Name Block Date Final Exam Study Guide Unit 7: DNA & Protein Synthesis List the 3 building blocks of DNA (sugar, phosphate, base) Use base-pairing rules to replicate a strand of DNA (A-T, C-G). Transcribe a section of DNA into RNA (U instead of T). Use a codon chart to Translate mrna into an amino acid sequence. Describe the function of the Ribosome in protein synthesis (Translation) Identify where in the cell DNA replication, Transcription, and Translation occur and state what each process produces. List the 3 types of RNA and list a function of each type (mrna, trna, rrna). Unit 8: Chromosomes & Reproduction Explain what homologous chromosomes are. Use a karyotype to identify the sex and possible genetic disorders of a baby. Know the difference between diploid and haploid number of chromosomes Arrange sketches of the primary stages of mitosis and meiosis in sequential order. Explain why meiosis is required for sexual reproduction but not for asexual reproduction. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis (at least two differences and two similarities of the two processes). Unit 9: Genetics & Heredity Define genotype and phenotype. Distinguish among the following terms: dominant allele, recessive allele, heterozygous, homozygous. Construct a Punnett square and use it to predict the probability of outcomes for monohybrid and incomplete dominance crosses. Unit 10: Evolution Explain Lamarck s theory of evolution and why it was wrong Describe how competition for resources and variation contribute to evolution by natural selection. (ie: explain how a population of zebras gets faster over time) List 5 evidences of evolution and an example for each one. Fossil Record Homologous Structures Vestigial Structures Embryology Molecular Biology (DNA & Amino Acid sequences) State the fossils found deeper underground are generally older while fossils found near the surface were likely more recently formed. Interpret a DNA fingerprint or sequence of DNA/Amino Acids to determine how closely two species are related. Interpret a cladogram to determine how closely various organisms are related. Distinguish between convergent and divergent evolution and give an example of each type of evolution. Unit 11: Classification List the levels of the Linnaean system of classification (KPCOFGS) and determine how closely two organisms are related based on their classification. Use an organism s scientific name to determine the genus and species to which it belongs. List the 6 kingdoms and an example of an organism from each one. Unit 12: Body Systems & Homeostasis Describe the general function of 3 different human body systems. Explain how at least 3 different body systems work together to maintain homeostasis in humans.
DNA & Protein Synthesis Review Questions: Match the following: 1. a compound made of a chain of amino acids that is a principal component of all cells. It is made through the process of translation. 2. genetic material found in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. a. gene b. DNA 3. A section of DNA that codes for a particular protein. c. RNA 4. the building block of proteins. They are assembled in a certain order by the ribosome during translation. 5. nucleic acid that is produced through the process of transcription d. Codon e. Amino Acid 6. a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid (3 letters of the RNA strand) f. Protein 7. Complete the table: Cellular Process DNA Replication Where does this process take place in the cell? What is produced from this process? Transcription Translation 7. THE FAT CAT was mutated into THE FAC AT What type of mutation is demonstrated? a. deletion b. insertion c. base-substitution d. no change 8. Use the DNA sequence from number 7 to write an example of a substitution and insertion mutation. Substitution Insertion 9. Match the following molecules with their function in protein synthesis I. mrna A. Carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis II. trna III. Ribosome B. Is a photocopy of the DNA gene that can leave the nucleus and travel to the site of protein synthesis C. Reads codons and assembles amino acids into proteins.
10. Transcribe and Translate the following gene DNA: T A C T A G T T A T C A A T C mrna: Amino Acid Sequence: 11. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, the sugar found in milk. Label the active site, substrate, and enzyme in the illustration of lactase breaking down lactose: 12. Based on the graph, what is the optimum temperature for amylase? 13. If someone had a mutation in the gene (DNA) that coded for lactase, then the wrong amino acids could be assembled when making the lactase protein. Describe why a mutation could cause a protein to no longer function (answer should include the terms active site, substrate, enzyme, shape).
Chromosomes & Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction: 14. What are chromosomes primarily made of? DNA / RNA / Fats (circle one) 15. What are homologous chromosomes: 16. If you looked at a human s skin cell you would see 46 chromosomes in its nucleus. Given this information answer the following: a. What is the diploid number of chromosomes for humans? b. What is the haploid number of chromosomes for humans? 17. What type of cell in the pig would you expect to find the haploid number of chromosomes? a. Skin cell b. Muscle cell c. Sperm cell d. Nerve cell 18. Explain why meiosis is required for sexual reproduction but not for asexual reproduction. 19. Use the following karyotype to determine the sex of the baby as well as whether or not it will likely have a genetic disorder. Sex of baby: Genetic Disorder? Yes / No What disorder? Genetic Disorders: -Down Syndrome (3x chr 21) -Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) -Edwards Syndrome (3x chr 18) -Patau Syndrome (3x chr 13) Turner Syndrome (X_)
20. Complete the Venn Diagram with at least 2 similarities and 2 differences between Mitosis and Meiosis. Mitosis Both Meiosis 21. Summarize the function or purpose of mitosis: 22. Summarize the function or purpose of meiosis: 23. Which of the following correctly indicates the order in which the events of mitosis occur? a) A, B, C, D b) D, A, C, B c) B, A, C, D d) A, C, B, D
Genetics & Heredity: 24. Define the following a. Genotype: b. Phenotype: c. Heterozygous: d. Homozygous: Monohybrid Crosses: 25. In the moth, black color is dominant over white. If a heterozygous black moth is crossed (mates) with a homozygous white moth, what is the chance that they will have white offspring? SHOW YOUR PUNNETT SQUARE 26. In pea plants, the round peas are dominant over the wrinkled peas. Two heterozygous round pea plants are crossed. What are the possible Genotypes and Phenotypes of the offspring? Incomplete Dominance: 27. Among dogs, long hair is not dominant over short hair. Instead you get one with medium length hair. What are the chances that a long haired dog and a short haired dog would produce a dog with medium length hair? 28. If two medium-length hair dogs reproduced and gave birth to 10 puppies. Approximately how many of them would have long hair?
Evolution: Four pieces of Darwin s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: I. Overproduction- every population is capable of producing more offspring than can possibly survive (every generation 4 birds survived and 4 birds died) II. Variation- every population has variation. Must be heritable variation- (different types of bird beaks) III. Natural Selection- individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals. (birds who ate the most because their beakes were better designed for food source lived, birds who didn t eat as much died.) IV. Adaptation- a trait that improves an organism s ability to survive and reproduce is passed on if encoded in DNA (only heritable traits can be passed on, acquired traits cannot). 25. Use the 4 pieces of Darwin s theory of Evolution (above) to explain how the eyesight of a population of eagles might increase over time. In other words, go through each of the 4 pieces and relate it to eagles eyesight. 26. How would Lamarck have explained how the average eyesight of a population of eagles increased over time? What is wrong with his explanation? 27. Complete the table, below, with 6 different forms of evidence that support the theory of evolution. Evidence of Evolution Example a. b. c. d. e.
28. Compared to fossils found on the surface of the land, fossils that are deeper are generally. a. Newer b. Older c. The same age d. It is impossible to know 29. Insulin is a protein messenger found in many organisms and is used to regulate glucose levels in the blood. Table 1 shows a partial list of amino acids #1-4 that make up insulin for five species. Table 1: Partial Amino Acid Sequence of Insulin in Various Species Species Amino Acids #1 #2 #3 #4 Cat Ala Val His Ala Mountain lion Thr Ile Asn Ala leapard Ala Val Asn Ala Lion Thr Ile Asn Thr TIger Thr Ile Asn Ala a. Count the number of amino acid differences between each species and fill out the chart on your answer sheet comparing each animal. Species Cat ountain Lion Leopard Lion Tiger Cat Mountain lion leopard Lion Tiger b. Which two species are most closely related and why (USE EVIDENCE)? c. Which two species are least related and why (USE EVIDENCE)? 30. Using the phylogenetic tree to the right, what is the most recent common ancestor of B and C?(what letter?) 31. Using the phylogenetic tree to the right, which two organisms are most closely related: D and B or B and C?
Classification: 32. What are the 8 levels of classification? a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 33. Portabella Mushrooms are often used in cooking because of their delicious flavor and meaty texture. What is the scientific name of the portabella mushroom? (Use the classification, below) Scientific Name: Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Agaricaceae Agaricus bisporus 34. List the 6 major Kingdoms into which all living organisms can be placed a. d. b. c. e. f.
Body Systems & Homeostasis List 3 different Body systems and describe their general function(s): Body General Function(s) System 35. Give an example of how these 3 body systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the human body.