DO NOW: Retrieve your projects. We will be reviewing them again today. Textbook pg, answer questions. Use the section. to help you. Chapter test is FRIDAY.
The Periodic Table of Elements 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 H.008 H.008 He.00 He.00 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 8 9 0 8 Lanthanides Actinides
Periodic Periodic Law Periodic Table Something periodic occurs at regular or at least generally predictable intervals Periodic law physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers Periodic Table of Elements a table of the elements, arranged by atomic number, that shows the patterns in their properties; based on the periodic law Can you think of anything that is periodic?
Element A pure substance made up of one kind of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means 90 occur naturally on earth were synthesized (made) by scientists
Dmitri Mendeleev In the 80 s he devised a periodic table where the elements were ordered by their atomic masses. He did this by grouping elements together according to their similarities. Image taken from: http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/0008/fidoluxuriantflowinghair/mendeleev/
Mendeleev s Predictions Although Mendeleev s Periodic Table of Elements had missing elements or gaps, he was able to predict the characteristics of these missing elements because of Periodic Law. Date Predicted 8 Date Discovered 88 Atomic Mass Atomic Mass. Density. g/cm Density. g/cm Bonding Power Ekasilicon Bonding Power Germanium Color Dark Gray Color Grayish White Notice how Mendeleev s predictions (orange column) were very accurate when compared to Germanium s actual characteristics (green column)
Henry Moseley In 9, his work led to a revision of the periodic table by rearranging the elements by their atomic numbers. He concluded that the number of protons in an atom is its atomic number. Image taken from: http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/smith/
Important Features of the Periodic Table: Period (Row) each horizontal row of elements on the periodic table FROM LEFT TO RIGHT OR RIGHT TO LEFT 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 H.008 H.008 He.00 He.00 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 8 9 0 8 Lanthanides Actinides How many periods (rows) are on the Periodic Table Of Elements?
Period (Row) Properties Seven periods on a periodic table (numbered from the top down) Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as you move from the left to the right in a period All atoms of the elements in the same period have the same number of orbitals/levels All atoms of the elements in a specific period have that respective number of orbitals/levels Example Period = orbital Period = orbitals Period = orbitals Etc
Examples of Period (Row) elements having the same number of orbitals/levels in their atoms In what period (row) do you think these atoms reside? In what period (row) do you think these atoms reside?
each column of elements on the periodic table Important Features of the Periodic Table: Group (Family) FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR BOTTOM TO THE TOP 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 H.008 H.008 He.00 He.00 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 8 9 0 8 Lanthanides Actinides How many groups (families) are on the Periodic Table Of Elements?
Group (Family) Properties Eighteen groups on the periodic table (numbered from left to right) Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as you move from the top down in a group (family). Atoms of elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbitals/levels of their atoms (known as valence electrons). Exceptions: Transition elements () Hydrogen (could be or ) Helium (actually has valence electrons) Elements in groups usually have similar physical and chemical properties.
Examples of Group Elements with the same # of valence electrons How many electrons do each of these atoms have in their outer orbital/level? H.008 Li.9 Na.990 9 K 9.098 Rb 8.8 Cs.90 8 Fr () What group (family) do these elements reside in?
8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 H.008 H.008 He.00 He.00 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 8 9 0 8 Lanthanides Actinides Alkali Group (Family) Names Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals Boron Group Carbon Group Nitrogen Group Oxygen Group Halogens Noble Gases
Classes of Elements 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 H.008 H.008 He.00 He.00 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 8 9 0 8 Lanthanides Actinides Class Color Metal NonMetal Metalloid Using this as a guide, color code your periodic table to show the three classes. Start by highlighting the zigzag.
. Metals Location Found on the left of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table (exception Hydrogen) Chemical Properties Have few electrons in their outer energy level, thus lose electrons easily Physical Properties ductile, good conductors, malleable, shiny, most are solid @ room temperature 9 Au 9.9 Image taken from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/e lementphotogallery.98/sodium.htm Na.990 What metal is not a solid @ room temperature?
Atoms with Few Electrons in their Outer Energy Level Notice: only electron in outer level Na.990 Be 9.0 Notice: only electrons in outer level
. NonMetals Location Most found to the right of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table Chemical Properties Most have almost full outer energy levels, thus they tend to gain electrons; some have completely full outer level Physical Properties not ductile or malleable, not shiny, poor conductors, most are solid, but some are gas at room temperature Cl. Image taken from: http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/cl.htm Image taken from: https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/rockandmineral/sulfur.asp S.0
Atoms with Full or Almost Full Outer Energy Level 8 O.999 Notice: electrons in outer level FULL He.00 Notice: electrons in outer level almost full 9 F 8.998 Notice: electrons in outer level almost full
. Metalloids Location Border the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table Chemical Properties Most atoms have ½ ( ) complete set of electrons in outer level. Physical Properties have properties of both metals and nonmetals Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/c08/bios.shtml B 0.8 Si 8.08 Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/c08/bios.shtml
Atoms with ½ ( ) Complete Outer Energy Level B 0.8 Notice: only electrons in outer level Notice: only electrons in outer level Si 8.08
Lanthanides These are soft, malleable, shiny metals with high conductivity. They are often mixed with more common metals to make alloys.
Actinides The nuclei of these elements are very unstable, meaning that they break apart very quickly into smaller nuclei. They may only last for a fraction of a second after they are made. Thorium and uranium are the only two actinides that occur naturally on Earth.
The Alkali Metals Group These are very reactive metals that have only one valence electron in the outer orbit and will freely give it away to become stable. Very soft metal You could cut it with a plastic knife! They are never found as uncombined elements in nature.
Examples
The Alkaline Earth Metals Group They are not as reactive as alkali metals, but still very reactive. They have two valence electrons and generally give them up to nonmetals to form ionic bonds.
Examples
Transition Metals Groups through These all vary dramatically in reactivity. Their number of valence electrons vary. They are a bridge between the very reactive alkali and alkaline earth metals and the nonmetals.
Examples
Halogens Group These are very reactive nonmetals with valence electrons. Because they need only one more electron to fill their outer shell, they will steal an electron from a reactive metal to form ionic bonds.
Examples
The Noble Gases Group 8 These gases are nonreactive! They have a full compliment of valence electrons (8). They are called the inert gases because they do not react with other elements.
Examples
Identify the Element 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 Bh () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09) 8 Bi 08.980 8 Pb 0. 8 Tl 0.8 80 Hg 00.9 9 Au 9.9 8 Pt 9.08 Ir 9. Os 90. Re 8.0 W 8.8 Ta 80.9 Hf 8.9 Lu.9 Ba. Cs.90 Xe.9 I.90 Te.0 Sb.0 0 Sn 8.0 9 In.88 8 Cd. Ag 0.88 Pd 0. Rh 0.90 Ru 0.0 Tc (98) Mo 9.9 Nb 9.90 0 Zr 9. 9 Y 88.90 8 Sr 8. Rb 8.8 Kr 8.80 Br 9.90 Se 8.9 As.9 Ge. Ga 9. 0 Zn.9 9 Cu. 8 Ni 8.9 Co 8.9 Fe.8 Mn.98 Cr.99 V 0.9 Ti.8 Sc.9 0 Ca 0.08 9 K 9.098 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 0 No (9) 0 Md (8) 00 Fm () 99 Es () 98 Cf () 9 Bk () 9 Cm () 9 Am () 9 Pu () 9 Np () 9 U 8.09 9 Pa.0 90 Th.08 89 Ac () 0 Yb.0 9 Tm 8.9 8 Er. Ho.90 Dy.0 Tb 8.9 Gd. Eu.9 Sm 0. Pm () 0 Nd. 9 Pr 0.908 8 Ce 0. La 8.90 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 Mg.0 Na.990 Be 9.0 Li.9 H.008 H.008 He.00 He.00 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 8 Ar 9.98 Cl. S.0 P 0.9 Si 8.08 Al.98 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 0 Ne 0.80 9 F 8.998 8 O.999 N.00 C.00 B 0.8 8 9 0 8 Lanthanides Actinides Period Group Carbon C Period Group Strontium Sr Group Period Astatine At Group Period Rutherfordium Rf
Using the Periodic Table The boxes that make up the periodic table contain a significant amount of information. To understand this information, it is necessary to refer to the periodic table s key(s) 8 Atomic Number (Number of protons) O Oxygen.999 Element Symbol (Written with a capital letter or a capital followed by a lower case if two letters ) Element Name Atomic Mass (Rounded to a whole number, equals the number of protons and neutrons) Class Metal NonMetal Metalloid Color Which class does Oxygen fall into? State (@ Room Temp.) Solid Liquid Gas Symbol Color What is Oxygen s physical state of matter?