Indian National (Weather) SATellites for Agrometeorological Applications Bimal K. Bhattacharya Agriculture-Terrestrial Biosphere- Hydrology Group Space Applications Centre (ISRO) Ahmedabad 380015, India Email : bkbhattacharya@sac.isro.gov.in
1990 INSAT-1D VHRR 1992 INSAT-2A VHRR 1996 1993 INSAT-2B VHRR 1999 INSAT-2E VHRR, CCD (1 KM) 1999 2003 METSAT-1 VHRR 2 Km(vis); 8 Km(IR & WV) 2002 2003 INSAT-3A VHRR 2 Km(vis); 8 Km(IR & WV) CCD 1 Km 1995/1997 IRS-P3 WiFS, MOS X-Ray IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT-1) OCM, MSMR IRS-P6(RESOURCESAT) PRESENT... 2005 LISS 3 23.5/140 Km IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-I) LISS 4-5.8M/ 27Km PAN 2.5 m stereo AWiFS - 55M/ 730 Km 2007 IRS-1C/1D LISS-3 (23/70M) STEERABLE PAN (5.8 M) WiFS (188M) IRS-P7 (CARTOSAT-II) PAN 0.85 m
Suite of Indian geostationary Sensors Satellite Sensor Bands ( m) Spatial res. Kalpana -1 VHRR VIS (0.55-0.75) 2km x 2km VHRR WV (5.7-7.1), Thermal IR (10.5-12.5) 8km x 8km INSAT 3A CCD Red (0.62-0.68), NIR(0.77-0.86), SWIR (1.55-1.69) 1km x 1km INSAT 3D Imager VIS(0.52-0.75), SWIR(1.55-1.70) 1km x 1km (2011) MIR(3.8-4.0) 4km x 4km WV(6.5-7.0), TIR1(10.2-11.2), TIR2(11.5-12.5) 4km x 4km Sounder 19 channels 10km x 10km Geo-HR Imager Red, NIR, SWIR 100m X 100m (2015) Thermal IR 1 km X 1km KALPANA - 1 VHRR INSAT 3A CCD Optical band Water Vapour band Thermal Infrared band Optical bands VIS : 2km WV-day : 8km TIR-day : 8km TIR-night : 8km CCD FCC : 1km
Flow of INSAT 3A CCD NDVI operational product generation F C C 0300 GMT 0400 GMT 0500 GMT 0700 GMT 0900 GMT RED DN SWIR DN NIR DN F C C MODIS ozone (Dobson) Cloud masking Level 1A correction Molecular scattering (Rayleigh) Level 1B & 1C correction Cloud masking DEM (m) MODIS AOD (tau 550 ) Before noon (<1200 hrs) Mie scattering N D V I MODIS precipitable water (cm) Afternoon (>1200 hrs)
VEGETATION DYNAMICS FROM INSAT 3A CCD 25 May to 9June 08 10 June to 25 June 08 26 June to 11 July 08 12 July to 27 July 08 28 July to 12 Aug 08 13 Aug to 28 Aug 08 29 Aug to13 Sept 08 14 Sept to 29 Sept 08 30 Sept to 15 Oct 08 16 Oct to 31Oct 08 1 Nov to 16 Nov 08 17 Nov to 2 Dec 08 3 Dec to 18 Dec 08 2 Feb to 17 Feb 09 18 Feb to 05 Mar 09 6 Mar to 21Mar 09 22 Mar to 6 April 09 7 April to 22 April 09 23 April to 30 April 09-1.00 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.46 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.60 0.61 0.69 0.70 0.79 0.80 0.90
Flow Chart for rainfall estimation from INSAT VHRR (Gairola et al. 2008) INSAT TIR, WV Data 3 Hourly Image Conversion from Grey Count to TBs Look Up Table for Calibration IR and WV - Cloud Classification Grid Average of IR TBs (0.25 0 x0.25 0 ) Satellite Microwave Rainfall (TRMM/SSMI) Collocation of IR TBs and MW Rainfall Grid Avg. Rainfall (0.25 0 x0.25 0 ) Estimation of Rainfall Rainfall product Model PW & RH Forecast PW & RH Correction Corrected Rainfall Estimation Rainfall Validation/ Fine Tuning (DWR/SFRG) Final Rain Rate, Daily, Pentad, monthly & Seasonal Rainfall
Experimental product Land surface temperature (LST) Original VHRR thermal IR data Precipitable water K Correction for atmospheric water vapour & surface emissivity cm Characteristic vertical tropospheric air temperature profiles and AIRS sounder based surface air temperature Surface Emissivity K1VHRR LST K K1VHRR LST (K) at 0.08 o grid 320 315 310 305 300 295 290 r = 0.93, n = 1446 RMSE = 2.30 K 1:1 Line 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 Aggregated MODIS AQUA LST(K) at 0.08 o grid
Agromet Applications Late season drought detection from NDVI Identification of cold wave zone Disaster (flood) Evapotranspiration monitoring for stress detection & productivity mapping
Late season agricultural drought detection from INSAT 3A CCD NDVI 30 th Sept to 15 th Oct 2008 30 th Sept to 15 th Oct 2009 IMD June-Sept 2009 NDVI ranges -1.00 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.46 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.60 0.61 0.69 0.70 0.79 0.80 0.90 16 th Oct to 31 st Oct 2008 16 th Oct to 31 st Oct 2009
Capturing Coldwave spell over Northwestern India during January and February 2008 using nighttime thermal infrared data from Kalpana-1 VHRR 19 Jan 08 20 Jan 08 22 Jan 08 o C -3-2 -1 01 2 3 4 5 Feb 08 7 Feb 08 8 Feb 08 9 Feb 08
Capturing damaging events : Koshi flood 2008 from 3A CCD 22 Aug 2008 31 Aug 2008 1 Sept 2008 2 Sept 2008 3 Sept 2008 5 Sept 2008
Nov05_dekad2 Nov05_dekad3 Dec05_dekad1 Jan06_dekad1 Feb06_dekad1 Feb06_dekad2 Feb06_dekad3 Mar06_dekad1 Mar06_dekad2 Nov05_dekad2 Nov05_dekad3 Dec05_dekad1 Jan06_dekad1 Feb06_dekad1 Feb06_dekad2 Feb06_dekad3 Mar06_dekad1 Mar06_dekad2 Nov05_dekad2 Nov05_dekad3 Dec05_dekad1 Jan06_dekad1 Feb06_dekad1 Feb06_dekad2 Feb06_dekad3 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 Trans Gangetic Plain Agriculture 7.5 Forest Forest 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 AET (mm d -1 ) AET (mm d-1) AET (mm d -1 ) Mar06_dekad1 Mar06_dekad2 Monthly Actual and Relative Evapotranspiration during rabi season using surface energy balance approach AET November AET December AET January AET February AET March Desert Desert RET November RET December RET January RET February RET March mm d -1 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 >1.0
Automated Microclimate in situ observational Network Using INSAT Communication Transponder A recent Initiative from ISRO
Defining 10 m INSAT- uplinked micrometeorological tower for short (2-3m) vegetation Agro- Met Station (AMS)
Micromet tower network in India C R O P G R A S S W E T L A N D Selection criteria : fetch ratio (1:50 to 1:100), Agroclimate, vegetation, soil type D E S E R T
Forecasting Agricultural out put using Space, Agrometeorology and Land based observations (FASAL) Conventional Econometry Agro Meteorology Cropped area Land Observations Crop condition RS, Mod. Re. Temporal Remote Sensing RS, High Re. Single date Crop acreage Crop yield MULTIPLE IN-SEASON FORECAST Pre- Season Early- Season Mid- Season State Pre- Harvest State Pre- Harvest District Revised Incorporati ng damage
Thank you..