22,995 5,107,133 31,954,122 VA 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 12,818,397 116,815 12,935,212 VA 9/4/98 Hurricane Bonnie 10,700 1,338,760 3,174 944,646 2,297,280 VI 9/20/89 Hurricane Hugo 120,122,356 94,677,833 22,374,374 74,633,150 15,423,402 327,231,115 VI 9/16/95 Hurricane Marilyn 123,564,315 111,065,717 51,462,631 101,133,650 100,565,101 487,791,414 VI 7/11/96 Hurricane Bertha 4,018,826 2,713,903 2,190,550 423,939 8,086,326 17,433,544 VI 9/24/98 Hurricane Georges 1,716,334 3,576,965 158,900 1,492,750 6,944,949 VT 9/11/89 Severe storms and flooding 2,631,876 147,735 29,419 2,809,030 VT 7/25/90 Severe storms and flooding 2,980,326 263,462 86,233 3,330,021 VT 3/18/92 Heavy rains, ice jams and flooding and flooding 2,987,685 146,006 226,998 10,797 330,929 3,702,415 VT 5/12/93 Heavy rain, snowmelt & flooding 1,025,536 79,599 171,435 1,276,570 VT 8/16/95 Excessive rainfall, flooding 3,420,340 889,986 640,354 13,783 810,657 5,775,120 VT 6/27/96 Extreme rainfall and flooding 1,018,149 185,583 2,000 137,732 1,343,464 VT 2/13/96 Ice jams and flooding and flooding 2,432,711 325,773 40,900 725,375 3,524,759 VT 7/25/97 Excessive rainfall, high winds and flooding and high winds 4,847,749 1,084,493 592,828 30,000 1,982,341 8,537,411 VT 6/30/98 Severe storms and flooding 7,793,294 1,959,351 805,015 76,247 3,222,102 13,856,009 VT 1/15/98 Severe ice storms, rain, high winds, and flooding and flooding 4,810,949 1,009,515 46,050 17,286 1,397,360 7,281,160 WA 4/14/89 Heavy rains, flooding and mudslides 2,236,740 221,682 62,843 2,521,265 WA 1/18/90 Severe storms and flooding 10,591,000 1,733,962 1,273,006 591,401 14,189,369 WA 11/26/90 Severe storms and flooding 36,814,382 8,213,387 3,490,736 200 2,070,665 50,589,370 WA 11/13/91 8,948,534 365,354 76,674 289,389 9,679,951 WA 3/8/91 Severe storms and high tides 3,543,780 237,354 48,755 3,829,889 WA 3/4/93 Severe storms and high wind High winds 15,948,322 808,527 86,866 205,237 17,048,952 WA 8/2/94 El Nino, Salmon Industry El Nino (salmon industry) 6,465,607 827,383 77,568 7,370,558 WA 1/3/96 Severe storms, high winds, flooding and high winds 26,140,591 4,223,734 5,106,096 4,907 2,108,198 37,583,526 WA 2/9/96 High winds, severe storms, flooding and high winds 77,572,150 25,401,994 14,227,375 1,081,032 5,187,815 123,470,366 WA 4/2/97 Heavy rains, snow melt, mud/landslides, flooding 5,588,456 1,505,133 1,009,556 421,731 8,524,876 WA 7/21/97 Snowmelt and flooding 462,283 135,248 597,531 WA 1/7/97 Severe ice storms 7,705,680 1,259,684 3,228 149,154 9,117,746 WA 1/17/97, flooding, mud and land slides and flooding 58,634,752 12,272,882 9,842,890 135,581 5,580,220 86,466,325 WA 10/5/98 Severe storms and flooding 1,279,464 72,486 1,351,950 WA 10/16/98 Landslide in the City of Kelso Landslide 679,221 687,100 16,392 113,770 1,496,483 WI 8/30/90 2,004 385,423 27,222 414,649 WI 7/13/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 4,220,447 1,631,556 381,444 3,437 467,078 6,703,962 WI 8/6/91 Severe storms and hail Hail 2,519,943 59,244 18,183 2,597,370 WI 9/30/92 Severe storms and flooding 2,147,218 250,377 213,338 220,605 2,831,538 WI 9/2/92 Severe storms and tornadoes 613,540 487,757 21,218 20 412,866 1,535,401 WI 9/18/92 Severe storms, tornadoes 1,991,188 204,801 4,385 2,200,374 WI 7/2/93 Severe storms, tornadoes flooding 23,392,195 33,225,257 11,734,504 325,853 2,481,100 71,158,909 WI 8/2/96 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 1,653,292 318,636 535,318 2,507,246 WI 7/7/97 Severe storms and flooding 5,192,608 25,793,823 4,959,034 52,000 1,123,073 37,120,538 WI 7/24/98 Severe storms and flooding 5,708,610 80,020 1,500 540,390 6,330,520 WI 8/12/98 Severe storms and flooding 2,157,178 16,135,541 1,112,722 5,890 1,606,398 21,017,729 WV 7/12/95 Severe storms, rains, flooding, mudslides 1,304,954 1,166,850 234,821 1,300 254,595 2,962,520 WV 1/25/96 21,917,448 13,443,986 5,361,456 96,914 3,045,081 43,864,885 WV 8/14/96 Rains, winds, flooding, slides 1,567,717 2,024,439 608,940 484 1,265,895 5,467,475 WV 5/23/96 and Heavy Winds and high winds 5,388,409 7,202,555 1,923,691 3,157 2,226,158 16,743,970 WV 9/11/96 Hurricane Fran 11,499,581 2,862,082 1,853,533 195 1,491,732 17,707,123 WV 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 1,256,251 119,464 1,375,715 WV 3/7/97 Heavy rain, flooding, slides high winds and high winds 4,973,595 8,131,814 49,446 187 3,058,307 16,213,349 WV 7/1/98 Severe Storms, flooding and 6,574,871 8,555,269 8,246 3,705,590 18,843,976