Scientometric Mapping of Mass Spectrometry Research in Nuclear Science & Technology: A Global Perspective

Scientometric Mapping of Mass Spectrometry Research in Nuclear Science & Technology: A Global Perspective Abstract Anil Sagar, B. S. Kademani and Vijai Kumar Scientific Information Resource Division, Knowledge Management Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, INDIA E-mail: bsk@barc.gov.in This paper attempts to analyse quantitatively the growth and development of Mass Spectrometry research in Nuclear Science and Technology in terms of publication output as reflected in International Nuclear Information System (INIS) database (1970-2005). During 1970-2005, a total of 10913 papers were published in various domains: Chemistry, Materials and Earth Sciences (5286) (48.44%), Physical Sciences (2367) (21.69%), Engineering and Technology (1434) (13.14), Life and Environmental Sciences (1212) (11.11), Other aspects of Nuclear & Non Nuclear Energy (492) (4.51%) and Isotopes, Isotope and Radiation Applications (122) (1.12%). There were only three papers published in 1970. The highest number of papers (816) were published in 2004. The average number of publications published per year was 303.13. United States topped the list with 2247 publications followed by Germany with 1333 publications, Japan with 820 publications, France with 525 publications, and India with 460 publications. Authorship and collaboration trend was towards multi-authored papers as 81.83 percent of the papers were collaborative is indicative of the multidisciplinary nature of research activity. The most prolific authors were: S. K. Aggarwal, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India with 113 publications, W. Kutschera, University of Vienna, Austria with 85 publications, and H.C. Jain, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India with 70 publications. The highly productive institutions were: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai (India) with 233 publications, Argonne National Laboratory (USA) with 150 publications, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA) with 146 publications, University of California (USA) with 118 publications, Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA) with 104 publications and Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (Japan) with 91 publications. The journals most preferred by the scientists for publication of papers were: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research-B with 546 papers, Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft with 467 papers, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics with 449 papers, Analytical Chemistry with 153 papers, Journal of Nuclear Materials and Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry with 137 papers each. 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 1 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

1 Introduction Mass spectrometry is an indispensable analytical tool and has encompassed almost all branches of science and technology and nuclear science and technology is no exception. Mass spectrometry provides qualitative and quantitative information about the atomic and molecular composition of inorganic and organic materials. The first mass spectrometer dates back to the work of J. J. Thomson in 1912 and F.W. Aston in 1919. The instrument which served as a model for more recent ones was constructed in 1932 1. Since 1950s the mass spectrometry has changed tremendously and is still changing 2. The mass spectrometer produces charged particles that consist of the parent ion and ionic fragments of the original molecule, and it sorts these ions according to their mass/charge ratio. The mass spectrum is a record of the relative number of different kinds of ions and is characteristic of every compound, including isomers. High-resolution of mass spectrometry can provide the elemental composition of the molecular and fragment ions. In many cases, together with data from infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, an experimenter can arrive at a definite identification or structure assignments of compounds. The main advantages of mass spectrometry as an analytical technique are its increased sensitivity over most other analytical techniques and its specificity in identifying unknowns or confirming the presence of suspected compounds. The recent advances 3-4 in mass spectrometry focus on methodological and instrumental developments, novel approaches and different applications in isotope ratio measurements using different mass spectrometric techniques such as ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation ICP-MS) versus TIMS (thermal ionization mass spectrometry), AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry), RIMS (resonance ionization mass spectrometry) SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) and GDMS (glow discharge mass spectrometry). Publication and citation counting techniques have been used in the assessment of scientific activity for at least fifty years. During the half century of this activity the main thrust of interest seems to flow along two connected but parallel paths: the bibliometric path of publication and citation counts as tools for the librarian, and an evaluative path using the same tools to illuminate the mosaic of scientific activity 5. Research publications are clearly one of the quantitative measures for the basic research activity in a country. It must be added, however, that what excites the common man, as well as the scientific community, are the peaks of scientific and technological achievement, not just the statistics on publications. There are also other kinds of research and technology development-mission oriented, industry-oriented, country-specific, etc., progress in these cannot be obviously measured by counting only the number of publications 6. The bibliometric and scientometric techniques used to study various quantitative and qualitative aspects of scientific endeavours have been studied 7-8. Many scientometric studies have appeared in the literature to focus on the performance of science in various domains 9-22. The publication productivity analysis of many Divisions/Departments of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre has been carried out 23-26. Statistical distribution patterns of published literature on instrumental analytical techniques (1981-1984) has been carried out using Analytical Abstracts 27. Scientometric studies are useful in ascertaining which methods have been most employed for various analytical determinations as well as predicting which methods will continue to be used in the immediate future and which appear to be loosing favour with the analytical community 28. 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 2 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

2 Objectives The main objective of the study is to present the growth of literature and make the quantitative assessment of role of mass spectrometry in nuclear science and technology by way of analyzing various features of research output such as geographical distribution of publications, publication productivity and domain-wise activity index, authorship and collaboration pattern, the most productive authors in the field, language-wise distribution of publications, institution-wise distribution of publications, the channels of communications used by the scientists, the quality of research, and the high frequency keywords appeared in Indexer Assigned-Descriptors (DEI). 3 Materials and Methods The data source for the study was INIS on disc (CD ROM), Published by the INIS Central Secretariat at IAEA Head Quarters at Vienna, Austria. INIS is the world s leading and most comprehensive abstracting and indexing service providing on all aspects of peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology. Records pertaining to Mass Spectrometry were downloaded using CD-ROM (1970- October 2006) using suitable search strategy ( Mass Spectrometry in Title, Abstract, and DEI Fields). A total of 10913 records were downloaded. The study is restricted to records with publication year 2005 only. The bibliographic details for each record included author, author s affiliation, title, type of document, source of publication, year of publication, keywords, language of the article, country of publication etc. Further all the bibliographic details were transferred to spread sheet application. The data was analysed as per objectives of the study. The duplicate records retrieved were physically verified and excluded for the analysis. 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Country-wise Distribution of Publications in Mass Spectrometry in Nuclear Science and Technology There were as many as 81 countries actively engaged in research in the field of mass spectrometry in nuclear science and technology and produced 10913 publications and 12409 authorships as a country by virtue of collaboration with other countries. Figure-1 lists top twenty countries actively pursuing research in this field. USA is the top producing country with 2247 (18.11%) of the total output, followed by Germany with 1333 (10.74%) publications, Japan with 820 publications (6.61%), France with 525 (4.23%) publications, India with publications 460 (3.71%), and United Kingdom with 440 (3.55%). Table-1 provides the Activity Index of top twenty countries in different four-year blocks. 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 3 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

United State Germany Japan France India United Kingdom Canada Russian Federation Australia USSR Austria China Brazil Switzerland Italy Sweden Belgium The Netherlands Korea Romania 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 Number of Publications Figure 1: Country-wise distribution of publications in Mass Spectrometry research in Nuclear Science & Technology Table 1: Activity Index of Top Twenty Countries in Mass Spectrometry in Nuclear Science and Technology Country Activity Index 70-73 74-77 78-81 82-85 86-89 90-93 94-97 98-01 02-05 United State 0.66 0.96 1.28 1.29 1.68 1.55 0.93 0.58 0.44 Germany 0.66 1.90 0.85 2.47 0.61 0.76 0.73 0.64 0.68 Japan 1.07 1.06 0.95 0.62 0.81 1.30 1.13 1.09 1.10 France 2.70 1.79 1.36 0.90 0.92 0.80 0.78 1.05 0.72 India 0.44 0.51 0.94 0.29 0.35 0.50 2.40 1.06 1.46 United Kingdom 1.23 1.32 1.80 1.11 1.17 1.26 0.70 0.66 0.63 Canada 1.20 1.39 1.11 0.86 1.54 1.32 1.48 0.50 0.53 Russian Federation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 1.74 2.34 2.07 Australia 1.01 0.93 0.90 0.59 0.78 1.26 1.12 1.94 0.68 USSR 1.27 1.24 1.41 1.55 3.07 1.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 Austria 0.34 0.49 0.39 0.84 0.92 0.55 1.16 1.39 1.45 China 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.62 1.17 1.82 1.79 1.64 Brazil 0.00 0.15 1.46 0.32 0.44 1.28 1.12 1.57 1.32 Switzerland 0.00 0.83 0.81 0.64 1.17 1.05 1.58 0.93 1.04 Italy 0.95 0.39 0.88 0.81 1.02 1.52 0.71 0.64 1.54 Sweden 0.48 0.88 0.68 0.82 1.02 1.34 0.91 1.20 1.11 Belgium 1.95 0.90 1.26 0.60 0.79 2.15 0.86 0.51 1.20 The Netherlands 3.21 2.41 1.46 1.25 1.26 1.28 0.14 0.39 0.60 Korea 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.72 0.40 2.99 2.02 Romania 1.47 1.20 0.42 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.99 2.29 1.80 4.2 Publication Productivity and Domain-wise Activity Index During 1970-2005 a total of 10913 publications were published in the field of Mass Spectrometry in Nuclear Science and Technology. There were only three papers published in 1970. Thereafter, a tremendous explosion of literature was observed in this area except in 1993. There were only 21 papers in 1993 indicates the low research activity. The highest number of papers (816) were published in 2004. The average number of publications published per year was 303.13. Table-2 gives the growth of publications in four-year blocks published during the period under study. 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 4 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

Table 2: Growth of Publications in Four-year Blocks Period of Publication Number of Publications Growth Rate 1970-73 to 2002-05 % Publications 1970-1973 180-1.65 1974-1977 855 375.00 7.83 1978-1981 1206 41.05 11.05 1982-1985 1405 16.50 12.87 1986-1989 1619 15.23 14.84 1990-1993 805-50.27 7.38 1994-1997 1115 127.95 10.22 1998-2001 1482 32.91 13.58 2002-2005 2246 51.55 20.58 The highest growth rate 375.00 was observed during 1974-1977 and the lowest growth rate 50.27 was observed during 1990-1993. On analyzing the growth and decline in publication productivity using normalized activity index, it was observed that the highest activity index was found in various domains: Chemistry, Materials and Earth Sciences (1.15) during 1986-1989, Physical Sciences (1.77) during 1982-1985, Engineering and Technology (1.99) during 1970-1973, Life and Environmental Sciences (1.49), Other aspects of Nuclear & Non Nuclear Energy (1.94) during 2002-2005, and Isotopes, Isotope and Radiation Applications (1.78) during 1978-1981 (Table-3). Table 3: Publication Productivity and Domain-wise Activity Index Period of Publication Domains A B C D E F TP AI TP AI TP AI TP AI TP AI TP AI 1970-1973 94 1.08 2 0.10 1 0.50 47 1.99 2 0.25 34 0.87 180 1974-1977 361 0.87 40 0.42 9 0.94 194 1.73 9 0.23 242 1.30 855 1978-1981 599 1.03 48 0.36 24 1.78 202 1.27 35 0.64 298 1.14 1206 1982-1985 592 0.87 119 0.76 12 0.76 131 0.71 13 0.21 538 1.77 1405 1986-1989 903 1.15 216 1.20 11 0.61 203 0.95 23 0.32 263 0.75 1619 1990-1993 418 1.07 116 1.30 6 0.67 93 0.88 13 0.36 159 0.91 805 1994-1997 615 1.14 99 0.80 21 1.68 178 1.21 29 0.58 173 0.72 1115 1998-2001 700 0.98 201 1.22 13 0.78 208 1.07 172 2.57 188 0.58 1482 2002-2005 1004 0.92 371 1.49 25 1.00 178 0.60 196 1.94 472 0.97 2246 TP 5286-1212 - 122-1434 - 492-2367 - 10913 Percentage 48.40-11.10-1.12-13.10-4.51-21.70-100.00 (A=Chemistry, Materials and Earth Sciences, B=Life and Environmental Sciences, C=Isotopes, Isotope and Radiation Applications, D=Engineering and Technology, E=Other Aspects of Nuclear and Non nuclear Energy, F=Physical Sciences, TP=Total number of Publications, and AI=Activity Index) 4.1 Nature of Collaboration On analyzing the extent of collaboration in mass spectrometry in nuclear science and technology, it was found that only 18.17% publications (2124) involved single authors and TP 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 5 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

81.83% publications (10733) involved multi-authors during 1970-2005 indicating very large collaborative output and multidisciplinary nature of the field. Table-4 gives the collaboration trend in different four-year blocks during 1970-2005. It can be visualized from the Table 4 that the more intensive collaboration trend was observed as papers with as many as110 authors were identified. The highest collaboration rate (0.88) was observed during 2002-2005. Research is becoming more and more collaborative in recent years when compared to earlier years as all the countries are giving a lot of impetus to research and development activities 29. Table 4: Collaboration Trend in Mass Spectrometry in Nuclear Science and Technology Number of Publication Year Total % Author in Byline 70-73 74-77 78-81 82-85 86-89 90-93 94-97 98-01 02-05 1 62 249 301 283 332 133 212 275 277 2124 19.46 2 56 236 306 298 293 137 178 188 248 1940 17.78 3 36 192 281 333 324 153 221 254 374 2168 19.87 4 19 98 128 174 197 222 245 270 352 1705 15.62 5 5 47 59 92 110 117 181 186 284 1081 9.91 6 1 12 34 63 74 83 91 130 247 735 6.74 7 9 25 27 31 40 52 83 148 415 3.80 8 1 3 16 20 24 28 36 48 101 277 2.54 9 3 5 9 14 17 25 37 75 185 1.70 10 3 4 4 5 9 11 17 50 103 0.94 11 1 3 4 4 4 18 28 62 0.57 12 1 2 2 5 7 11 28 0.26 13 1 1 1 2 6 16 27 0.25 14 2 1 2 13 18 0.16 15 5 2 6 13 0.12 16 1 2 3 0.03 17 2 3 5 0.05 18 1 1 2 0.02 19 1 1 2 4 0.04 20 2 4 6 0.05 21 1 1 1 2 5 0.05 23 1 1 0.01 25 1 1 0.01 27 1 1 2 0.02 33 1 1 0.01 34 1 1 0.01 110 1 1 0.01 Total 180 852 1160 1308 1414 948 1275 1530 2246 10913 100.00 Collaboration Rate 0.66 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.77 0.86 0.83 0.82 0.88 0.81-4.4 Most Prolific Authors In all, 23700 authors have contributed 10913 papers and produced 39524 authorships. The most prolific authors were: S. K. Aggarwal, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India with 113 publications, W. Kutschera, University of Vienna, Austria with 85 publications, H. C. Jain, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India with 70 publications, M Suter, Institute for Particle Physics, Zurich, Switzerland with 59 publications, 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 6 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

and D. Elmore Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA with 53 publications. Table-5 gives authors who have contributed more than 22 publications. Rank Scientists No. of Publications Country Institutions 1 Aggarwal-SK 113 India Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 2 Kutschera-W 85 Austria University of Vienna 3 Jain-HC 70 India Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 4 Suter-M 59 Switzerland Institute for Particle Physics, Zurich 5 Elmore-D 53 USA Purdue University, West Lafayette 6 Synal-HA 45 Switzerland Institute for Particle Physics, Zurich 7 Donohue-DL 44 USA Oak Ridge National Lab, Tennessee 7 Paul-M 44 Israel Hebrew University, Jerusalem 8 Tuniz-C 40 Australia ANSTO, Sydney 9 Fifield-LK 38 Australia Australian National University, Canberra 9 Korschinek-G 38 Germany Technische Univ Muenchen, Garching 10 Priller-A 37 Austria Universitaet Wien, Wien 10 Trautmann-N 37 Germany Mainz Univ 11 Litherland-AE 36 Canada University of Toronto, Toronto 12 He-Ming 35 China China Inst. of Atomic Energy, Beijing 12 Shah-PM 35 India Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 12 Smith-DH 35 USA Oak Ridge National Lab, Tennessee 12 Steier-P 35 Austria Universitaet Wien, Wien 13 Golser-R 34 Austria Universitaet Wien, Wien 13 Miller-CM 34 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos 13 Ramakumar-KL 34 India Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 14 Christie-WH 33 USA Oak Ridge National Lab, Tennessee 14 Kubik-PW 33 USA Rochester Univ, New York 15 Dietze-HJ 32 Germany Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH 15 Jiang-Shan 32 China China Inst. of Atomic Energy, Beijing 15 Nolte-E 32 Germany Technische Univ. Muenchen, Garching 16 Carter-JA 30 USA Oak Ridge National Lab, Tennessee 16 Dizdaroglu-M 30 USA NIST, Gaithersburg 17 Fink-D 29 Australia ANSTO, Sydney 17 Walker-RL 29 USA Oak Ridge National Lab, Tennessee 18 Henning-W 28 Germany GSI, Darmstadt 18 Nogar-NS 28 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos 19 Becker-JS 27 Germany Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH 19 Herpers-U 27 Germany Univ. Koeln 19 Hilpert-K 27 Germany Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH 19 Wu-Shaoyong 27 China China Inst. of Atomic Energy, Beijing 20 Gove-HE 26 USA Rochester Univ, New York 20 Parab-AR 26 India Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 21 Vogel-JS 25 USA Lawrence Livermore National Lab, CA 21 Wallner-A 25 Austria Universitaet Wien, Wien 20 Iyer-SS 24 Brazil Instituto de Pesquisas Energ e Nucl, Sao Paulo 22 Bonani-G 24 Switzerland Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Zurich 22 Jiang-Songsheng 24 China China Inst. of Atomic Energy, Beijing 22 Le-Beyec-Y 24 France Institut de Physique Nucleaire, Orsay 22 Michel-R 24 Germany Hannover Univ 23 Fassett-JD 23 USA NIST, Gaithersburg 23 Sant-VL 23 India Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 24 Jull-AJT 22 USA Univ. of Arizona, Tucson 24 Schweikert-EA 22 USA Texas A and M Univ, Texas 24 Young-JP 22 USA Oak Ridge National Lab, Tennessee 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 7 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

4.5 Most Prolific Indian Authors There were 626 Indian authors who have contributed 460 papers during 1970-2005. The most prolific authors were: S. K. Aggarwal, with 113 publications, H. C.Jain, with 70 publications, P. M. Shah, with 35 publications, K. L. Ramakumar, with 34 publications, A. R. Parab, with 26 publications, V. L. Sant, with 24 publications, D. Alamelu and S. A. Chitambar with 19 publications each, and C. K. Mathews with 18 publications, all are from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai. 4.6 Institution-wise Distribution of Publications There were 3809 institutions involved in research activity in the field of mass spectrometry in nuclear science and technology. Table-6 and Table-7 provide domain-wise and period wise publication productivity of top 30 institutions. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai (India) topped the list with 233 publications followed by Argonne National Laboratory (USA) with 150 publications, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA) with 146 publications, University of California (USA) with 118 publications, Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA) with 104 publications, and Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (Japan) with 91 publications. Table 6: Domain-wise Productivity of Top Thirty Institutions in Mass Spectrometry in Nuclear Science and Technology Rank Institutions Domain wise Productivity A B C D E F Total Publications 1 Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai-India 161 8 2 28 9 25 233 2 Argonne National Laboratory-USA 56 5 2 38 1 48 150 3 Oak Ridge National Lab-USA 87 6 1 19 6 27 146 4 University of California-USA 56 21 10 2 29 118 5 Los Alamos National Laboratory-USA 54 3 1 16 6 24 104 6 Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst-Japan 57 2 2 11 12 7 91 7 Tokyo Univ-Japan 35 5 14 2 21 77 8 Pacific Northwest Lab-USA 43 8 12 10 73 9 National Bureau of Standards-USA 43 17 4 1 7 72 10 Nagoya University-Japan 42 5 8 2 11 68 11 Australian National University-Australia 38 9 12 2 5 66 12 ANSTO-Australia 41 5 1 14 3 1 65 13 Texas A and M Univ-USA 27 5 4 5 20 61 14 Lawerence Livermore National Laboratory-USA 22 10 9 8 10 59 15 Kernforschungsanlage Juelich GmbH-Germany 42 4 11 57 15 University of Toronto-Canada 16 3 2 22 1 13 57 16 International Atomic Energy Agency-Austria 28 15 1 2 10 56 16 National Inst of Standards and Technology-USA 23 16 6 1 10 56 16 Paul Scherrer Inst-Switzerland 28 6 1 10 4 7 56 17 Instituto de Pesqiusas Energeticas e Nucl-Brazil 45 4 4 1 1 55 18 Mainz Univ-Germany 22 1 7 24 54 18 Paris 11 University 91 Orsay-France 13 3 8 1 29 54 19 IGCAR Kalpakkam-India 39 2 5 3 3 52 20 Bonn Univ-Germany 13 1 2 8 26 50 21 Technische University Muenchen-Germany 15 5 1 16 10 47 22 Physical Research Lab., Ahmedabad -India 23 2 2 13 2 42 23 Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd-Canada 26 4 8 3 41 24 Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenfor mbh-germany 2 1 15 21 39 25 Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs-USA 12 4 1 13 6 36 26 Lund University-Sweden 14 11 1 5 3 34 (A=Chemistry, Materials and Earth Sciences, B=Life and Environmental Sciences, C=Isotopes, Isotope and Radiation Applications, D=Engineering and Technology, E=Other Aspects of Nuclear and Nonnuclear Energy, and F=Physical Sciences) 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 8 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

Table 7: Publications Productivity of Top Thirty Institutions in Mass Spectrometry in Nuclear Science and Technology in Different Four-year Blocks Institutions Publications in Four-Year Blocks 70-73 74-77 78-81 82-85 86-89 90-93 94-97 98-01 02-05 Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai-India 1 10 32 14 11 12 53 34 66 233 Argonne National Laboratory-USA 11 18 25 37 21 20 10 8 150 Oak Ridge National Laboratory-USA 2 5 22 34 19 12 30 16 6 146 University of California-USA 3 19 15 17 20 16 6 6 16 118 Los Alamos National Laboratory-USA 1 19 31 15 23 9 6 104 Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst-Japan 1 8 7 10 10 2 7 16 30 91 Tokyo Univ-Japan 1 7 4 3 11 13 10 11 17 77 Pacific Northwest Lab-USA 8 8 9 22 18 8 73 National Bureau of Standards-USA 1 6 7 31 27 72 Nagoya University-Japan 3 8 5 6 3 6 24 13 68 Australian National University-Australia 3 2 1 15 7 12 21 5 66 ANSTO-Australia 6 5 15 26 13 65 Texas A and M Univ-USA 2 14 9 20 4 4 4 4 61 Lawerence Livermore National Laboratory-USA 1 3 8 7 20 13 7 59 Kernforschungsanlage Juelich GmbH-Germany 1 12 21 17 6 57 University of Toronto-Canada 1 0 11 4 14 5 12 3 7 57 International Atomic Energy Agency-Austria 2 1 7 9 2 7 15 13 56 National Inst of Standards and Technology-USA 4 23 7 13 9 56 Paul Scherrer Inst-Switzerland 3 5 18 13 17 56 Instituto de Pesqiusas Energeticas e Nucl-Brazil 0 0 14 0 12 5 9 9 6 55 Mainz Univ-Germany 12 8 11 2 6 7 8 54 Paris 11 University 91 Orsay-France 6 6 16 9 10 3 1 2 1 54 IGCAR Kalpakkam-India 1 7 1 16 6 21 52 Bonn Univ-Germany 1 14 12 21 0 2 50 Technische University Muenchen-Germany 3 3 7 11 13 4 3 3 47 Physical Research Lab., Ahmedabad -India 2 1 11 7 21 42 Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd-Canada 1 10 5 5 17 2 1 41 Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenfor mbh-germany 4 8 6 1 7 7 6 39 Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs-USA 3 6 2 2 3 14 6 36 Lund University-Sweden 2 7 7 18 34 (TP=Total number of publications) 4.7 Language-wise Distribution of Publications The mass spectrometry scientists in nuclear science and technology have contributed more predominantly in English than any other languages as 8639 (79.16%) publications were in English followed by German with 672 (6.16%) publications, Russian with 647 (5.93%) publications, Japanese with 279 (2.56 %) publications, French with 225 (2.06%) publications, Portuguese with 134 (1.23%) publications and Chinese with 106 (0.97%) publications. 4.8 Preference of Channels of Communication by the Scientists Mass Spectrometry Scientists communicated their research results through a variety of communication channels. Table 8 provides the distribution of publications in various channels of communication. It was observed that 61.12 percent of the literature was published in journals followed by 16 percent in reports, 11.55 percent in conference literature, 8.70 percent in miscellaneous literature, 1.65 percent in books and 0.27 percent in patents. TP 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 9 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

Table 8: Publication Output by Document Type in Mass Spectroscopy in Nuclear Science and Technology Channels of Period of Publication Communication 70-73 74-77 78-81 82-85 86-89 90-93 94-97 98-01 02-05 No. of Publications Journal-Articles 117 558 722 972 1024 511 483 785 1498 6670 61.12 Reports 35 191 236 228 271 109 204 269 281 1824 16.71 Conferences 12 58 175 102 193 113 263 142 202 1260 11.55 Miscellaneous 11 49 62 97 61 136 274 259 949 8.70 Books 10 30 20 32 30 11 29 12 6 180 1.65 Patents 6 7 4 9 4 30 0.27 Total 180 855 1206 1405 1619 805 1115 1482 2246 10913 100.00 4.9 Preference of Journals for Communication by the Scientists The distribution of publications (6670) were spread over 906 journals. The leading journals preferred by the scientists were : Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research-B with 546 papers, Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft with 467 papers, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics with 449 papers, Analytical Chemistry with 153 papers, Journal of Nuclear Materials and Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry with 137 papers each. Table-9 provides journal-wise scattering of publications. Publication density is defined as the ratio of the total number of papers published to the total number of journals in which the papers were published and publication concentration as the ratio in percentage of the journals containing half of the papers published to the total number of journals in which those papers were published during the period under study 30. The publication concentration observed in present study was 3.41 and publication density was 7.35. % Table 9: Journal Most Preferred by the Scientists Journal Impact Factor 2005 Country Total Publications Cumu. % Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 1.181 Netherlands 546 8.19 Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft - Germany 467 15.19 International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics - Netherlands 449 21.92 Analytical Chemistry 5.635 USA 153 24.21 Journal of Nuclear Materials 1.414 Netherlands 137 26.27 Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 0.460 Hungary 137 28.32 Applied Surface Science 1.263 Netherlands 120 30.12 Journal of Applied Physics 2.498 Japan 120 31.92 Spectrochimica Acta B 2.332 UK 108 33.54 Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A 1.399 USA 103 35.08 Journal of Chemical Physics 3.138 USA 93 36.48 AIP Conference Proceedings - USA 91 37.84 Analytica Chimica Acta 2.760 Netherlands 71 38.91 Applied Physics Letters 4.127 USA 68 39.93 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 1.224 Netherlands 64 40.88 Radiochimica Acta 0.846 Germany 54 41.69 Applied Radiation and Isotopes 0.757 UK 53 42.49 Fresenius' Zeitschrift fuer Analytische Chemie - Germany 49 43.22 Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry - Germany 48 43.94 Thin Solid Films 1.569 Switzerland 48 44.66 Bunseki Kagaku Japan Analyst 0.394 Japan 47 45.37 Shitsuryo Bunseki - Japan 45 46.04 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 10 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

Biochemistry 3.848 USA 40 46.64 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 3.640 UK 38 47.21 Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 3.000 USA 37 47.77 Review of Scientific Instruments 1.235 USA 37 48.32 Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 0.829 UK 36 48.86 Zhurnal Neorganicheskoj Khimii - USA 35 49.39 Journal of Physical Chemistry - Russia 34 49.90 Vacuum 0.909 UK 34 50.40 4.10 Quality of Research Output On grouping the journals based on the impact factor (SCI-JCR-2005), it was found that maximum number 1258 (18.86%) publications were published in the journals with impact factor range 1.01-1.50 followed by 706 (10.58%) publications with impact factor range 0.01-1.00, 610 (9.15%) publications with impact factor range 2.01-3.00, 400 (6.00%) publications with impact factor range 3.01-4.00, 189 (2.83%) publications with impact factor range 5.01-6.00, 107 (1.60%) publications with impact factor range 4.01-5.00, 73 (1.09%) publications with impact factor range 6.01-8.00 and 62 (0.93%) publications with impact factor more than 9.00. A large number of publications 2978 (44.65%) were published in the journals which are not covered by the Science Citation Index. More than 55 percent of the journal articles published in the journals having impact factor ranging from 0.01 to 30.93 indicates the high quality of research papers published in this field. On analysing the journal articles based on the average impact factor in various domains, it was observed that the increasing trend in average impact factor was found in Life Sciences in all the four-year blocks from 1970 till 1993 and declining trend was seen in subsequent four-year blocks during 1994-2005. The highest average impact factor 4.4 was observed in Life Sciences during 1990-1993 followed by Chemistry, Materials and Earth Sciences (1.79) during 1978-1981, Physical Sciences (1.68) during 1986-1989, Isotopes, Isotope and Radiation Applications (1.71) during 1982-1984 and other Aspects of Nuclear and Non Nuclear Energy (1.17) during 1998-2001.Table-10 provides distribution of journal articles based on average impact factor in various domains in different four-year blocks and Figure-2 gives distribution of journal articles as per impact factor based on Science Citation Index-Journal Citation Report-2005 (SCI-JCR-2005). No doubt, impact factor is one of the important indicators to know the standing of the journal among other journals. Impact factor of a journal varies from field to field due to various factors such as the number of scientists working in the field, periodicity of the journal, circulation of journal etc. Therefore, one should be cautious while comparing the journals based on impact factors 31. Table 10: Domain-wise Average Impact Factor of Journal Articles in Mass Spectrometry in Nuclear Science and Technology Domains Average Impact Factor as per SCI-JCR-2005 70-73 74-77 78-81 82-85 86-89 90-93 94-97 98-01 02-05 Chemistry, Materials and Earth Sciences 1.60 1.13 1.79 1.74 1.74 1.36 1.08 0.80 1.36 Physical Sciences 0.07 0.45 0.87 0.61 1.68 1.23 1.32 1.25 1.51 Engineering and Technology 0.24 0.15 0.09 1.43 1.20 0.65 0.79 0.79 1.22 Life and Environmental Sciences 0.00 0.96 1.52 2.52 3.01 4.40 1.34 0.90 1.81 Other Aspects of Nuclear and Non nuclear Energy 0.00 0.00 1.06 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 1.17 0.90 Isotopes, Isotope and Radiation Applications 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.67 0.48 0.70 0.39 0.69 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 11 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

Chemistry, Materials and Earth Sciences (n = 3183) 1000 1000 Physical Sciences (n = 1762) Number of Publications (Log 10) 100 10 Number of Publications (Log 10) 100 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Impact Factor (2005) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Impact Factor (2005) 1000 Engineering and Technology (n = 818) Life and Environmental Sciences (n = 689) 1000 Number of Publications (Log 10) 100 10 Number of Publications (Log 10) 100 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Impact Factor (2005) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Impact Factor (2005) Other Aspects of Nuclear and Nonnuclear Energy (n = 154) Isotopes, Isotope and Radiation Applications (n = 64) 1000 1000 Number of Publications (Log 10) 100 10 Number of Publications (Log 10) 100 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Impact Factor (2005) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Impact Factor (2005) Figure 2: Distribution of Journal Articles by Impact Factors in Different Domains as per SCI-JCR-2005 4.11 Analysis of Keywords Keywords are one of the best scientometric indicators to understand and grasp instantaneously the thought content of the papers and to find out the growth of the subject field. Analysis of the keywords appeared either on the title or assigned by the indexer or the author himself will help in knowing in which direction the knowledge grows. The high frequency keywords will enable us to understand the various aspects of mass spectrometry in nuclear science and technology under study. The keywords appeared in the Indexer Assigned-Descriptors (DEI) field in INIS were analysed for the purpose. The high frequency keywords were: Mass-Spectroscopy (6127), Isotope-Ratio (1849), Quantitative-Chemical- Analysis (1306), Experimental-Data (1194), Sensitivity (982), Mass-Spectra (875), Icp-Mass- Spectroscopy (732), Ionization (724), Mass-Spectrometers (712), Trace-Amounts (681), Accuracy (630), Ion-Beams (601), Isotope-Dilution (597), Gas-Chromatography (577), Ion- 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 12 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

Microprobe-Analysis (503), Sample-Preparation (502), Isotope-Dating (496), Accelerators (491), Carbon-14 (453), Impurities (450), Ion-Implantation (442), Comparative-Evaluations (420), Chemical-Composition (395), Tracer-Techniques (393), Sputtering (385), Temperature-Dependence (369), Chemical-Analysis (362), Ion-Sources (355), Measuring- Methods (322), Silicon (313), Plasma (312), Surfaces (307), and Hydrogen (302). 5. Conclusion In this study, an attempt has been made to find out quantitatively an over all view of the literature published on mass spectrometry and its applications in nuclear science and technology as reflected in INIS database during 1970-2005. During 1970-2005 a total of 10913 papers were published in various domains: Chemistry, Materials and Earth Sciences (5286) (48.44%), Physical Sciences (2367) (21.96%), Engineering and Technology (1434) (13.14), Life and Environmental Sciences 1212 (11.11), Other aspects of Nuclear & Non Nuclear Energy (492) (4.51%) and Isotopes, Isotope and Radiation Applications (122) (1.12%). There were only three papers published in 1970. Thereafter, an exponential growth of publications was observed in this field except in 1993. The highest number of papers (816) were published in 2004. The average number of publications published per year was 303.13. The highest growth rate 375.00 was observed during 1974-1977 and the lowest growth rate 50.27 was observed during 1990-1993. The highest Activity Index was observed in various domains: Chemistry, Materials and Earth Sciences (1.15) during 1986-1989, Physical Sciences (1.77) during 1982-1985, Engineering and Technology (1.99) during 1970-1973, Life and Environmental Sciences (1.49) during 2002-2005, Other aspects of Nuclear & Non Nuclear Energy (1.94) during 2002-2005, and Isotopes, Isotope and Radiation Applications (1.78) during 1978-1981. United States topped the list with 2247 publications followed by Germany 1333 publications, Japan with 820 publications, France with 525 publications, and India with 460 publications. Authorship and collaboration trend was towards multi-authored papers as 80.3 percent of the papers were collaborative is indicative of the multidisciplinary nature of research activity. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai (India) topped the list with 233 publications followed by Argonne National Laboratory (USA) with 150 publications and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA) with 146 publications. It will be quite interesting if one attempts to study the comparative account of different analytical techniques/methods used in various scientific studies in nuclear science and technology. Acknowledgements Authors are highly grateful to Dr. S. K. Aggarwal, Head, Fuel Chemistry Division, BARC for his valuable comments and encouragement. 6. References 1. H. H. Willard, L. L. Merritt Jr., J. A. Dean and F. A. Settle Jr. Instrumental methods of analysis. CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1986. 2. K. L. Bush. Synergistic developments in MS: A 50-Year journey from Art to Science. Spectroscopy. 15 (2000) 30-39. 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 13 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

3. J. S. Becker. Measurements by ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS- Plenary lecture, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy. 170 (11) (2002) 1172-1185 4. J. S. Becker. Recent developments in isotope analysis by advanced mass spectrometric techniques-plenary lecture. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy. 20 (11) (2005) 1173-1184. 5. F. Narin. Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publication and citation analysis in the evaluation of scientific activity, Computer Horizons Inc., New Jersey, 1976. 6. R. Chidambaram. Measures of progress in science and technology. Current Science. 88 (6) ( 2005) 856-860. 7. B. S. Kademani and Vijai Kumar. Bibliometrics: An innovative tool to measure the growth of knowledge and impact studies for policy makers. In UGC Sponsored refresher Course on Information Technology for Librarians, 06-26 September 2004, TISS, Mumbai, 2004, 1-21. 8. B. S. Kademani and Vijai Kumar.Citation Index: An indispensable information retrieval tool for research and evaluation. In ICSSR Sponsored Training Workshop on Exploring Social Science Information in Digital Environment, 27-30 May 2002, TISS, Mumbai, 62-75. 9. J. Lawson, B. Kostrewiski and C. Oppenheim. A bibliometric study on a new subject: Energy analysis. Scientometrics. 2 (3) (1980) 227-237. 10. R. K.Verma, Y. K. Sharma and H. S. D. Khatri. Trends in nuclear research and its publications: An analysis based on five years coverage in the Indian Science Abstracts, Annals of Library Science and Documentation. 29 (2) (1982) 64-69. 11. D. H. Hall. The interface between geoscience and industry: A case study of the interaction between research and discovery and mining of areas for nuclear fuels. Scientometrics. 11 (3-4) (1987) 199-216. 12. P. Trofimenko. Scientometric analysis of the development of nuclear physics during the last 50 years. Scientometrics. 11 (3-4) (1987) 231-250. 13. H. J. Czerwon. Scientometric indicators for a specialty in theoretical high energy physics: Monte Carlo methods in lattice field theory. Scientometrics. 18 (1-2) (1990) 5-20. 14. P. Mauguin. Using a contracts database for evaluating the dynamics of a technological program: the case of the European non-nuclear energy program, Scientometrics. 22 (1) (1991) 207-228. 15. D. H. Hall.The Science-industry interface: Correlation time series of indicators and their spectra, and growth models in the nuclear fields industry. Scientometrics. 24 (2) (1992) 237-280. 16. Vijai Kumar, V. L. Kalyane, E. R.Prakasan, Anil Kumar, Anil Sagar and Lalit Mohan. Trend of R&D publications in PHWR: A study using INIS and other databases. International Conference on Nuclear Knowledge Management: Strategies, Information Management and Human Resource Development, Organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Commissariat de l Energie Atomique (CEA), Government of France, 7-10 September 2004, Saclay, France, Paper No. IAEA-CN-123/03/O/05. 17. B. S. Kademani, Vijai Kumar, Anil Sagar and Anil Kumar. Scientometric dimensions of nuclear science and technology research in India: A study based on INIS (1970-2002) database. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science. 11 (1) (2006) 23-48. 18. B. S. Kademani, Vijai Kumar, Anil Sagar, Anil Kumar, Lalit Mohan and Surwase,G. Scientometric dimensions of thorium research in India. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology. 26 (3) (2006) 6-25. 19. B. S. Kademani, Vijai Kumar, Anil Sagar and Anil Kumar. World literature on thorium research: A scientometric study based on Science Citation Index. Scientometrics. 29 (2) (2006) 347-364. 20. B. S. Kademani, Vijai Kumar, G.Surwase, Anil Sagar and Vijai Kumar. Mapping of literature on Bose-Einstein condensation. Malayasian Journal of Library and Information Science. 11 (2) (2006) 87-104. 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 14 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

21. B. S. Kademani, Anil Kumar and Vijai Kumar. Analytical chemistry in nuclear science & technology. Proceedings of BARC Golden Jubilee Year DAE-BRNS Topical Symposium on Role of Analytical Chemistry in Nuclear Technology (RACNT), January 4-6, 2007,Organised by Analytical Chemistry Division, BARC and Sponsored by Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Mumbai, 2007, 135-148. 22. B. S. Kademani, Anil Sagar, Vijai Kumar and B. M. Gupta. Mapping of Indian Publications in S&T: A Scientometric Analysis of Publications in Science Citation Index. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology. 27 (1) (2007) 17-34. 23. B. S. Kademani, Vijai Kumar, G. Surwase, Anil Sagar, Lalit Mohan, Anil Kumar and C. R. Gaderao. Research and citation impact of publications by the Chemistry Division at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Scientometrics, 71 (1) (2007) 25-57. 24. B. S. Kademani, Vijai Kumar, G. Surwase, Anil Sagar, Lalit Mohan, C. R. Gaderao, Anil Kumar, V. L. Kalyane and E. R. Prakasan. Scientometric dimensions of innovation communication productivity of the Chemistry Division at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Malayasian Journal of Library and Information Science. 10 (1) (2005) 65-89. 25. B. S. Kademani, Vijai Kumar, Anil Kumar, Anil Sagar, Lalit Mohan, Surwase, G and C. R. Gaderao. Publication productivity of the Bioorganic Division at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre: A scientometric study. Annals of Library Science and Information Studies. 52 (4) (2005)135-146. 26. B. S. Kademani, Vijai Kumar, Lalit Mohan, Anil Sagar, Anil Kumar, C. R. Gaderao and G. Surwase. Scientometric dimensions and publication productivity of the Analytical Chemistry Division at Bhabha Atomic Research. SRELS Journal of Information Management. 43 (1) (2006) 5-20. 26. T. Braun. Statistical evaluation of recorded knowledge in nuclear and other instrumental analytical techniques. Comparison of nuclear analytical methods with competitive methods. Proceedings of an Advisory Group Meeting on Comparison of Nuclear Analytical Methods with Competitive Methods, IAEA, Oak Ridge, October 3-7, 1986 (IAEA-TECDOC-435), 9-30. 28 W. S. Lyon. Use of scientometrics to assess nuclear and other analytical methods. Comparison of nuclear analytical methods with competitive methods. Proceedings of an Advisory Group Meeting on Comparison of Nuclear Analytical Methods with Competitive Methods, IAEA, Oak Ridge, October 3-7, 1986 (IAEA-TECDOC-435), 37-48. 29 B. S. Kademani, V. L. Kalyane, Vijai Kumar and Lalit Mohan. Nobel laureates: Their publication productivity, collaboration and authorship status. Scientometrics. 62 (2) (2005) 161-268. 30 P. Vinkler. Bibliometric analysis of publication activity of a scientific research institute. In Informetrics 89/90 /ed. by L. Egge, and R. Rousseau. Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V; 1990; Amsterdam, 309-334. 31 M. J. Moravcsik. Measures of scientific growth. Research Policy. 2 (1973) 266-275. Shri. B. S. Kademani did his B. Sc. (1979), B. L. I. Sc. (1980) from Karnatak University, Dharwad and M. L. I. Sc. (1987) form Osmania University, Hyderabad. He started his career in Librarianship from Mangalore University and later joined Centre for Molecular and Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad in 1984. Since 1988 he is working with Scientific Information Resource Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, as Scientific Officer. He visited Germany and Austria as an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Fellow. He has published more than 50 research papers in National and 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 15 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa

International journals apart from managing various library activities. He has specialized in Citation Analysis, Bibliometrics and Scientometrics. His Noteworthy publications are: Scientometric portraits on Nobel laureates like C.V. Raman, S. Chandrashekhar, D.C. Hodgkin, Barbara McKlintock, Harold W. Kroto, A. H. Zewail, Wolfgang Ketterle, L. H. Hartwell and Indian scientists like Dr Vikram Sarabhai, Dr R. Chidambarm and Dr P. K. Iyengar are a few examples to mention. He has also carried out scientometeric analysis of publications of Analytical Chemistry Division, Bio-Organic Division, Chemistry Division and Radiochemistry Division of BARC. His recent publications are: Scientometric Dimensions of Nuclear Science and Technology in India, World literature on Thorium, Scientometric Dimensions of Thorium Research, Bose-Einstein Condensation, Mapping of Indian publications in S & T and Analytical Chemistry in Nuclear Science and Technology in India. He is life member of ILA, SIS, IATLIS, ALSD, and BOSLA. He is also STANDING COMMITTEE Member of International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Science & Technology Libraries Section for the term 2005-2009 from India. He is an Editorial Board Member of ILA Bulletin and BOSLA Newsletter. He is also a referee for many professional journals. 12 th ISMAS-WS-2007, March 25-30, 2007, 16 Cidade de Goa, Dona Paula, Goa