Microscopic cross sections : an utopia? S. Hilaire 1, A.J. Koning 2 & S. Goriely 3.

Microscopic cross sections : an utopia? S. Hilaire 1, A.J. Koning 2 & S. Goriely 3 www.talys.eu 1 CEA,DAM,DIF - France 2 Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group, Petten, The Netherlands 3 Institut d Astronomie et d Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

Nuclear data : how? Nuclear data generally evaluated with analytic models Analytical OMP Analytical level densities Analytical strength function Analytical fission barriers OK close to stability But for exotic nuclei? Extrapolations, predictive power? Predictive & Robust Nuclear models (codes) are essential to fill the gaps

Contents General features of TALYS From phenomenological to microscopic predictions Few TALYS results What remains to be done

What TALYS does! - Simulates a nuclear reaction between a projectile and a target projectiles : n,p,d,t, 3 he, 4 he target : 3 Z 110 or 5 A 339 - Projectile energy from 1keV up to 200 MeV - TALYS mantra : Completeness then quality Optical, pre-equilibrium and statistical model implemented with sets of default parameters All opened channels smoothly described Possibilities for future improvements anticipated - Level densities (stored and interpolated) - Parity dependence Still under development (improvement)

How TALYS works! OPTICAL MODEL DIRECT REACTION COMPOUND INPUT projectile n element Fe mass 56 energy 14. (ECIS) Phenomenologic Local or global Semi-Microscopic Tabulated STRUCTURE Spherical / DWBA Deformed / Coupled channel Rotational Vibrational Giant Resonances Pickup, stripping, exchange PRE-EQUILIBRIUM Hauser-Feshbach Fluctuations Fission γ Emission Level densities GC + Ignatyuk Tabulated Superfluid Model MULTIPLE EMISSION OUTPUT XS Spectra Astro-rates Fission yields FF decay Loop over energies and isotopes Abundances Discrete levels Deformations Masses Level densities Resonances Fission parameters Radial matter dens. Exciton model Partial densities Kalbach systematic Angular distributions Cluster emissions γ emission Approx DSD Exciton model Hauser-Feshbach Fission γ cascade Exclusive channels Recoils ENDF

Phenomenological microscopic predictions? Can we calculate nuclear reaction cross sections starting from a nucleon-nucleon interaction? Yes we can but we need intermediate steps

Phenomenological microscopic predictions? Experimentally known (deduced) Nuclear properties - Level properties (E, J π, branching ratios) - deformations Level densities - Gilbert & Cameron - Back Shifted Fermi Gas - Generalized Superfluid Model - Williams + several corrections (p-h) Optical model - Koning & Delaroche - Soukhovistkii (actinides) - Tabulated γ-strength functions - Kopecky-Uhl, Brink-Axel Fission paths - Hill-Wheeler Theoretically predicted HFB + ν-ν interaction Combinatorial method - Total level densities - p-h level densities Semi-microscopic JLM HFBCS or HFB Tables HFB shapes with WKB penetrabilities

HFB + ν-ν interactions! Comparison with experimental masses (2149 nuclei: Audi, Wapstra & Thibault 2003) M [MeV] 4 2 0-2 -4 M(Exp) M(HFB-14) r.m.s = 0.729 kev 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 N

Results at B n D values ( s-waves & p-waves) Back-Shifted Fermi Gas HF+BCS+Statistical HFB + Combinatorial (this work) f rms = 1.79 f rms = 2.14 f rms = 2.30 Description similar to that obtained with other global approaches

General features of TALYS From phenomenological to microscopic predicitions Few TALYS results Conclusions and prospects Combinatorial level densities See PRL 96 (2006) 192501 for details Talys deals with realistic (non statistical) parity and spin distributions Combinatorial distribution Gaussian distribution Non-statistical imply significant Deviations fromfeature the usual gaussian spin deviations dependencefrom can the have usual impact gaussian dependence large onspin isomeric level production cross sections S. HILAIRE EFNUDAT May 2010

Global adjustment See NPA 810 (2008) 13 for details α ( U - δ ) ρ renorm (U) = e ρ global (U - δ) α and δ adjusted to fit discrete levels ( 1200 nuclei) and D 0 s ( 300 nuclei) using the TALYS code 2 1.5 4 α 1 0.5 0-0.5-1 δ [MeV] 2 0-2 -1.5-2 50 100 150 200 250 A -4 50 100 150 200 250 A

Approaches implemented in TALYS Phenomenologic Adjusted parameters Weak predictive power Very precise ( 1%) Important work Semi-microscopic No adjustable parameters Usable without exp. data Less precise ( 5-10 %) Quasi-automated Total cross sections

Phenomenological OMP - 20 adjusted parameters - Very precise (1%) - Relatively weak predictive power far away from stability Total cross section (barn) Neutron energy (MeV)

- No adjustable parameters - Based on nuclear structure properties usable for any nucleus Semi-microscopic OMP - Less precise than the phenomenological approach

Semi-microscopic OMP Unique description of elastic scattering (n,n), (p,p) et (p,n)

Semi-microscopic OMP Enables to perform predictions for very exotic nuclei for which There exist no experimental data

Microscopic γ-ray strength functions Significant Good agreement differences with experimental for exotic nuclei. data.

Microscopic vs Phenomenologic γ-ray strength functions and cross sections Neutron capture cross section at E n =10MeV Impact not essential close to stability but crucial otherwise.

Microscopic fission barrier shapes For exotic nuclei : strong deviations from Hill-Wheeler.

Fully (almost) microscopic cross section 90 Zr (n,2n) 89 Zr 90 Zr (n,p) 90 Y Cross section (mb) Cross section (mb) Incident energy (MeV) Incident energy (MeV)

Microscopic fission cross sections Default Not ridiculous calculations after few not sufficient adjustments. for applications.

Coherent fission cross sections with microscopic ingredients HFB-14 predictions of fission barriers and NLD at saddle points, including renormalization (5 parameters) of fission path height: B f (β 2 )= B f (β 2 ) x v corr NLD at 1 st and 2 d saddle points: ρ (U,J,P) = ρ(u δ,j,p)e α Additional nuclear inputs: Nuclear structure properties: HFB-14 (Goriely et al. 2007) Optical potential: Soukhovitskii et al. (2004) γ-ray strength: Hybrid model (Goriely, 1998) Equilibrium NLD: HFB-14 plus combinatorial model (Goriely et al., 2008) normalized on s-wave spacings and discrete levels Note: no class 2 states included no discrete transition states included Experimental data in EXFOR only! no change of the topology!! U-δ

10 3 10 2 EXFOR TALYS-micro Bruyères 2 10 3 EXFOR TALYS-micro Bruyères σ n,f [mb] 10 1 10 0 σ n,f [mb] 1 10 3 10-1 238 U(n,f) 238 U(n,f) 10-2 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 E [MeV] 0 10 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 E [MeV] σ n,2n [mb] 2000 1500 1000 238 U(n,2n) EXFOR TALYS-micro Bruyères σ n,γ [mb] 10000 1000 100 10 238 U(n,γ) 500 0 5 10 15 20 E [MeV] 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1 EXFOR TALYS-micro Bruyères E [MeV]

2500 2000 237 U(n,f) 2400 2000 EXFOR TALYS-micro Bruyères σ n,f [mb] 1500 1000 500 0 EXFOR TALYS-micro Bruyères 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 E [MeV] σ n,f [mb] 1600 1200 800 400 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 E [MeV] 236 U(n,f) 2800 235 U(n,f) 2800 234 U(n,f) 2400 2400 σ n,f [mb] 2000 1600 1200 800 400 EXFOR TALYS-micro Bruyères σ n,f [mb] 2000 1600 1200 800 400 EXFOR TALYS-micro Bruyères 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 E [MeV] 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 E [MeV]

Conclusions and prospects Cross section modeling quite easy for non fissile nuclei Microscopic or Phenomenological OMP, Γ γ, LDs full microscopic calculation for non fissile nuclei almost possible Difficult but feasible cross section modeling for fissile nuclei Web site opened in October 2006 : www.talys.eu All microscopic ingredients mentioned included in the distribution

Conclusions and prospects New level densities for pre-equilibrium (done but not tested) JLM OMP : spherical (OK) deformed (soon) Neutron multiplicities from FF decay (under dev.) Microscopic ingredients with Gogny instead of Skyrme (under dev.) - already done for ν-ν interaction - well started for lds - encouraging for γ-strength functions (really deformed!) - tests still needed for fission