Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4
Chapter 4: Cell Structure Section 1: The History of Cell Biology Section 2: Introduction to Cells Section 3: Cell Organelles and Features Section 4: Unique Features of Plant Cells
Discovery of Cells 1665 - Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork 1673 - Leeuwenhoek was the first to view live cells under a scope 1838 - Matthias Schleiden discovered cells in all plants 1839 - Theodor Schwann discovered cells in all animals 1858 - Ruldolph Virchow discovered cells can only come from cells
Cell Theory All living things are made up of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms All cells arise from existing cells
Chapter 4: Cell Structure Section 1: The History of Cell Biology Section 2: Introduction to Cells Section 3: Cell Organelles and Features Section 4: Unique Features of Plant Cells
Structure and Function A cell s shape reflects its function cells are limited by surface-areato-volume ratio small surface-area-to-volume ratio helps with: exchanging material with surroundings less waste/needs less nutrients
Prokaryotic Cell no nucleus (Pro = No!), genetic material is freefloating no membrane-bound organelles cell membrane: cell s outer boundary ribosome: makes proteins cytoplasm: fluid in the cell flagella: for movement
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell DNA inside nucleus membrane-bound organelles carry out specific functions in the cell
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Organization Plants: Cell Leaf Tissue Leaf ORGAN CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM Humans: Cell Lung Tissue Lung Respiratory System
Organization Tissue: distinct group of cells Organs: specialized structure with a specific function Organ System: group of organs that carry out body functions
Body Types colonial organism: cells connected in a group but do not depend on each other for survival multicellular organism: most begin as a single cell; as the organism grows, the cells differentiate into specialized cells
Chapter 4: Cell Structure Section 1: The History of Cell Biology Section 2: Introduction to Cells Section 3: Cell Organelles and Features Section 4: Unique Features of Plant Cells
Cell Diversity Different organelles and features allow cells to function in a variety of unique ways EX: muscle cells have a lot of mitochondria (for energy)
Eukaryotic Animal Cell
Inside the Eukaryotic Cell cytoskeleton: helps the cell move, keep its shape, and organize its parts nucleus: surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope; stores genetic information ribosomes: make proteins Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport vesicle: sac formed by a membrane lysosome: vesicle with enzymes to break down large molecules Smooth ER: no ribosomes; makes lipids and breaks down toxic substances Rough ER: ribosomes attached; prepares proteins for transport out of cell Mitochondria: uses energy from organic compounds to make ATP; has own DNA
Cell Membrane cells maintain homeostasis by controlling the movement of substances across the cell membrane A lipid bilayer forms the cell membrane polar head non-polar tail
Chapter 4: Cell Structure Section 1: The History of Cell Biology Section 2: Introduction to Cells Section 3: Cell Organelles and Features Section 4: Unique Features of Plant Cells
Eukaryotic Plant Cell
Inside a Plant Cell central vacuole: holds water; helps a plant stand upright chloroplast: uses light to make sugar from CO 2 and water (photosynthesis) Also has: mitochondria nucleus vesicle Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus