AP Bio Plant Unit Review Guide and FRQs Plant Diversity Ch 23 1. List characteristics that distinguish plants from other organisms in other kingdoms. 2. Distinguish between sporophyte or gametophyte, which are haploid or diploid, and where meiosis and mitosis occur 3. Using the classification scheme in your text list the plant divisions, give the common name for each division, and categorize the groups into nonvascular, vascular seedless, and vascular seed plants 4. Provide evidence to defend the position that plants evolved from green algae 5. Explain how Bryophytes are still tied to water 6. Describe adaptations of vascular plants, including life cycle modifications and sporophyte modifications that have contributed to their success on land. 7. Describe the benefits of plant adaptations such as vascular tissue, seeds, flowers, and fruit 8. Distinguish between homosporous and heterosporous Plant Form And Function - Ch 24 1. List the characteristics of an angiosperm 2. Explain the difference between monocots and dicots 3. Describe the importance of an apical meristem to the primary growth of shoots 4. Describe the importance of root systems and shoot systems to plants and explain how they work together. 5. Explain the function of xylem and phloem in plant transport. 6. Explain the importance of a cuticle on the aerial parts of a plant and its absence on roots. Plant Nutrition and Transport Ch 25 1. What essential nutrients do plants depend on? 2. List 3 levels in which transport in plants occurs. 3. Trace the path of water and minerals from outside the root to the shoot system 4. Explain how a proton pump may affect mineral transport in plants 5. Define water potential 6. Explain how solute concentration and pressure affects water potential 7. Explain why a water potential gradient is required for the passive flow of water through a plant from soil - Predict the direction of net water movement based upon differences in water potential between a plant cell and a hypoosmotic environment, a hyperosmotic environment, and an isotonic environment 8. According to the transpiration~cohesion~adhesion theory, describe how xylem sap can be pulled upward in xylem vessels 9. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of transpiration and under what conditions transpiration happens. 10. Explain how guard cells control the stomata aperture and how this, in turn, can affect photosynthetic rate and transpiration. How is this influenced by environment (temp, humidity, wind, etc) 11. List 3 cues that contribute to stomata opening at dawn Plant Hormones (response to stimuli)- Ch 26 1. What is the significance of the signal transduction pathway in relation to hormones? 2. Know and explain each plant hormone (what is does/ promotes, how it s produces, when it s produced) a. Auxins b. Gibberellins c. Cytokinins d. Abscisic Acid (ABA) e. Ethylene 3. What is tropism and give three examples of different types and what causes them (gravi- photo- thigmo- ) 4. What is photoperiodism and how does it relate to circadian rhythm? 5. What is a biological clock? 6. What are some basic plant defense mechanisms?
Plant Reproduction - Ch 27 1. Know the basic flower adaptations and purposes 2. How is coevolution seen in seed/ flower plants and insects? Ecology - Ch 45, 46, 47, 48 1. What is a population, community, and ecosystem, comparatively/ 2. What is population density and the factors that influence it? 3. Understand population growth rate curves, including J shape and S shape curves, exponential growth and carrying capacity (biotic potential) 4. Compare density dependent and density independent factors 5. Compare habitat vs niche and how competition influences species (predator prey relationship)? 6. Know the types of symbiotic relationships 7. What is ecological succession, (primary vs secondary) and a pioneer species and climax community. 8. How is a keystone species important in a food web? 9. Abiotic and biotic factors affecting population and ecosystems 10. Understand how energy flows in an ecosystem (producers/autotrophs, consumers/heterotrophs, decomposers/detritivores, etc) and how pyramids of population numbers or biomass show this. 11. Understand basics of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen cycles 12. What are some human impacts of ecosystems (biomagnification?) Other study resources: Bozeman Videos: http://www.bozemanscience.com/biology-main-page/ Labench activity: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab9/intro.html Transpiration: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/bl_10/bl_10.html Ecology Simulations: http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078757134/383928/bl_04.html http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2k8/labs/bl_21/index.html Plants: Example FRQs 1. Plants lose water from their aboveground surfaces in the process of transpiration. Most of this water is lost from stomata, microscopic openings in the leaves. Excess water loss can have a negative effect on the growth, development, and reproduction of a plant. Severe water loss can be fatal. Environmental factors have a major impact on the rate of plant transpiration. a. Using the data above create a graph showing the effect of temperature change on the rate of transpiration. Explain the shape of the curve from 23 degrees to 28 degrees. b. Humidity is an environmental factor that affects transpiration rate. Using the same axis, draw and label a curve that illustrates what you predict would be the rate of transpiration with increasing humidity and constant temperature. Justify the shape of the curve based on your prediction. c. The curve to the side illustrates the rate of transpiration related to the percent of open stomata on the leaf of a particular plant. Explain why the curve levels off with increasing percentage of open stomata per area of the leaf. d. The data below (right) show the density of stomata on the leaf surfaces of three different species of plants. Describe the environments in which each plant most likely evolved. Justify your descriptions.
2. Numerous environmental variables influence plant growth. Three students each planted a seedling of the same genetic variety in the same type of container with equal amounts of soil from the same source. Their goal was to maximize their seedling s growth by manipulating environmental conditions. Their data are shown below. Plant Seedling Mass (grams) Day 1 Day 30 Student A 4 24 Student B 5 35 Student C 4 64 a. Identify three different environmental variables that could account for differences in the mass of seedlings at day 30. Then choose one of these variables and design an experiment to test the hypothesis that your variable affects growth of these seedlings. b. Discuss the results you would expect if your hypothesis is correct. Then provide a physiological explanation for the effect of your variable on plant growth. 3. Angiosperms have wide distribution in the biosphere and the largest number of species in the plant kingdom. a. Discuss the function of FOUR structures for reproduction found in angiosperms and the adaptive (evolutionary) significance of each. b. Mosses (bryophytes) have not achieved the widespread terrestrial success of angiosperms. Discuss how the anatomy and reproductive strategies of mosses limit their distribution. c. Explain alternation of generations in either angiosperms or mosses. 4. The movement of water through plants is important to their survival. a. EXPLAIN the mechanism of water movement through vascular plants during transpiration. Include a discussion of how the anatomy of vascular plants and the properties of water contribute to this process. b. EXPLAIN how gas exchange affects transpiration. c. DESCRIBE two adaptations that affect the rate of transpiration in desert plants. 5. Plant use feedback loops to help them response physiologically to stimuli in their environment. a. Explain how 3 of the following many be involved in responding to an external stimuli: i. Cytokinins ii. Auxins iii. Abscisic acid iv. Potassium ion concentration v. Gravitropism b. What physiological adaptations would allow a plant to respond in to the change in temperature caused by a change in seasons? c. Explain the physiological feedback loop use to produce such a response to stimuli within an organism. 6) Discuss the adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to overcome the following problems associated with life on land. a) The absence of an aquatic environment for reproduction. b) The absence of an aquatic environment to support the plant body c) Dehydration of the plant 7) Seeds that are randomly positioned when planted in a pot of soil placed on a windowsill produce seedlings with downward growing roots and upward growing shoots. Above ground, the shoots are oriented toward light. Describe the physiological mechanisms that occur to produce: a) the downward growth of the roots b) the upward growth of the shoots c) the bending of the shoots toward the light
Ecology: 2011 form B #2 Ecological succession describes the pattern of changes in communities over time. The graph below shows changes in plant diversity following the abandonment of an agricultural field in a temperate biome. (a) Discuss the differences in plant diversity shown in the graph and explain how the changes affect the animal species composition between years 0 and 120. (b) Identify TWO biotic and TWO abiotic factors and discuss how each could influence the pattern of ecological succession. (c) Design a controlled experiment to determine how the diversity of plant species in a newly abandoned field would be affected by large herbivores. 2012 B 2. In a certain prairie community, a dominant prairie grass species has recently been infected with a virus that disrupts one of the electron transport proteins in the chloroplasts of infected cells. (a) Describe the most likely effects on cellular processes (be specific as to which processes and molecules are most likely to be directly affected). (b) Describe and explain the most likely effects on individual infected plants. (c) Predict the short- term effects (within a year of infection) on the infected plant populations and their communities. Justify your prediction. (d) Predict the long- term effects (years to decades after infection) on the infected plant populations and their communities. Justify your prediction. 7. A population of microscopic eukaryotic organisms growing in a large flask had the growth pattern shown. Explain the biological factors that determine the shape of the growth pattern shown above in both period 1 and period 2.
2014 #4 Organisms rarely exist alone in the natural environment. The following are five examples of symbiotic relationships. Plant root nodules Digestion of cellulose Epiphytic plants AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) Anthrax Choose FOUR of the above and for each example chosen, (a) identify the participants involved in the symbiosis and describe the symbiotic relationship, and (b) discuss the specific benefit or detriment, if any, that each participant receives from the relationship. #5 To survive, organisms must be capable of avoiding, and/or defending against, various types of environmental threats. Respond to each of the following. a) Describe how adaptive coloration, mimicry, or behavior function as animal defenses against predation. Include two examples in your answer. b) Describe how bacteria or plants protect themselves against environmental threats. Include two examples in your answer. c) Compare the human primary immune response with the secondary immune response to the same antigen.