LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR BY 124 EXAM II CHAPTER 31 1. List characteristics that distinguish fungi from organisms in other kingdoms. 2. Explain how fungi obtain their nutrients. 3. Describe the basic body plan of a fungus. 4. Distinguish between septate and coenocytic fungi. 5. Describe two symbiotic relationships that fungi have with member of other kingdoms. 6. Draw and label the generalized life cycle of fungi. 7. Describe why fungi are related to animals. 8. Describe the general characteristics of the chytrids. How are they like the other fungal phyla and how are they different? 9. Describe the asexual and sexual reproduction in the Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Know the sexual structure that characterizes each group. Give an example of each phyla. 10. Explain the differences between conidia and ascospores.. 11. Explain why the Deuteromycota are called imperfect fungi. What phylum are they most like? 12. Describe the anatomy of the lichens and explain how they reproduce CHAPTER 32 1. List characteristics that distinguish animals from organisms in the other four kingdoms. 2. Describe the stages of early embryonic development in most animals. 3. What is important about the Cambrian explosion? Cite three possible reasons that may have contributed to it.
4. What is believed to be the origin of the animal kingdom? What evidence supports this hypothesis? 5. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry. List the phyla that are contained in each. 6. What are the three primary germ layers found in animals? What is the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic? List the animal phyla that are contained in each grouping. 7. Distinguish between acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate animals. List the phyla in each. 8. Compare developmental differences between protostomes and deutrostomes in terms of the following: A. Plane of cleavage B. Determination C. Fate of the blastopore D. Coelom formation. 9. List animal phyla included in the protostome and deutrostomes linages. 10. Compare the morphological vs the molecular classification of animals. How are they alike? How do they differ? CHAPTER 33 1. Draw the basic body plan of sponge. Identify the parts and describe the function of each of the following: A. spongocoel B. Pores C. Epidermis D. Choanocytes E. Amobcytes F. Osculum G. Spicule 2. Relate the sponge anatomy with its evolutionary history. 3. How do sponges reproduce? 4. How are sponges different from all other animals?
5. How are sponges classified? 6. What is the difference between Parazoan and Eumetazoan animals? 7. List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla. 8. Describe the two basic body plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycle. List the basic parts of each. 9. List the three classes of Cnidaria and distinguish among them based upon life cycle and morphological characteristics. 10. Distinguish between cnidocytes and nematocysts. 11. Know the life cycle of Obelia. 12. Understand the differences between a jellyfish and a comb jelly. What is the unique characteristic of the comb jellies? 13. List the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes. 14. What are the three classes of the phylum Platyhelminthes? Give an example of each. 15. What are protonephridia? 16. Describe the life cycle of the blood fluke. 17. Describe the anatomy of a planarian. 18. Describe the anatomy and the generalized life cycle of a tapeworm. 19. What are the two major lophophorate phyla? 20. What is a lophophore? 21. What advancement do we see in rotifers that we have not seen in previous phyla? List other characteristics of this phylum. 22, List the characteristics of the phylum Nematoda. 23. Discuss the disease trichinosis. 24. List the characteristics of the phylum Nermertea.
25. What are the three characteristics found in all molluscs? What are their functions? 26. What is the characteristic found in all molluscs except the bivalves? What is its function? 27. Distinguish between the 4 classes of molluscs. Give examples of each. 28. What makes the Cephalopoda different from all other molluscs? 29. What is torsion and how does it relate to gastropods? 30. What are the general characteristics of the phylum Annelida? What advancement do they have that we have not see on earlier phyla? Why is this important? 31. Discuss each of the three classes of Annelids. Give an example of each. 32. Describe the general characteristic of the phylum Arthropoda. 33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton? 34. Be able to discuss each of the 4 subphyla of the arthropods. List examples of each. 35. Distinguish between complete and incomplete metamorphosis. 36. Know the four orders of insects I told you to know in class. 37. Know the different forms of respiratory and excretory systems in the arthropods. 38. List the characteristics of the echinoderms. 39. Describe the structure and function of a water vascular system. 40. Distinguish among the classes of echinoderms and give an example of each. 41. What animal belongs to the phylum Hemichordata? 42. What chordate characteristics does the hemichordata have?
CHAPTER 34 1. Describe the four unique characteristics of the chordates. 2. Distinguish between the three subphyla of the phylum Chordata and give examples of each. Know when each has the chordate characteristics. 3. Know the diagram of the phylogeny of the vertebrates. 4. Understand the role of the Hox genes in the evolution of the vertebrates. 5. What are neural crest cells? Why are they important? What do they become? 6. How are hagfishes and lampreys alike? How are they different? 7. What do all craniates have in common? 8. The earliest mineralized structure found in the vertebrates are seen in what group? What were they used for? 9. Describe the characteristics that are present in the gnathosomes. 10. What is considered to be the Age of Fishes. 11. According to the current hypothesis, how did jaws ordinate? 12. Discuss how the Chondrichthyes differ from the Osteichthyes. 13.Be able to distinguish between the three modes of the way that eggs can develop. What mode or modes do each class of the vertebrates have? 14. How do the lobe fin fishes differ from the ray fin fishes? What is important evolutionary about the lobe finned fish? 15. How do the tetrapods differ from the fish? 16. What are the characteristics of the class amphibia? 17. What are three orders of amphibians? Give an example of each. 18. What is considered to be the Age of Amphibians?
19. What are the characteristics which make the reptiles well adapted to land? What is one reason they are not well adapted? 20. Describe in detail the extra embryonic membranes of the amniotic egg. 21. List the four orders of reptiles. Give an example of each. 22. Know the diagram that shows the phylogeny of the amniotes. 23. What are the general characteristics of the birds? 24. What characteristics of the birds evolved for flight? 25. What avian and reptilian characteristics do the fossil Archaeopteryx show? 26. What are the characteristics of the mammals? 27. Distinguish between the three groups of mammals. Give an example of each. 28. How do the marsupials and the placental mammals exhibit convergent evolution? 29. What are the characteristics of the primates? Why did they evolve? 30. Distinguish between the prosimians and the anthropoids. Give examples of each. 31 Be able to distinguish between old and new world monkeys. 32. What anatomical changes evolved to make humans different from the apes? 33. What are two characteristics that are only seen in humans, not in other animals? Are they related in time? 34. What anatomical changes were important for bipedalism? 35. What is the difference between Hominidae, hominoids, and hominid (hominin)? 36. Know the species that we discussed in class that are on the direct line to Homo sapiens. What was an important fact that we mentioned in each group?
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