Physics 101 Lecture 5 Newton`s Laws Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN EMU Physics Department
The Laws of Motion q Newton s first law q Force q Mass q Newton s second law q Newton s third law qfrictional forces q Examples Isaac Newton s work represents one of the greatest contributions to science ever made by an individual.
Dynamics q Describes the relationship between the motion of objects in our everyday world and the forces acting on them q Language of Dynamics n Force: The measure of interaction between two objects (pull or push). It is a vector quantity it has a magnitude and direction n Mass: The measure of how difficult it is to change object s velocity (sluggishness or inertia of the object)
Forces q The measure of interaction between two objects (pull or push) q Vector quantity: has magnitude and direction q May be a contact force or a field force n n Contact forces result from physical contact between two objects Field forces act between disconnected objects n Also called action at a distance
Forces q Gravitational Force q Archimedes Force q Friction Force q Tension Force q Spring Force q Normal Force
Vector Nature of Force q Vector force: has magnitude and direction q Net Force: a resultant force acting on object!!!!! F net F F + F + F... 1 2 3 + q You must use the rules of vector addition to obtain the net force on an object r F F + F 2.24N 2 2 1 2 F θ F 1 1 o tan ( ) 26.6 2
Newton s First Law q An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force q An object at rest remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it q An object moving with constant velocity continues to move with the same speed and in the same direction (the same velocity) as long as no net force acts on it q Keep on doing what it is doing q When forces are balanced, the acceleration of the object is zero n Object at rest: v 0 and a 0 n Object in motion: v 0 and a 0
Mass and Inertia q Every object continues in its state of rest, or uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by unbalanced forces impressed upon it q Inertia is a property of objects to resist changes is motion! q Mass is a measure of the amount of inertia. q Mass is a measure of the resistance of an object to changes in its velocity q Mass is an inherent property of an object q Scalar quantity and SI unit: kg
Newton s Second Law q The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass! a! F m! F m net!!! F net F ma SI unit of force is a Newton (N) kg m 1 N 1 2 s
More about Newton s 2nd Law q You must be certain about which body we are applying it to q F net must be the vector sum of all the forces that act on that body q Only forces that act on that body are to be included in the vector sum q Net force component along an axis gives rise to the acceleration along that same axis F ma F ma net, x x net, y y
Example1: q One or two forces act on a puck that moves over frictionless ice along an x axis, in one-dimensional motion. The puck's mass is m 0.20 kg. Forces F 1 and F 2 and are directed along the x axis and have magnitudes F 1 4.0 N and F 2 2.0 N. Force F 3 is directed at angle θ 30 and has magnitude F 3 1.0 N. In each situation, what is the acceleration of the puck? 1 a) F a x b) F F a x 2 1 F1 F2 m ma x F1 4.0 N 2 20 m/s m 0.2kg ma x 4.0 N 2.0 N 0.2kg 10 m/s 2 F net, x ma x c) F a x 3, x F 2 ma F3 cosθ F2 m x F 3, x F! 1.0 N cos30 2.0 N 0.2kg 3 cosθ 5.7 m/s 2
Gravitational Force q Gravitational force is a vector q Expressed by Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation: mm F g G 2 R n G gravitational constant n M mass of the Earth n m mass of an object n R radius of the Earth q Direction: pointing downward
q The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an object of mass m near the Earth s surface is called the weight w of the object: w mg q g can also be found from the Law of Universal Gravitation q Weight has a unit of N F g G g mm 2 R G Weight w Fg M 9.8 m/s 2 R q Weight depends upon location 2 mg R 6,400 km
Normal Force q Force from a solid surface which keeps object from falling through q Direction: always perpendicular to the surface q Magnitude: depends on situation w Fg mg N F g ma y N mg ma y N mg
Tension Force: T q A taut rope exerts forces on whatever holds its ends q Direction: always along the cord (rope, cable, string ) and away from the object q Magnitude: depend on situation T2 T1 T1 T T2
Newton s Third Law q If object 1 and object 2 interact, the force exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force exerted by object 2 on object 1! F on A! F on B q Equivalent to saying a single isolated force cannot exist
Forces of Friction: f q When an object is in motion on a surface or through a viscous medium, there will be a resistance to the motion. This resistance is called the force of friction q This is due to the interactions between the object and its environment q We will be concerned with two types of frictional force n Force of static friction: f s n Force of kinetic friction: f k q Direction: opposite the direction of the intended motion n n If moving: in direction opposite the velocity If stationary, in direction of the vector sum of other forces
Forces of Friction: Magnitude q Magnitude: Friction is proportional to the normal force n Static friction: F f F µ s N n Kinetic friction: F f µ k N n µ is the coefficient of friction q The coefficients of friction are nearly independent of the area of contact
Static Friction q Static friction acts to keep the object from moving q If F r r increases, so does q If F r ƒ r s decreases, so does ƒ s q ƒ s µ s N n Remember, the equality holds when the surfaces are on the verge of slipping
Kinetic Friction q The force of kinetic friction acts when the object is in motion q Although µ k can vary with speed, we shall neglect any such variations q ƒ k µ k N
Explore Forces of Friction q Vary the applied force q Note the value of the frictional force n Compare the values q Note what happens when the can starts to move
Free Body Diagram q The most important step in solving problems involving Newton s Laws is to draw the free body diagram q Be sure to include only the forces acting on the object of interest q Include any field forces acting on the object q Do not assume the normal force equals the weight F hand on book F Earth on book
Hints for Problem-Solving q q q q q q q Read the problem carefully at least once Draw a picture of the system, identify the object of primary interest, and indicate forces with arrows Label each force in the picture in a way that will bring to mind what physical quantity the label stands for (e.g., T for tension) Draw a free-body diagram of the object of interest, based on the labeled picture. If additional objects are involved, draw separate free-body diagram for them Choose a convenient coordinate system for each object Apply Newton s second law. The x- and y-components of Newton second law should be taken from the vector equation and written individually. This often results in two equations and two unknowns Solve for the desired unknown quantity, and substitute the numbers F ma F ma net, x x net, y y
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Objects in Equilibrium q Objects that are either at rest or moving with constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium q Acceleration of an object can be modeled as zero: a! 0 q Mathematically, the net force acting on the object is zero F! 0 q Equivalent to the set of component equations given by F 0 F 0 x y
Equilibrium, Example 1 q A lamp is suspended from a chain of negligible mass q The forces acting on the lamp are n the downward force of gravity n the upward tension in the chain q Applying equilibrium gives Fy 0 T Fg 0 T Fg
Equilibrium, Example 2 q A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable tied to two other cables that are fastened to a support. The upper cables make angles of 37 and 53 with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the three cables. q Conceptualize the traffic light n n Assume cables don t break Nothing is moving q Categorize as an equilibrium problem n n No movement, so acceleration is zero Model as an object in equilibrium x y F 0 F 0
Equilibrium, Example 2 q Need 2 free-body diagrams n Apply equilibrium equation to light n Apply equilibrium equations to knot N F T F T F g g y 100 0 0 3 3 N F T F T F g g y 100 0 0 3 3 N T T N T T T T N T T T T T F T T T T F y y y y x x x 80 1.33 60 1.33 cos53 cos37 0 100 sin53 sin37 0 cos53 cos37 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 + + + + +!!!!!!
Accelerating Objects q If an object that can be modeled as a particle experiences an acceleration, there must be a nonzero net force acting on it q Draw a free-body diagram q Apply Newton s Second Law in component form F x ma x F!! ma F y ma y
Accelerating Objects, Example 1 q A man weighs himself with a scale in an elevator. While the elevator is at rest, he measures a weight of 800 N. q n n What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates upward at 2.0 m/s 2? a 2.0 m/s 2 What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates downward at 2.0 m/s 2? a - 2.0 m/s 2 Upward: N mg + ma m w g 800 N 9.8 m/s F y N mg ma m( g + a) 2 81.6kg N 81.6(2.0 + 9.8) 962.9 N N > mg N N q Downward: N 81.6( 2.0 + 9.8) N < mg 636.5 N mg mg
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q Suppose a block with a mass of 2.50 kg is resting on a ramp. If the coefficient of static friction between the block and ramp is 0.350, what maximum angle can the ramp make with the horizontal before the block starts to slip down? Inclined Plane
q Newton 2nd law: q Then q So F F x y mg sinθ µ N N mg cosθ 0 N mg cosθ Fy mg sinθ µ smg cosθ 0 tan θ µ 0.350 s θ tan 1 (0.350) Inclined Plane s 0! 19.3
Multiple Objects q A block of mass m1 on a rough, horizontal surface is connected to a ball of mass m2 by a lightweight cord over a lightweight, frictionless pulley as shown in figure. A force of magnitude F at an angle θ with the horizontal is applied to the block as shown and the block slides to the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and surface is µ k. Find the magnitude of acceleration of the two objects.
Multiple Objects q m 1 : q m 2 : k F F F x y F cosθ f T 0 T m2 g m2a y m a y 2 k 1 N + F sinθ m g k k m a T m2( a + g) N m1 g F sinθ f µ N µ ( m 1 g F sinθ ) 1 x m a 1 F cos θ µ k ( m1 g F sinθ ) m2 ( a + g) m1a F(cosθ + µ k sinθ ) ( m a m + m 1 2 2 + µ km1 ) g
Force is a vector Unit of force in S.I.: Newton s Laws I. If no net force acts on a body, then the body s velocity cannot change. II. The net force on a body is equal to the product of the body s mass and acceleration. III. When two bodies interact, the force on the bodies from each other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
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