Use the class webite/supplemental videos, class notes, handouts, pictures, power points, and textbook to help you answer the questions included in this packet. REMEMBER THIS PACKET IS A SUPPLEMENT TO YOUR REGULAR STUDYING STRATEGIES. The mid-year exam is worth 20% of the semester grade. Your Q1 and Q2 grades make up the other 80% (40% each). Topics covered: Scientific method, basic classification, ecology, cell structures, enzymes, membranes, cellular transport, characteristics of living things, biochemistry, water, 1. List the 8 characteristics of ALL living organisms (page 16). 2. For each of the descriptions, Identify the characteristic of life represented by the statement: a) A bacterium divides in half, resulting in two bacteria cells- all living things b) Insulin is released to help maintain the amount of sugar in the blood- all living things c) A maggot becomes an adult fly- all living things d) A bird eats a worm- all living things e) A human and a chimpanzee have over 97% of the same DNA- all living things f) A rabbit grows a thicker fur coat in the winter, to stay warm- all living things 3. Explain what you understand by homeostasis using a specific example. 4. According to the system of classification used currently, a) Name the 3 domains of life. What are two characteristics that define each domain? Give one example of a living thing in each domain. b) Name the 6 kingdoms. What is one characteristic that defines each kingdom? Give an example of a living thing in each kingdom. 5. Define and give an example of each of the following: Producer: Primary consumer: Secondary consumer: Decomposer: Scavenger: B) Draw a simple food chain or web using the examples from above.! 1
6. Complete the following chart showing the hierarchical organization in living systems (p. 21) Molecules Cell Groups of atoms; smallest part of a Smallest functional unit of life Groups of Individual living thing Population Populations that live together Living organisms and their non- Biosphere UNIT 2: Chemistry, Water, and ph 1. List the 6 elements common to all living organisms: 2. Write in the correct term for the description:! a. This is the bond formed when electrons are transferred (NOT SHARED) between two ions. Examples would be NaCl or CaCl2 b. This is the substance in which the solute dissolves. c. This is the substance that does the dissolving. d. These are weak acids or bases that prevent sudden and sharp changes in ph. e. This is a substance composed of only one type of atom (like; carbon, copper, nitrogen, or helium). f. This is a neutral sub-atomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom g. This type of bond is created between atoms when they SHARE electrons. Examples would be CO2 or H20. h. These are atoms which have lost or gained electrons, and now have a charge. Examples would be (Na + or Cl - ) i. A solvent and a solute together make a. j. This is a substance composed of 2 different kinds of elements that are chemically combined. 2
k. This type of bond is created when created with two atoms that are sharing electrons have different electronegativities (meaning that the electrons are not shared evenly). l. This is the attraction formed between two water molecules (some folks call this a bond). m. Atoms from the same element, which have different numbers of neutrons, are called. n. Covalently bonded atoms form. 3. Fill in the blanks (correct spelling is important): a) When hydrogen and oxygen combine to form molecule of water, there occurs an unequal sharing of electrons as a result of the different of both these atoms. b) The bond between oxygen and the two hydrogen atoms is a covalent bond. c) The positive hydrogen side (or surface) of one water molecule is attracted to the negative side of another water molecule. These strong attractions between adjacent water molecules are called as bonds. 4. What is a hydrogen bond, and how does it differ from an ionic or covalent bond? 5. Draw 2 water molecules. Label the positive and negative parts of the molecule (or the poles). Draw and label the hydrogen bonds between them. 6. There are many important properties of water. Choose four and fill in the table below. An example is done for you Property of water What is the water molecule doing when this property is being demonstrated Give an example as to how this property sustains life on Earth. Strong surface tension Water molecules line up and support some mass Leaves float on water and bugs can scurry across it 7. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate answer. (done for you) bases Compound that releases OH - to solutions acids Describes a solution with more H + than OH - ions buffer Substance which prevents drastic changes in ph indicators Substance that changes color to indicate the presence of another substance! 3
8. The following diagram represents a ph scale. Use this scale to answer the questions that follow: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 a. Which numbers represent acids? b. Which numbers represent bases? c. What number represents neutral? UNIT 3: Biochemistry 1. What element is present in every organic compound? 2. What is a polymer? What is a monomer? Using a simple analogy, describe how polymers and monomers are related to each other. You can also draw a picture. 3. Name the reaction involved in the formation of a polymer (for example when monosaccharides form polysaccharides) and draw a simple diagram showing the reaction. 4. Name the reaction involved in the breaking up of polymers into monomers (like when starch is broken into glucose) and draw a simple diagram showing the reaction. 5. Name the 4 macromolecules that are found in all living organisms. Hint: The 4 th is DNA or RNA (We ll discuss it when we get to genetics) 6. Classify each of the following as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide. If the molecule is a disaccharide or a polysaccharide, state the monosaccharide(s) that it is composed of: Glycogen: Sucrose: Cellulose: Glucose: Lactose: Galactose:! 4
7. Complete the following chart (some already filled in): Polymer Monomer Bond between monomers is called Main function or role in a cell Carbohydrates Proteins Hint: more than one type of bond here Lipids DNA (nucleic acid) nucleotide covalent Contains instructions for making proteins. RNA (nucleic acid) nucleotide covalent Carries DNA s message for directing the synthesis of proteins 8. Choose true or false. If false rewrite the highlighted words only. a) All carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides. b) Cellulose is easily digested by humans. c) The hard parts of a plant are made up of starch. d) Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, O, and N, S, and P. e) Glycogen is found mainly in the liver cells of animals. 9. Complete the following table: Lipid Function/role in a cell or cell membrane Carbohydrates Phospholipids Protein Sterols 10. What are essential fatty acids? And why are they so important in human nutrition? 11. What are the structural differences between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat? 12. Explain the relationship between a diet rich in saturated fats and heart disease.! 5
13. What are Trans fats? Why are they bad for your health? 14. Draw and label a phospholipid molecule and explain why it is described as an amphipathic molecule (part polar and part nonpolar)? 15. Draw an amino acid and the label all the parts (central carbon, amino group, and carboxyl group). What is the name of the bond that connects amino acids in a protein? 16. How many structural levels are there in a folded protein? 17. List and describe four functions of proteins in the body. Cell Structure and Function 1. Explain how to calculate total magnification when using a light microscope. 2. Label the parts of a microscope (this is important background information):! 6
3. The illustrations below represent two different cells. Label one eukaryote and the other prokaryote. Identify three similarities and three differences. Explain the theory of endosymbiosis (the birth of complex cells). Explain how this was beneficial to all the ancient cells involved. 4. Identify the cell part which is being described in the following: a. regulates what enters or leaves the cell; composed of protein and phospholipids b. provides extra support and protection for plant cells (made of cellulose) or bacterial cells (contains peptidoglycan) d. strong outer shell surrounding the cell wall of bacteria e. assembles proteins f. contains the directions for making proteins or anything else the cell needs g. sorts, processes, and packages proteins to be sent out h. pores, which allow ribosomes to leave the nucleus i. where the ribosomes are made j. modifies proteins by adding carbohydrates, also transports proteins to be packaged and sent to final destinations k. makes lipids for the cell and acts as the highway of the cell l. digest food, waste, or worn out cell parts the recycling center m. break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen n. makes food from inorganic materials using energy from sunlight the site of photosynthesis o. temporarily store food, waste, or water (mostly water storage in plants) q. collective name for everything inside of a cell except the nucleus r. sticky hair-like projections found only in bacteria that allow for the transfer of genetic information from one cell to an adjacent one s. whip-like tail structure used for movement in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes u. turns food molecules into high-energy compounds called ATP site of cellular respiration! 7
5. Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of: Category Eukaryote Prokaryote Organization of genetic material Organization of the cytoplasm Composition of cell walls Cell size Evolutionary origin of cells 6. List the cell parts found only in plant cells. 7. List the cell parts found only in animal cells. 8. List the parts unique to bacterial cells. 9. What is the origin of our mitochondria and chloroplasts? What is the evidence for this? 10. Label the parts of a cell: mitochondria, chloroplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata, ribosomes, nucleus, flagellum, vacuole, nucleolus, ER, golgi bodies, cell membrane, nuclear pores 11. Label the reactants and products in the chemical reaction below.! 8
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H20 + 6CO2 12. What does an enzyme do to the activation energy of a chemical reaction? 13. In the diagram below, label the enzyme, substrate, and active site. Using the following diagram explain how an enzyme functions as a biological catalyst. 14. List and describe three environmental factors that affect the rate of an enzyme reaction. 15. Describe the difference between competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition. 16. What does the catalase enzyme do for the body? 17. Draw a small graph with the following: Label x axis ph and number it 0-12 Label the y axis enzyme activity and number 1-150kPa Correctly title the graph Plot the data below on your graph ph Enzyme activity (kpa) 2 52.7 4 99.4 6 131.9 8 111.0 10 60.2 12 30.1! 9
18. In a few sentences, interpret your graph. Include the following: what is the optimal range of enzyme activity and what is happening to the enzyme when it is not in its optimal ph range. Explain what is happening to the bonds of the protein when it is not in its optimal range. 19. Why are enzymes important to living things? Can they be reused (or are they only viable one time)? Fill in the blanks Moving materials from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached without protein channels (a form of passive transport) Moving materials from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached through protein channels, but no energy is used Moving water from a high to low concentration without the use of energy through selectively permeable membranes What type of solution, if it surrounds a typical animal cell, causes it to swell and possibly burst? What type of solution, if it surrounds a typical animal cell, causes it to shrink? What type of solution, if it surrounds a typical animal cell, causes no change? Any cell process which requires energy and moves materials from low to high concentration is called Very large particles or ions which cannot pass through the lipid bilayer or through proteins can be engulfed; this is called... This is how large particles are packaged and sent out of a cell. Label the parts of the biological membrane shown below: membrane proteins, carbohydrates, phospholipids, cytoskeleton, and cholesterol. What is the role of each in cells?! 10
1. Describe how the structure of a molecule fits its function. Examples you could use could be: proteins, enzymes, phospholipids, lipids. Carbohydrates, starches, sugars, polysaccharides, etc. 2. One cell has a surface area to volume ratio of 6:1 and the other has a surface area to volume ratio of 2:3. Which cell would be the most effective at completing all cellular functions? 3. What is biology? 4. What is science? 5. Basic parts to the scientific method are observations, question, hypothesis, experimental design, data, conclusion, and further research. Have a general understanding of this general process. Be able to recognize a good experimental design from a bad one. 6. What is a control in an experiment? 7. What is a constant in an experiment? 8. What is a dependent variable? What is an independent variable? Be able to recognize them in an experiment. Ecology Terms to know and be able to use: ecology, population, ecosystem, biotic, abiotic, producers, consumers (primary, secondary, and tertiary), autotrophs, heterotrophs, food chain, food web, carnivore, detritivore, herbivore, decomposer, niche, symbiosis, ecological succession, predator-prey relationships, biodiversity, endangered species, biome, keystone species, commensalism, parasitism, mimicry, mutualism, and invasive (or exotic) species, exponential growth, logistic growth, biome, community, biological magnification 100. List some abiotic factors that exist in the environment and. 101. Choose two biomes and describe some abiotic factors in that biome. Then choose two animals that live in each biome and describe the biological adaptations that those animals have in order to survive in that biome. For example: Biome - Desert, Abiotic factor wind, little rainfall. Camels - have long eyelashes to keep wind and debris out of their eyes they also produce dry dung and concentrate their urine 102. List the other biomes of the Earth. What are some obvious characteristics of each one?! 11
102. View Paul Anderson s you tube clip on biogeochemical cycles. Have a general understanding of the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09_swpxqyma 103. Be able to give an example of population sampling. 104. What are the differences between r and k selected species? 105. Explain the reasoning for the spring and fall turnover of a lake in Westborough. 106. What can you do to reduce your ecological footprint? 107. What causes our seasons? 108. What is the current population of humans on the planet?! 12