Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Use Figure 1.1 to answer the following questions. 1) How many citizens of Mexico does it take to equal the ecological footprint of the average citizen of the United States? A) It takes nearly four Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen. B) It takes about 12 Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen. C) They are essentially equal. D) Two citizens of Mexico equal the ecological footprint of one average citizen of the United States. E) It takes just over eight Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen. 1) 1
2) A paradigm. A) is synonymous with the scientific method B) can only come from qualitative data C) is a group of several hypotheses that can be tested together D) is a dominant view in science E) can only come from quantitative data 2) 3) Advances in agriculture. A) have resulted in increased death rates B) do not include chemical fertilizers C) have resulted in alteration and destruction of natural systems D) did not increase the amount of food per person from a global perspective E) are viewed as one of humanity's greatest failures 3) 4) The scientific process and knowledge is based on. A) just quantitative data B) educated guesses C) testing hypotheses that are built on observations D) the fact that hypotheses can be proven E) observation 4) 5) Scientific inquiry is based on. A) an incremental approach to truth B) facts that can only be proven by testing hypotheses C) designing experiments that have never been done before D) making huge leaps with scientific insights E) the production of technological advances 5) 6) A hypothesis is. A) a testable proposition that explains a phenomenon or answers a question B) an instrument that is used to examine environmental conditions C) the design of an experiment that can be used for the process of science D) a proven scientific fact E) a prediction about something that is uncertain 6) 7) Sachiko and Fred are having a discussion about the scientific method. Sachiko makes the comment that every time she sees people carrying open umbrellas, she also sees several small car accidents. This is a(n). A) theory about car accidents B) hypothesis C) theory about umbrellas D) scientific study E) observation 7) 8) An experiment. A) is designed to prove a scientific hypothesis B) is an activity designed to test the validity of a hypothesis C) does not need to be repeated D) often involves manipulating as many variables as possible E) involves only collection of quantitative data 8) 2
9) Ecology is. A) not a crucial discipline to environmental science B) the study of organisms and their interactions with each other and with the environment C) a subfield of environmentalism D) concerned only with solving environmental problems E) the study of animal behavior 9) 10) According to Edward O. Wilson, biodiversity. A) cannot be conserved B) can recover quickly with human intervention C) will recover over time D) is a resource that can be used endlessly for human good E) is a nonrenewable resource 10) 11) In general, natural resources. A) belong only to those on whose property they exist B) should be used by everyone equally C) are evenly divided among all countries D) should be conserved E) should not be used 11) 12) Solutions to environmental problems. A) must be short term B) are best discussed in the political arena C) must be sustainable D) can be implemented only by scientists E) must be on a local scale 12) 13) Ruben has a new puppy and wants to feed it the best possible food. He decides on an experiment where he will feed it the very best canned food plus a dietary supplement of vitamins recommended by a veterinarian. Which of the following best describes Ruben's project? A) This is an example of an excellent, controlled experiment as it is written. B) Ruben needs to use his mother's 6-year-old chocolate Sharpei to feed a standard diet so he can compare his puppy with a control dog. C) Ruben needs to take careful measurements of the puppy's weight and height at least once a week for it to be a good experiment. D) Ruben needs to control for the amount of exercise, sunshine, water, and care that the puppy gets each week, so that they are equal from week to week. E) This is not an experiment there are no controls or replicates. 13) 14) The process by which several researchers review another researcher's manuscript prior to publication to ensure research quality is referred to as. A) scientific community B) peer review C) investigative inquiry D) quality control E) critical analysis 14) 3
15) Rocks, wind, water, temperature and solar radiation are all examples of. A) abiotic environmental factors B) non-renewable resources C) biodegradable materials D) renewable resources E) biotic environmental factors 15) 16) Why was human population growth initially regarded as a good thing? A) to spread religion around the world B) greater pool of workers and helpers C) larger armies for conquering new lands D) fewer children to support folks in old age E) to spread democracy through all countries 16) 17) Malthus was responsible for. A) the idea that, without social strictures, the increase in the human population would lead to famine and war B) the book The Population Bomb, which described the disastrous effects of human population growth C) the political stance that the environment was important in its own right D) the concept that human population growth would lead to greater industry and prosperity through education E) instituting fertilizer use for agriculture 17) 18) Ehrlich's predictions have not come true on the scale he imagined because. A) medicine has not advanced as rapidly as he predicted B) Malthus was right C) agricultural advances have been made in recent decades D) pollution has reduced the birth rate in all countries E) governments controlled birth rates in all countries 18) 19) The cumulative total and kind of living things on Earth is. A) its environment B) an abiotic factor C) its biodiversity D) increasing rapidly E) called taxonomy 19) 20) You have read about the mistakes made on Easter Island. On Tikopia, another small island, the people acted in other ways. When they realized that the pigs they had imported were damaging the environment, they killed them all. They had to have permission from a chief to fish, which prevented overfishing. They practiced contraception. These all indicate that. A) they were concerned with only one year at a time B) they truly practiced sustainability C) they felt that everything was a renewable resource D) they felt that everything was a nonrenewable resource E) they believed in full resource utilization 20) 4
21) The oceans face pressure from. A) increasing whale populations B) too many preserves C) the Endangered Species Act D) overfishing E) lack of predators 21) 22) Sustainable development. A) means consuming resources without compromising future availability B) is beyond our current technology and attitudes C) is impossible to accomplish D) ensures an economy that will decline over time E) is possible given our increased use of fertilizers and technology for agriculture 22) 23) Pesticide use. A) may be a necessary part of modern technological agriculture with monocultures B) will not be a problem as we learn to genetically modify predators C) will be eliminated as pests are decreasing as a consequence of years of pesticide use D) poses no environmental threat in this country E) can be eliminated by changing the season when crops are planted 23) 24) In a controlled experiment,. A) the researcher has several hypotheses, one of which will be proven correct B) the experimental organisms have all been used before and given good results C) the researcher controls for the effects of all variables except one D) you need only a single experimental organism; replicates are not needed E) the researcher knows the outcome before she or he begins 24) 25) Qualitative data. A) cannot be used to support or disprove hypotheses B) have variables that may not have been properly manipulated C) cannot be replicated D) can be acquired in the detailed examination of personal interviews or observations E) are data that are expressed as numbers and tested using statistics 25) 26) A pharmaceutical company wishes to study a possible new headache medicine. They are doing human trials with 1,000 volunteers and need to. A) put all women in the control group and all men in the experimental group B) give all groups the same amount of the new medication C) divide the groups by level of health D) have 10 volunteers in the control group E) control for the type of headache stress, migraine, or other causes 26) 5
27) A study's results are deemed worthy of acceptance into the body of scientific knowledge if they are published in journals which. A) meet guidelines advocated by environmentalists or consumer groups B) are funded by corporations funding the research C) conform to current political and religious views D) use the peer review process E) charge a high fee for acceptance 27) TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 28) The primary goal of science is to prove hypotheses. 28) 29) The primary goal of science is to prove hypotheses. 29) 30) Environmentalism is a scientific approach to understanding environmental problems. 30) 31) Scientists believe that fossil fuel use is contributing to warming of the lower atmosphere. 31) 32) Globalization will have an impact on the development of environmental law as the global community is interconnected by trade, politics, and the movement of people and species. 32) 33) Over half of Earth's surface is used for some kind of agriculture. 33) 6
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Use Figure 1.1 to answer the following questions. 34) Nearly 50% of the land on our planet is currently used for agriculture. If everyone on the planet had an ecological footprint the size of the average citizen of the United States, then. A) we would have 50% more food to go around B) about 50% of the people would starve C) we could support 50% more people on our planet D) we would need at least two more planet Earths to feed and support everyone E) we would be able to provide for everyone with out much difficulty, using the other 50% of the land currently not being used 34) 35) The world average is about 2..2 hectares per person for an ecological footprint. At that size, we are depleting our renewable resources 30% faster than they can replenish. The U.S. average footprint is 9.5 hectares, which is times larger than the average world footprint. A) 4.4 B) 2.85 C) 2.5 D) 5 E) 2 35) 7
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following. 36) Type of discipline describing environmental science 37) A scientific field of study 38) Information expressed with numbers 39) The variable that is manipulated 40) Expectations of experimental outcome 41) Numerical expression of the likelihood that a conclusion is true 42) Type of discipline describing environmental science A) quantitative data B) hypothesis C) environmentalism D) Interdisciplinary science E) probability F) dependent variable G) paradigm H) Social Science I) ecology J) prediction 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) K) independent variable L) qualitative data 8