Economy First: Regional Clusters Crossing Borders ESPON Workshop Luxembourg, 5 November 2009 Göran Lindqvist CSC, Stockholm School of Economics
Agenda The European Cluster Observatory Clusters spatial and functional dimensions Cluster mapping Measuring spatial industry agglomeration Urban vs. rural agglomeration Future approaches Q&A 2
IVORY TOWER 3
www.clusterobservatory.eu Cluster Mapping Regional Framework Conditions Collaboration Platform Cluster Library 4
Agenda The European Cluster Observatory Clusters spatial and functional dimensions Cluster mapping Measuring spatial industry agglomeration Urban vs. rural agglomeration Future approaches Q&A 5
Co-location of industries 6
The cluster sector represents about 1/3 of all employment Local (not clustered) About 65% of employment Cluster category 1 About 35% of employment Cluster category 2 7
About 250 NUTS-2 regions About 500 industries, 38 cluster categories 8
Agenda The European Cluster Observatory Clusters spatial and functional dimensions Cluster mapping Measuring spatial industry agglomeration Urban vs. rural agglomeration Future approaches Q&A 9
Cluster mapping projects 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 US SWE EU-10 ECO v. 1.0 v. 1.2 Porter: US cluster codes Mapping of the US Lindqvist, Malmberg & Sölvell: Translation of US codes to EU codes Mapping of Sweden, first application in Europe Ketels, Sölvell, Lindqvist : Mapping of EU-10 Star measurement system developed Sölvell, Ketels, Lindqvist & Protsiv : Mapping of EU- 27+4 Launch of the European Cluster Observatory Lindqvist, Protsiv, Sölvell & Ketels : Revision of cluster codes based on European data Introduction of prioritised sectors (e.g. creative industries) 10
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Agenda The European Cluster Observatory Clusters spatial and functional dimensions Cluster mapping Measuring spatial industry agglomeration Urban vs. rural agglomeration Future approaches Q&A 13
Regional totals vs. geo-coded data Ind. A: 140 Ind. B: 130 Ind. C: 0 Ind. A: Disproportionality 260 Ind. D: 110 Ind. B: 310 measures: Ind. E: 230 Ind. Gini, C: 100 Krugman, Theil, Ind. D: 190 etc. Ind. E: 240 Ind. A: 130 Ind. B: 110 Ind. C: 90 Ind. D: 0 Ind. E: 0 Ind. A: 120 Ind. B: 250 Ind. C: 80 Ind. D: 0 Ind. E: 0 Agglomeration measures: Ripley s K, Lindqvist s Q 14
Agglomeration and co-location 15
Agenda The European Cluster Observatory Clusters spatial and functional dimensions Cluster mapping Measuring spatial industry agglomeration Urban vs. rural agglomeration Future approaches Q&A 16
Rural Urban rural, concentrated rural, dispersed urban, concentrated urban, dispersed Ref: Lindqvist (2009) Disentangling Clusters 17
Concentration: the tendency of firms to co-locate with firms of the same industry more than with firms in general Urbanisation: the tendency of firms to co-locate with firms of any industry more than firms in general do Clusters Ref: Lindqvist (2009) Disentangling Clusters 18
Rural categories Aerospace Maritime Agricultural products Metal manufacturing Apparel Paper products Automotive Pharmaceuticals Building fixtures, equip. and serv. Plastics Chemical products Power gen. and transmission Construction materials Production technology Construction Processed food Entertainment* Sporting, recr. and childr. goods Farming and animal husbandry Stone quarries Footwear Textiles Furniture Tobacco Heavy machinery Transportation and logistics Leather products Tourism and hospitality Lighting and electrical equipment Urban categories Analytical instruments Business services Biotech Distribution Education and knowl. creation Financial services IT Jewellery and precious metals Medical devices Oil and gas Publishing and media Telecom 19
Agglomeration depends on the range 20
32. Concentrated concentration 16. 8. 4. 2. 1. swine farmers The urban-rural shift 1 km 5 km egg farmers 1 km agricultural wholesalers 25 km meat wholesalers 1 km 125 km security brokers 1 km 1 km non-life insurance Dispersed 0.5 0.016 Rural 0.031 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1. 2. Urban 4. Ref: Lindqvist (2009) Disentangling Clusters urbanisation
Agenda The European Cluster Observatory Clusters spatial and functional dimensions Cluster mapping Measuring spatial industry agglomeration Urban vs. rural agglomeration Future approaches Q&A 22
A flexible online cluster mapping tool Default regions mostly NUTS-2 Special regions Baltic, Mediterranean, Danube User-defined regions Combine NUTS-2 Default sectors about 40 categories = all concentrated industries Special sectors Creative industries, eco, etc. User-defined sectors Combine NACE-4 23
Agenda The European Cluster Observatory Clusters spatial and functional dimensions Cluster mapping Measuring spatial industry agglomeration Urban vs. rural agglomeration Future approaches Q&A 24
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Contact Göran Lindqvist, PhD Center for Strategy and Competitiveness Stocholm School of Economics www.sse.edu/csc goran.lindqvist@hhs.se +46 8 7369524 26