Evaluating GIS for Disaster Management Bruce Kinner GEOG 596B 1
Outline Problem Area Project Goals Background Methodology System Case Study Significance & Limitations 2
Problem Area Problem Rationale - Most GIS are not designed for disaster management and suffer critical design failures when exposed to a crisis. Project Goal - Develop a new method for evaluating the readiness of a GIS to handle a disaster situation. 3
Standard GIS Model 4
Disaster Management Cycle 5
GIS for Disaster Management 6
Communication Dynamic Displays User controls the view Intuitive Interfaces User can quickly master Maximize cognition of information 7
Post-disaster Technical Infrastructure may no longer exist! Event imagery & field data collection Focused spatial analysis 8
Gap analysis Most GIS do not have disasters as a primary function. Most disaster studies are focused on a single post-disaster response. Little contribution to the preparation and mitigation phases 9
Cost/benefit analysis Standard applications are sufficient. Justify upgrades New solutions are needed.? $ 10
Heuristic evaluation Usability engineering Convert subjective judgments into numeric scores Rapidly determine the optimal solution Test how well each topic is satisfied 11
GIS for Disaster Management Readiness Heuristic Scoring (based on Nielsen, 1994) 0 = The GIS will be unable to address this issue. 1 = The GIS may superficially address some aspect of the problem. 2 = The GIS will be able to address a small part of the problem, but there are major aspects of the problem that are not explained. 3 = The GIS will be able to address a major part of the problem, but there are some aspects of the problem that are not explained. 4 = The GIS provides a fairly complete explanation of the problem, but there is still more to the problem than is explained by the heuristic. 5 = The GIS will be able to handle this issue and provides a complete explanation of how it will handle the problem. 12
A new evaluation method Series of questions using heuristic scoring Topic Areas include: Hazard Analysis to identify likely disasters Scenario-based disaster simulations System availability and interoperability Data gathering/sharing Spatial analysis Methods of communication User interfaces and display methods Costs and benefits 13 Answers detail current state / future state
Question examples Has necessary post-disaster data been identified, such as imagery or damage assessments? Have any needed data sharing arrangements for back-ups or base data been established? What data are associated with effective use? What are the geographical units? What form will the data have in the data model (vector/raster, file format)? Has data been loaded into the system? What are the primary functional operations required of the GIS during a disaster? What forms of spatial analysis will be used? 14
Case Study Alliant Energy Feb 2007 Ice Storm June 2008 Flood Score and detail the GIS Ranked Grouped Benefits Recommendations 15
Results 16
Displaying results Comparing Two Systems 12 Number of Items 10 8 6 4 2 System 1 System 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 Score 17
Displaying results 18
Significance / Limitations Applicable to any GIS No disaster necessary Iterative approach Dynamic nature of systems Number of evaluators 19
Future Research Evaluating multiple systems Ability to compare systems What benefits are most commonly identified? What types of displays are most desired by users? What advances in spatial analysis are required to meet the needs of disaster management? 20
Questions? brucekinner@alliantenergy.com 21
Complete List of Questions for Heuristic Analysis 22
Hazard Analysis & Scenarios Has a Hazard Analysis Process been used to identify likely types of disasters within the scope of the GIS? Have disaster scenarios been developed for each type of disaster identified in the Hazard Analysis process? Has the relevant literature been reviewed for the likely types of disasters? 23
System availability Does the GIS have redundant access in case of the loss of the primary database? Does the GIS have a backup that can operate independently of a network? Is the performance of the redundant access and/or backup sufficient for effective operational use? Is there any data from other systems needed during a disaster? 24
Base Data and Spatial Analysis Has necessary base data for disasters been identified, such as imagery or post-disaster data sets? Have any needed data sharing arrangements for back-ups or base data been established? What data are associated with effective use? What are the geographical units? What form will the data have in the data model (vector/raster, file format)? Has data been loaded into the system? What are the primary functional operations required of the GIS during a disaster? What forms of spatial analysis will be used? 25
Communication Have the users of GIS information during likely disasters been identified? What type of organization is using the geographical information? What is the purpose for using geographical information? What is the decision making level of the user? What are steps of the decision making process where geographical information is to be used? What is the response time of the GIS? How is the task of handling spatial data organized? 26
Intuitive Interfaces and Dynamic Displays How will the data be represented (symbology) both in the GIS and on maps? What is the form of the geographical product? Why is this particular form of display useful? What amount of geographic information is used? 27
Costs and Benefits Who receives the benefits? What are the benefits? How are the benefits measured? What are the costs of supplying the data needed to realize the benefits? Has training been completed for GIS and emergency personnel? 28