Syllabus: General and Inorganic Chemistry Code number: NP-01 Cycle: undergraduate Semester: 1st Course type X Background/General knowledge Scientific area (pharmacy) Credit Units (ECTS): 4 Lectures (hours/week): 3 Tutorial (hours/week): - Laboratory work (hours/week): 2 Course coordinator: Pericles Akrivos, associate professor Tutor (s): Pericles Akrivos, associate professor Antonios Hatzidimitriou assistant professor Assisting personnel: - Aims of the course: Understanding of the basic aspects of Chemistry and especially: Understanding of the current knowledge about the atomic structure and its impact on bond formation. Extension of the quantum description of atom to the structure of small and medium-sized molecules and to their interactions with other molecules. Application of the basic ideas occurring in thermodynamics, kinetics and spectroscopy to the determination of the structure and reactivity of chemical compounds. Understanding of the periodicity of the chemical properties of the elements as well as its effect on the chemical behavior of the elements and their compounds. Skills: Successful prediction of the structure and of the reactivity of small and medium sized molecules. 1
Successful prediction of the variation of simple physical and chemical properties of some typical groups of compounds. Organization, carrying out and evaluation of the data of simple experiemental works related to the basic principles of solution chemistry. Teaching methods: Lectures in the lecture hall accompanied by setting and solving specific real problems, experimental work in the laboratory preceded by introductory pre-lab lecture and followed by short discussion of the observations and findings. Contents of the course: Atomic model Initial atomic models quantum description current state of atomic theory. Atomic wave functions for hydrogen atom and simple applications of the atomic theory. Periodic properties of the atoms Periodic table. Periodic properties of the elements atomic radius ionization energy electron affinity electronegativity. Understanding of the periodic properties through atomic theory. Determination of the electronic configuration of atoms stable electronic structures. Description of the chemical bond Formation of simple molecules. Valence bond approximation. Bond description based on molecular orbitals. Covalent bonds. Description of polyatomic molecules hybridization VSEPR theory. Molecules with π bonds aromatic systems. Energy and polarization of a covalent bond. Structure and interactions of macromolecules. Ionic bond hydrogen bond other electrostatic interactions. Metal compounds General considerations. Classification of metal coordination compounds. Bond theories in coordination compounds. Optical and magnetic properties of coordination compounds. Isomerism in coordination compounds. Elements of molecular spectroscopy General principles of spectroscopy. Electronic, vibrational, magnetic resonance and photoelectron spectroscopy. Principles and applications in the identification of chemical compounds. Description of the gaseous state Brief description of the laws of gases and the kinetic theory of gases. Reactions in the gas state. Elements of chemical thermodynamics General considerations. Enthalpy, entropy and free energy. Chemical properties of grouped elements Elements of the S, P and D blocks of the periodic table. Descriptive presentation of their general chemical properties and some physical properties of their compounds The course is accompanied by a set of laboratory experiments which include: Rules of good laboratory practice. Categories of chemical reactions product identification. Chemical equilibrium in solution. Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and means to alter their equilibrium. Weak electrolyte dissociation, determination of the pk of a weak acid. ph indicators and their use. Preparation and study of a buffer solution. Elements of redox chemistry. Oxidative and reductive properties of some compounds. Galvanic cells. 2
Principles of visible spectroscopy. Application of visible spectroscopy in the identification and quantification of chemical compounds. Principles of volumetric analysis. Volumetric techniques in the determination of acid-base or metal content of a solution. Proposed literature: Educational activities: Understanding of a wide variety of principles governing chemical phenomena. Integration of these basic ideas through application in specific simple problems aiming at the formation of a background for their application in more elaborate and more specific courses of the curriculum. Connection of the theoretical background to the evaluation and interpretation of experimental results emerging from simple laboratory experiments or provided by the tutors. The final goal is to produce a solid background which will help future adaptation to the more extended and demanding laboratory courses in the following semesters. Evaluation process and methods: Evaluation in both the theoretical and experimental part of the course. In the laboratory there is a continous evaluation based on good behaviour according to the set rules as well as the reports presented for some of them. This evaluation determines half of the laboratory mark while the other half is provided by a final examination on an experiment conducted on a personal basis after the end of the lab works. The laboratory mark participates as 30% to the final mark of the course. Evaluation of the theoretical part of the course is done following writen exams at the end of the semester. Part of the questions are multiple choice while some are related to graphs and pictorial representations. The questions are selected so as to cover the full extent of the lectures. Use of ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) / Electronic distribution of the lectures The lectures are aided by the use of PC and presentation through it of Powerpoint slides and the projection of multimedia files in the case of discussion of mechanisms or phenomena related to spectroscopy and thermodynamics. The PDF format of a suitably constructed file containing the above material is located at a specific address hosted on a University server and is maintained by Dr. Akrivos. Notes about the timetable of lectures, lab works as well as the lab evaluation are forwarded to the network site of the Department. Teaching: Is carried out by lectures in the lecture hall and experiments in the laboratory. A) Lectures. Are carried out twice a week on a 2 and 1 schedule respectively. In the following, each hour is reported in the appropriate box, so lecture 10-11 corresponds to a two hour lecture. There is no small brake between the two hours of such lectures. Lecture Title Tutor 3
1-2 Status of the sciences at the end of the 19 th century P. Akrivos and beginning of the quantum revolution. Current quantum description of the atom. 3 Description of the electronic configuration of the P. Akrivos hydrogen atom and heavier atoms. 4-5 Early and current periodic tables. Characteristic P. Akrivos periodic properties of the elements. 6 Correlation of the electronic configuration of an P. Akrivos element with its periodi properties. 7-8 Formation of ionic bond. Formation of a covalent A. Hatzidimitriou bond between two atoms. Extension of atomic orbital notion to diatomic molecules. 9 Electronic configuration of a diatomic molecule. Types of molecular orbitals. P. Akrivos 10-11 Chemical bonding in small molecules. Atom P. Akrivos hybridization and molecular structure. 12 Description of molecules with π- bonds. P. Akrivos 13-14 Theory of valence shell electron repulsions. P. Akrivos Interpretation and prediction of the structure of small molecules. 15 Electrostatic interactions between molecules. A. Hatzidimitriou 16-17 Molecules with multiple bonds. Resonance and its P. Akrivos consequencies on the structure of molecules. 18 Problem solving and discussion. P. Akrivos 19-20 Chemical bond in coordination compounds. Optical A. Hatzidimitriou and magnetic properties of coordination compounds. Determination of the hybridization of the metal centre. 21 Isomerism in coordination compounds. P. Akrivos 22-23 The electromagnetic spectrum. Interaction between P. Akrivos radiation and matter. Basic principles of visible, infrared, photoelectric spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. 24 Utilization of spectroscopic data for the identification P. Akrivos of compounds of determination of reaction mechanisms. 25-26 Kinetic theory of gases. Basic principles of P. Akrivos thermodynamics. Thermodynamic laws and applications. 27 Thermochemistry and its applications. P. Akrivos 27-29 Problem solving and discussion. P. Akrivos 30 Chemical equilibrium. A. Hatzidimitriou 31-32 ph of aqueous solutions and dependance of reactions on it. A. Hatzidimitriou 33 Thermodynamics in determining chemical equilibrium. P. Akrivos 34-35 Structure of the periodic table and position of P. Akrivos elements within it. Groups of elements and description of their main physical and chemical properties. Section S elements 36 Variation of properties of section P elements. P. Akrivos 4
37-38 Discussion of inquiries P. Akrivos 39 Problem solving and discussion. A. Hatzidimitriou Β) Laboratory work Since some years ago we have altered the course in order to carry out 8 3-hour rather than 12 2-hour laboratory periods in order to have time enough for the pre-lab lecture and better focus on more detailed experiments. Usually there are formed three groups of up to 40 students in each and therefore all tutors are involved in it. Laboratory Title Tutor 1 Rules for good laboratory practice. Precautions and security. all Use of basic lab equipment. 2 Categories of chemical reactions. Interpretation of chemical reaction results. Processes for product identification. all 3 Chemical equilibrium in solution. Homogeneous and all heterogeneous equilibrium. 4 Equilibrium in the dissociation of weak electrolytes. Methods all of ph measurement of aqueous solutions. 5 Preparation and study of buffer solutions. all 6 Oxidation and reduction. Electrochemical series of metals. all Study of the oxidation properties of potassium permaganate. 7 Principles of volumetric analysis. Technique and application all of volumentric analysis in the form of complexometry. 8 Visible spectroscopy. Principles and applications all c) Tutorials There exist none as such, however the hours devoted to discussion are not pre-planned by the lecturers and are related to the problems put forward by the students therefore we may consider them as tutorial hours. Tutorial Title Tutor 1 2 3 4 5