Coastal Ecology and Management: Seagrasses and Coral Reefs 1
Seagrasses: Formation and development (Mitsch & Gosselink 2000) SGB 2 2
Seagrasses: Formation and development Temperate - Boreal Regions 4 genera ~ 28 species Tropical - Subtropical Region 7 genera ~ 30+ species Eurythermal Ruppia ~ 2-10 spp. SGB 3 3
Seagrasses: Formation and development 4
Seagrasses: Formation and development Blades Photosynthesis, Nutrient uptake Short shoot = stem Rhizomes Anchoring, PropagaKon, Nutrient absorpkon, Gas exchange Roots - Nutrient uptake, Anchoring (binding), Gas exchange SGB 4 5
Seagrasses: Formation and development SGB 5 6
Seagrasses: Formation and development SGB 8 7
Seagrasses: Community dynamics Halodule Zostera Enhalus Posidonia (K. Peyton 2007) Halophila Phyllospadix SGB 6 8
Seagrasses: Community dynamics Endemic in Hawaii Invasive in Hawaii Halophila decipiens Halophila hawaiiana Ruppia mari9ma (K. Peyton 2007) SGB 9 9
Seagrasses: Community dynamics Endemics: S. shore of Moloka i (Field et al. 2008) SGB 10
Seagrasses: Community dynamics Grazers Sea Cows (Green & Short 2003) SGB 11 11
Seagrasses: Community dynamics Grazers Turtles and Sea Horses Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) reskng on a bed of Thalassodendron ciliatum in Watamu Bay, Kenya (Green & Short 2003) SGB 12 12
Seagrasses: Community dynamics Seagrasses in Hawaii Halophila hawaiiana (K. Peyton 2007) Detrital Food Web SGB 13 13
Seagrasses: Community dynamics Carnivores: Leafy Sea Dragon (Phycodurus eques) found in southern & western Australia SGB 14 14
Seagrasses: Community dynamics Carnivores: Weedy Sea Dragon (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus) 15 SGB 15
Seagrasses: Ecosystem services (Orth et al. 2006) 16
Seagrasses: Anthropogenic stressors SedimentaKon Sewage discharge Non- point pollukon Algal epiphytes (K. Peyton 2007) SGB 16 17
Seagrasses: Anthropogenic stressors Invasive Species Caulerpa taxifolia - cultured strain Mediterranean Sea; California; Australia Posidonia oceanica - endemic seagrass Aquarium dumping (K. Peyton 2007) SGB 17 18
Seagrasses: Anthropogenic stressors Displacement and Smothering Gracilaria salicornia Gracilaria sp. Florida Halophila decipiens Halophila hawaiiana Avrainvillea amadelpha (K. Peyton 2007) Ruppia mari9ma SGB 18 19
20 SGB 21
21 SGB 22
Coral Reefs: Formation and Development (Spalding et al. 2001) 25 o N Equator 25 o S Global DistribuKon Coral Reefs What characteriskcs do coral reefs require? - - - 8 22
Coral Reefs: Formation and Development (Mitsch & Gosselink 2000) 23
(Gulko 1998) Simple body structure, tentacles, mouth, digeskve cavity 24
Coral polyps Animal characteriskcs 25
Coral polyps Animal characteriskcs Zooxanthellae Plant characteriskcs 26
Coral Reefs: Formation and Development Fringing reef: found growing as fringe ahached to land mass Barrier reef: occur @ some dist. out to sea creakng a shallow lagoon b/w reef & land Atoll: isolated structure surrounded by deep H 2 O that forms a ring of coral w/ central lagoon (Mann 2000)
Coral Reefs: Formation and Development Fringing reef: found growing as fringe ahached to land mass Barrier reef: occur out to sea creakng a shallow lagoon b/w reef & land Atoll: isolated structure surrounded by deep H 2 O that forms a ring of coral w/ central lagoon (Mann 2000)
Coral Reefs: Formation and Development Fringing reef: found growing as fringe ahached to land mass Age Barrier reef: occur @ some dist. out to sea creakng a shallow lagoon b/w reef & land Atoll: isolated structure surrounded by deep H 2 O that forms a ring of coral w/ central lagoon (Mann 2000)
Coral Reefs: Formation and Development Reef FuncKonal Zones 30
Coral Reefs: Formation and Development Coral Reef ZonaKon in Hawai i (Gulko 1998) 13 31
Coral Reefs: Community Dynamics Damselfish Family: Pomacentridae Rabbilish Siganidae Herbivorous reef fish Fiercely proteckve Redlip parrolish, pālukaluka, Scarus rubroviolaceus Surgeonfish Acanthuridae Achilles tang, pāku iku i Acanthurus achilles Sexually dimorphic AcKve, aggressive seaweed grazer 9 15 32
Coral Reefs: Community Dynamics buherflyfish, lauhau Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Spohed puffer, o opu hue Arothron meleagris Direct coral grazers Triggerfish BalisKdae Produces deadly toxin Spectacled Parrolish Chlorurus perspicillatus Lagoon triggerfish Reef triggerfish, humuhumu- nukunukuāpua ā, Rhinecanthus rectangulus 16 33
Coral Reefs: Community Dynamics Apex Predators (Waddell 2005) *Absent or reduced numbers and biomass in many systems, but skll present in NWHI 19 34
Coral Reefs: Stressors Food web 20 35
Coral Reefs: Stressors NWHI vs MHI biomass (Maragos & Gulko 2002) 21 36
Coral Reefs: Stressors Natural vs human- modified coral reef food web Before Fishing ACer Fishing Bold font = abundant (Jackson et al. 2001) Normal font = rare 22 37
Land- based threats to coral reefs SedimentaKon Hawaii Kai EutrophicaKon Results in algal blooms 38
Other threats to Coral Reefs Coral Mining, Shell Industry DestrucKve Fishing PracKces E.g., Indonesia explosives and cyanide to stun fish 39
Other threats to Coral Reefs AcidificaKon Makes biogenic CaCO 3 creakon more difficult. 40
Coral Reefs: Stressors CaCO 3 Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- ß à CaCO 3 41
Other threats to Coral Reefs AcidificaKon Makes biogenic CaCO 3 creakon more difficult. Bleaching Extremes in temperature, salinity, UV cause expulsion of zooxanthellae short durakon or low intensity, can recover; long durakon or high intensity causes death. 42
Coral Reefs: Stressors Instability within mutualism: High temperature or low salinity, polyps expel zooxanthellae. Without the algae, cannot form large reefs and corals bleach and die. (Gulko 1998) 43
Various Human Impacts on Coral Reefs (Gulko 1998) 44
State of the Oceans hhp://www.ted.com/talks/jeremy_jackson.html Dr. Jeremy Jackson, Scripps InsKtuKon of Oceanography A leader in the study of the ecology and evolukon of marine organisms, Jeremy Jackson is known for his deep understanding of geological Kme