Worl Journl of Fish n Mrine Sienes 5 (4): 46-466, 203 ISSN 2078-4589 IDOSI Pulitions, 203 DOI: 0.5829/iosi.wjfms.203.05.04.732 Effets of Aii Wter in Comintion with Aluminum on Swimming Behvior n Survivl of Yolk-S Lrvl in Golfish (Crssius urtus gielio) Vhi Tghizeh, Mohmm Rez Imnpoor, Mhoueh Hosseinze n Hjr Azrin Deprtment of Fisheries, Gorgn University of Agriulturl Sienes n Nturl Resoures, Gorgn, Irn Astrt: Yolk-s fry of Golfish (Crssius urtus gielio) were expose to vrious onentrtions of Al n ph for 3, 7 n 0 ys. In this stuy numer of e fish, totl length of lrve, yolk s length, swimming tivity, the numer of gill over movements n the numer of hertet ws mesure. The lowest n highest numer of gill over movements elong to the wters ontining 50 mg L of luminum, ph 5.25 n ii wters with ph 6.7 respetively. There ws no signifint ifferene in the numer of hertet etween ontrol group n lrve expose to ii wters with ph 6.7 n wters ontining 50 mg L of luminum n the highest numer of hertet elong to these lrve thn other experimentl oses. The lrvl of Golfish in the ll experimentl oses lost their swimming ility fter 3 ys. The highest numer of swimming lrve n lso lowest numer of non-swimming lrve signifintly elong to ontrol group ompre to other experimentl oses (p<0.05). The lrvl in the ontrol group only were mintine their swimming tivity fter 7 n 0 ys n in the ll experiment tretments lost their swimming ility. There ws signifint ifferene in the numer of e lrve n the numer of non-swimming lrve etween ontrol group n lrve expose to ii wters n wters ontining 300 mg L of luminum n ph 4.75 (p<0.05) n the lowest numer of non-swimming lrve ws oserve in the ontrol group. Also the highest of yolk s length elong to the wters ontining 600 mg L of luminum n ph 4.75. The lrve of Golfish were not survive in the wters ontining 300 n 600 mg L of luminum n wters with low iity fter 7 ys. Key wors: Crssius urtus gielio Aii Wters Aluminum Swimming Ativity Hertet INTRODUCTION Fish reproution is onsiere sensitive to wter iifition [3], s reflete in fish popultion eline in Fish mortlity in ii wters is etermine y lkes where, overll, few ult fish mortlities hve een multiple ftors, inluing ph, inorgni monomeri reporte [4]. +2 (exhngele) Al n C mong the most importnt. In yolk-s fry, the routine metoli rte my, in Aluminum is ommon element in the Erth rust. ontrst, e reue s iity ereses their swimming The soluility of luminum in wter inreses s ph tivity s oumente minly in slmonoi fishes [5, 6], ereses []. ut lso in suh speies s smll Mouth ss The toxi effet of luminum on fish vries with oth (Miropterus olomieu) [7], Whitefish, Pike-perh, Roh fish speies n life stges. Yolk-s fry re more n Pike [8]. sensitive thn eggs, ut following yolk-s sorption, Aluminum is one of the importnt ftors in the sensitivity inreses yet further. It is generlly elieve toxiity of iifie wters to freshwter fish tht sensitivity to luminum toxiity t low ph inreses speies euse low ph n high onentrtions of with ge [2]. The threshol ph vlues with respet to Al hve een of prtiulr onern in ffete survivl n swimming tivity (lowest ph for survivl wters. Al toxiity is mostly ssoite with the n sfe ph) were, epeningon the Al onentrtion. iifition euse its soluility inreses extly Corresponing Author: Vhi Tghizeh, Deprtment of Fisheries, Gorgn University of Agriulturl Sienes n Nturl Resoures, Gorgn, Irn. 46
Worl J. Fish & Mrine Si., 5 (4): 46-466, 203 elow ph 4.0 n it eomes the most importnt Fish Experiment: In this stuy we use from Golfish ftor responsile for fish kills in iifie wter lrve. Two injetions of Ov prim were use to simulte oies [9]. finl mturtion n rtifiil propgtion in the Aii wter n Al interferes with the ion lne femle Golfish roostok. In femles the first of fish y inresing ion efflux n y inhiiting the injetion (5% of totl ose) ws me t 0 PM n uptke of essentil ions from the environment. Aii seon (95% of totl ose) 24 h lter t 8 AM hours. An wter n Al lso Cuse internl hypoxi whih is mles were injete s time s the seon injetion in seen, for exmple, s inrese ventiltion rte n femles. An 24-48 h fter finl injetion Ooytes n milt my result from the preipittion or polymeriztion of were strippe n mixe together using light fether. Al onto the gills. Inrese muus seretion n After hesion removl (2 ppt NCl solution), the fertilize thikening or more striking hnges in the ronhil eggs were trnsferre into glss qurium supplie epithelium my lso our. In newly-hthe fry the gs with gentle ertion. After 48 h the eggs were hthe exhnge is minly utneous n the skin eviently (t 23 C). Newly-hthe lrve with 7±mm length n funtions in ion-exhnge lso. Aluminum in ii 32.33±.5 mm yolk-s length were use in the tests. wter lerly ugments oth the erese of tivity n retrtion of yolk sorption n onsequently the Preprtion of Test Solution: The test wters for evelopment n growth of yolk-s fry, seen espeilly experiments were prepre from urn wter, fter in speies with lrge yolk-s n long yolk-s phse hloriniztion, whih lso serve s the ontrol. The test [0]. wter for experiments, 2 n 3 were me y issolving Sulethl iifie onitions my inrese the sl luminum (Al 2(SO 4)) 3into eionize wter. The ph of test metoli rte euse more energy is neee to mintin solutions ws heke ily n fixe y ing Tris n the ion lne [-3]. Reserh into the suseptiility of Tris Hl. The wter ws erte fter eh i ition. erly life phses of fish to iity hs minly fouse on A series of test solutions ws me for eh experiment slmonoi speies [5, 6]. n ws use throughout the test. However, little is known onerning the sis for the speies ifferenes in tolernt of iifie wters n Experimentl Protool: Exposures were onut in glss luminum. To omplish this, we expose yolk-s fry of jrs, the wter volume of whih ws 300 ml. eh Golfish to relisti onitions of iity lone n in experiment ws rrie out s three replites using 30 omintion with luminum. Thus, the min gol of the yolk-s fry. Temperture ws mintine t 8±2 C. present stuy ws to fin the physiologil sis for the Approximtely 80% of the test wre ws renewe t lest ifferenes in sensitivity to ii wter n Al in every seon y. Fry were not fe; they resore their newly-hthe yolk-s fry of Golfish. This ws yolk uring the experiments. investigte y exposing newly-hthe yolk-s fry to vrious omintions of ph vlues n Al onentrtions Experiment : Mortlity, swimming tivity, movements n mesuring prmeters suh s yolk-s length, of the operulum were reore. Golfish fry were swimming tivity, the numer of gill over movements expose for 3 ys to i wter t ph 5.00, 5.25, 5.75 n n the numer of hertet in yolk-s fry of Golfish 6.7 n to Al in onentrtions of 0, 50, 50 n 250 mg (Crssius urtus gielio). L. The wter temperture ws 8±2 C (men±sd of ily mesurements). De fry were remove n numers of MATERIALS AND METHODS swimming n non-swimming fry were registere ily. The movements of the operulum of fry were monitore Three experiments were performe in whih uner the mirosope. Before the estimtions, the fry were newly-hthe yolk-s fry were expose to ifferent llowe to lm own for t lest 30 s fter putting them omintions of ii wter n Al in the first experiment onto Petri ish the time for 30 movements of the (experiment ) mortlity, swimming tivity, movements of operulum ws mesure three times in ten fry in eh the operulum n in seon experiment (experiment 2) group. mortlity, swimming tivity n yolk-s length n in thir experiment (experiment 3) mortlity, swimming Experiment 2: Mortlity, swimming tivity n yolk-s tivity, totl length, yolk-s length, hertets n length were reore. Golfish fry were expose for 7 movements of the operulum were mesure. ys to i wter t ph 4, 4.25, 4.75 n 5 n to Al in 462
Worl J. Fish & Mrine Si., 5 (4): 46-466, 203 onentrtion of 0, 300 n 600 mg L. The wter The lrve of Golfish in the ll experiment oses lost temperture ws 8±2 C (men±sd of ily their swimming ility fter 3 ys n ll lrve were mesurements). non-swimming in ii wters with ph 6.7 n wters ontining 50 mg L luminum n ph 5.25 n ph 6.7, Experiment 3: Mortlity, swimming tivity, totl wters ontining 50 mg L of luminum n ph 6.7 n length, hertets n movements of the operulum lso wters ontining 250 mg L luminum n ph 6.7 were mesure. Golfish fry were expose for 0 ys to (Tle ). The highest numer of non-swimming lrve i wter t ph 6.50 n to Al in onentrtions of 0, 50 ws oserve in the wter ontining 50 mg L luminum n 00 mg L. The wter temperture ws 8±2 C n ph 5.25 n ph 6.7 n lso wters with 50 mg (men ± SD of ily mesurements). The movements of L luminum n ph 6.7. The highest numer of live the operulum of fry were monitore uner the n swimming lrve n lso lowest numer of mirosope. Before the estimtions, the fry were llowe non-swimming lrve signifintly elong to ontrol to lm own for t lest 30 s fter putting them onto group ompre to other experiment oses (P<0.05). Petri ish the time for 30 movements of the operulum ws There ws no signifint ifferene in the numer of gill mesure three times in ten fry in eh group. Similrly, over movements etween ontrol group n lrve eight fry from eh group were use to mesure the time exposure to ii wters with ph 5.57 n ph 6.7, wters neee for 30 hertets n t lest three repetitive ontining 50 mg L of luminum n ph 6.7 n lso mesurements were tken. wters ontining 50 mg L of luminum n ph 6.7 (P<0.05). Also, the highest numer of gill over Dt Anlyze: Two-wy ANOVA ws pplie to test the movements ws oserve in these groups (Tle ). effets of Al n ph on length, movements of operulum, Yolk-s fry of Golfish were expose to hert ets n summing tivity. The ifferenes etween onentrtions of 0, 300 n 600 mgl of luminum n the mens were teste y Dunn test t the 95% ph 4, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75 n 5 for 0 ys ut fter 7 ys, only onfiene level. ontrol group n lrve were expose to ii wters with ph 4.25, 4.5, 4.75 n 5 n wters ontining 300 mg RESULTS L of luminum n ph 4.57 n ontining 600 mg L of luminum n ph 4.57 remine live. The results of the After 42h, 00% mortlity ws oserve in ph 5. 25 t mens omprison of lrve were ple t oses ove AL 0, 50 mg L n 250, ph 5.75 t Al 50 n 50 mg L re shown in Tle 2. in tretment n in ph 4 t AL 0, 300, 600 mg L, ph As shown in Tle 2, the lrve in the ontrol group 4.25 t Al 300 n 600 mg L, ph 4.5 t Al 300 n 600 mg only were mintine their swimming tivity fter 7 ys L n in ph 5 t Al 300 n 600 mg L in tretment 2. n in the ll experiment tretments lost their swimming The results of Anlyze-Vrine n the mens ility. There ws signifint ifferene in the numer of omprison of evlute prmeters of yolk-s fry of e lrve n the numer of non-swimming lrve Golfish fter exposure to ifferent onentrtions of Al etween ontrol group n lrve expose to ii n ph for 3 ys re shown in Tle. wters n wters ontining 300 mg L of luminum n Tle : The mens omprison of evlute prmeters of yolk-s fry of Golfish fter exposure to ifferent onentrtions of Al (mg L ) n ph for 3 ys Al- ph De (Numer) Gill over movements (Numer) Non-swimming (Numer) Swimming (Numer) Control 9.33±.52 3 0-5.75 8.66± 6.60 9.66±4.72 2.33±9.6 0-6.7 7±2 3 50-0.33 ±.2 7±2 28.66±.52 50-5.25 6.66±4.9 3 50-6.7 9.33±2.5 3 50-0 9±5.56 3 50-5.75 24±2 6±2.6 6±2 50-6.7 8.33±6.5 3 250-5.75 20±5 23.66±7.3 0±5 250-6.7 26.33±0.9 29±.7 ±.7 Different letters enote signifint ifferene t the sme olumn (P<0.05) 463
Worl J. Fish & Mrine Si., 5 (4): 46-466, 203 Tle 2: The mens omprison of evlute prmeters of yolk-s fry of Golfish fter exposure to ifferent onentrtions of Al n ph for 7 ys Prmeters Control 4.25-0 4.5-0 4.75-0 5-0 4.75-300 4.75-600 De (Numer) 7.66±8.5 8.66± 5.5 2.66±.5 3± 24.66±.5 20.66±2.5 Swimmer (Numer) 3 Non-Swimming (Numer) 2.33±8.5.33±5.5 8.33±.5 27± 5.33±.5 9.33±2.5 Yolk-s length (mm) 0.±0.02.9±0.3..35 0.62±0.04 0.48±0.03.7±0.9.93±0.23 Different letters enote signifint ifferene t the sme row (P<0.05). Tle 3: The mens omprison of evlute prmeters of yolk-s fry of Golfish fter exposure to 50 n 00 mg L of luminum n ii wters with ph 6.5 for 0 ys Prmeters Control 6.5-0 6.5-50 6.5-00 De 8.33±.52 0.66±5.03 ±.73 Swimming 3 5.33±8.08 Non-swimmer.66±.52 6± 6 9±.73 Totl length (mm) 79.66±0.57 67.66±2.5 77.33±0.57 78.33±.5 Gill over movements 20.33±.52 2.33±.52.66±.52 0± Hertet 42±2 40± 35.33±.52 4 ±.73 Different letters enote signifint ifferene t the sme row (P<0.05) ph 4.75 (p<0.05) n lowest numer of non-swimming expose fish ws preominntly the isturne of ion lrve ws oserve in the ontrol group. Also the lne. Beuse, ii wter n Al interferes with ion highest of yolk-s length elong to the wters lne of fish y inresing ion efflux n y inhiiting ontining 600 mg L of luminum n ph 4.75 n then the uptke of essentil ion from the environment. highest of yolk-s length elong to wters with ph 4.25 Severl uthors hve emonstrte the influene of n ph 4.5 n lso wters ontining 300 mg L of ph 4.5-5.6 on quulture fish in wie rnge of luminum n ph 4.75. There ws signifint ifferene hrness vrition. Jeziersk n Witesk [5] mong ontrol group n ii wters n wters oserve totl mortlity in ommon rp lrve t ph 5.5. ontining luminum (Tle 2). In generlly, most teleost expose to ii or lkline Lrvl were expose in ii wters with ph 6.5 n wters showe higher survivl thn in soft wters [6]. wters ontining 50 n 00 mg L of luminum for the After 7 ys, the highest mortlity ws oserve in ph 0 ys tht results of mens omprison this 4-4.75 An Al 300 n 600 mg L. Some reserhers experimentl oses re given in Tle 3. As shown in showe tht high onentrtion of Al in omintion with Tle 3, There ws no signifint ifferene etween low ph hve een shown to use mortlity of freshwter groups tht expose to wters ontining 50 n 00 fish in oth fiel n lortory stuies [7]. Al toxiity mgl of luminum n there ws signifint ifferene in epens on the speies of Al present, whih is lrgely numer of e lrve n numer of swimmer lrve n epenent on ph [8]. Therefore, in the present stuy, it lso non swimmer lrve etween ontrol group n ws foun tht omintion of low ph n Al is toxi to lrve expose to wters ontining 50 n 00 mgl of lrvl. luminum n ph 6.5. The highest numer of gill over It hs een suggeste tht the emryoni n lrvl movements ws oserve in ontrol group (P<0.05). fish stges re most sensitive to ph hnges Heyrnej The lowest numer of hertet signifintly elong to [9]. Heyrnej [9], stte tht lrvl of ommon rp lrve tht were expose 50 mg L of luminum n ph grew n survive est when expose to wter ph of 6.5 thn other experiment oses (P<0.05) (Tle 3). 7.5-8. DISCUSSION Lrvl Development: In the present stuy expose lrvl hve more yolk-s remining s ompre with Mortlity: Exposure of Golfish to lower ph levels <5.75 ontrol group. Inee, sorption of yolk-s fry in ii reue survivl ompre to ph levels of 6-7. In this wter ws elye. Consequently, eresing of stuy, high mortlity ourre roun ph 4-5.75. sorption of yolk-s leing to reue growth. The highest mortlity ws oserve in ph 5.75 fter 3 Similrly, Clt [2], stte tht su-lethl exposure t n ys; this oul e euse of the isturne of ion erly ge retrs lrvl evelopment n thus expose lne. Similrly, Howells et l. [4] n Keinnen et l. nimls hve more yolk-s remining s ompre with [0], onlue tht the use of eth in luminum ontrol nimls. 464
Worl J. Fish & Mrine Si., 5 (4): 46-466, 203 Inresing of the retre sorption of yolk n, s onsequene, retre growth of yolk-s fry y Al in ii wter ws eqully evient in some speies inluing pike [0]. Deresing of swimming in newly-hthe Golfish in ll of the onentrtion of Al fter 7 n 0 ys, inite tht Golfish lrvl is sensitive to low ph n ii wters. Similrly results were otine y Vuorinen et l. [8] n Keinnen et l. [0]. Al in ii wter lerly ugments oth the erese of tivity n retrtion of yolk sorption n onsequently the evelopment n growth of yolk-s fry [8]. The present stuy shows tht the potentil for routine swimming ehvior to reover uring ontinue exposure is ose-epenent. It ws the respirtory stress use y exposure to Al whih resulte in the shutown of routine swimming ehvior [20]. In yolk- s fry, the routine metoli rte my, in ontrst, e reue s iity ereses their swimming tivity s oumente minly in slmonoi fishes [5, 6]. Allin n Wilson [2], reently provie eviene for loing influene of Al n low ph on metolism y showing tht juvenile rinow trout reue their swimming tivity in orer to mintin their routine metoli rte t ontrol levels when expose to ii wter n Al. In the present stuy, the movement of operulum erese in ii wter t high Al onentrtion. Also, hert rte ws lower in low ph n Al. similrly, Keinnen et l. [0], stte tht the ventiltion rte n speifi O 2 onsumption rte of Pike erese most in ii wter t high Al onentrtions. Also, Keinnen et l. [0] oserve tht hert rte of Pike yolk-s fry teneny towr lower in more ii n Al ontining wter. CONCLUSION Golfish lrvl n e tolerte wie rnge of wter ph. Higher survivl ws verifie t ph etween 5.75 n 6.7. Generlly, low ph in omintion with high Al is more toxi to lrvl Golfish. The otine results showe tht Golfish lrve is sensitive to low ph n ii wters n in ii wter swimming tivity n sorption of yolk-s is erese. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The uthors woul like to thnk Gorgn University of Agriulturl Sienes n Nturl Resoures for supporting n proviing the neessry filities for the stuy. REFERENCES. Smith, R. n T. Hines, 995. Mortlity, growth, swimming tivity n gill morphology of rook trout (Slvelinus fontinlis) n Atlnti slmon (Slmo slr) expose to low ph with n without luminium. Environmentl pollution, : 33-40. 2. Ctl, M., 2002. Does rown trout (Slmo trutt L.) lrvl evelopment retrtion use y short-term exposure to low ph n elevte luminium onentrtion ffet seon episoe of toxiity? Apply Ihthyology, 8: 20-25. 3. Peterson, R.H., P.G. Dye., G.L. Lroix n E.T. Grsie, 982. Reproution in fish experiening i n metl stress. In: Johnson, R.E. (E.) Ai Rin/Fisheries-Proeeings of n Interntionl Symposium on Aii Preipittion n Fishery Impts in Northestern North Ameri, Cornell University, Ith, New York, pp: 77-96. 4. Rsk, M. n P. Tuuninen, 990. Ai-inue hnges in fish popultions of smll Finnish lkes. In: Kuppi, P., P. Anttil n K. Kentt mies (Es.), Aiifition in Finln. Springer, Berlin, pp: 9-927. 5. Syer, M.D.J., J.P. Reer n T.R.K. Dlziel, 993. Freshwter iifition: effets on the erly life stges of fish. Rev. Fish Biology Fish, 3: 95-32. 6. Syer, M.D.J., J.P. Reer n R. Morris, 993. Emryoni n lrvl evelopment of rown trout (Slmo trutt) exposure to luminium, opper, le, or zin in soft, i wter. Journl of Fish Biology, 38: 43-455. 7. Kne, D.A. n C.F. Reni, 987. Effets of luminium n ph on the erly life stges of smllmouth ss (Miropterus olomieu). Wter Reserh, 2: 633-639. 8. Vuorinen, M., P.J. Vuorinen, J. Hoikk n S. Peurnen, 993. Lethl n sulethl threshol vlues of luminium n iity to pike (Esox luius), whitefish (Coregonus lvretus), pike perh (Stizosteion luioper) n roh (Rutilus rutilus) yolk-s fry. Siene Totl Environmentl Supply, pp: 953-967. 9. Mni Shrm, C., 2003. Effets of exposure to luminium on fish in ii wters. The Deprtment of Eology n Nturl Resoure Mngement (INA), Agriulturl University of Norwy, pp: 7. 0. Keinnen, M., S. Peurnen, M. Nikinm, C. Tigerstet n P. Vuorinen, 2000. Comprison of the responses of the yolk-s fry of pike (Esox luius) n roh (Rutilus rutilus) to low ph n luminum: soium influx, evelopment n tivity, Aquti Toxiology, 47: 6-79. 465
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