Estimates of Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes for grain and fodder yield

Agricultural Science Research Journals Vol. 3(2), pp. 56-61, February 2013 Available online at http://www.resjournals.com/arj ISSN-L:2026-6073 2013 International Research Journals Full Length Research Paper Estimates of Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes for grain and fodder yield *Abhishek Krishna 1, Shahid Ahmed 2, H.C. Pandey 3 and D. Bahukhandi 4 1 Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-284003, UP, India 2, 3, 4 Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284003, UP, India *Corresponding author e-mail: abk.kr13@gmail.com ABSTRACT Present investigation was carried out at the Central Research Farm of Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi during Rabi-2011-12. Heritability estimates varied from 20.6 percent for leaf breadth (fill only trait names) to 92.2 percent for panicle length. Grain weight showed highest GCV. High to moderately high variability for GCV coupled with high estimates of heritability were observed for all the characters. All the traits except, number of leaves, leaf breadth, leaf stem ratio exhibited comparatively higher estimates of genotypic coefficient variance, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean which is indicative of predominance of additive gene action in expression of these traits therefore for these characters selection appears to be effective. The genetic advancement as percent mean was found to be highest for grain weight (103.64). All the traits except, number of leaves, leaf breadth, Leaf stem ratio exhibited comparatively higher estimates of genotypic coefficient variance, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean which is indicative of predominance of additive gene action in expression of these traits therefore for these characters selection appears to be effective. The genetic advancement as percent mean was found to be highest for Grain weight (103.64), followed by Dry matter yield (63.78), Green fodder yield (55.07), number of spikelet s/panicle (40.35), 1000 seed weight (31.68), panicle length (38.33).This study will provide opportunity to identify best genotypes to be used in breeding. Besides it helps in understanding the diversity available in the genotypes selected and helps in selection and improvement of desirable traits to be used or transferred during crossing programme. INTRODUCTION Oats (Avena sativa L.) is an important forage annual crop of Rabi season belongs to family Gramineae and ranks sixth in production among all cereal crops next to wheat, maize, rice, barley and sorghum in the world scene. It is rich in nutrients including silicon, manganese, zinc, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A, B 1, B 2 and E. The genus Avena is large and diverse containing both wild and cultivated polyploidy series with a basic chromosome number of n=7. Three naturally occurring ploidy levels are known with the genus, diploids (2n=2x=14), tetraploid (2x=4x=28) and hexaploid (2n=6x=42). Oat (2n=6x=42) is a natural allopolyploid evolved through cycles of Interspecific hybridization and polyploidization combining three distinct genomes are A. sterilis and A. fatua share the same genome as that of A. sativa. Availability of the genetic variability for the component characters was a major asset for initiating a fruitful crop improvement program. Arora et al. (2008) carried out evaluation and characterization for some morphological traits in 554 germplasm accessions of oats. Moderate amount of genetic variability was recorded for green fodder yield and dry matter yield, while low for days to 50 per cent flowering. Best accessions, namely, HFO 455, HFO 18 and HFO 442 can be utilized in oat varietal development programme. Arora et al. (2009) collected one hundred and eight germplasm accessions of oats from various sources at CCS HAU, Hisar, where he found moderate to low amount of genetic variation in genetic stock for

57 various traits studies. Singh and Singh (2009) found that the genotypes (G) x environment (E) interaction was significant for both green and dry fodder yield among 36 oat genotype. Pundhir et al. (2008) studied the genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability, expected genetic advance, correlation and path-analyses in 36 genotypes of oats (Avena sativa L.) over four environments revealed moderate to high estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance for most of the traits. Bahadur et al. (2009) studied oat genotypes to determine the extent of variability for various fodder yield and quality traits under normal and late sown conditions where he found considerable variability existed for all the characters. Sharma and Gupta (2007) studied the stability parameters in 33 oats genotypes to obtain the magnitude and nature of G X E interactions and stability for forage yield. Shekhawat et al. (2006, 2007) studied that range was 4.69 to 26.60 for GCV, 5.42 to 35.32 for PCV, 30.50 to 74.90 per cent for heritability (broad sense) and 8.36 to 46.78 per cent for genetic advance (as % of mean). MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation was carried out at the Central Research Farm of Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (IGFRI), Jhansi during Rabi-2011-12. The material was evaluated in RBD with fifty numbers of genotypes in three replications with row to row spacing of 30cm. Normal package of practices were followed with recommended dose of fertilizers. Observations for all the traits were recorded on five randomly selected plants in each replication. Data was recorded for days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm.), number of leaves, leaf length, leaf breadth, peduncle length (cm.), stem girth (cm.), panicle length, number of spikelet s/panicle, 1000 seed weight, green fodder yield, dry matter yield, spike length, leaf stem ratio, seed yield, groat yield and weight at harvest. The data were statistically analyzed, Estimation of Heritability: Heritability is the ratio of the genotypic variance to the total variance i.e. phenotypic variance (genotypic and environmental), and it denotes the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genotypes i.e., heritable and calculated according to the formula given by (Hasan et al. 1956) σ2g (σ2g+ σ2e) H (board sense) = 100 Where σ 2 g σ 2 g + σ 2 c = Genotypic variance = phonotypic variation (Genotypic and Environmental) Estimation of Variability: Different parameters such as mean, range coefficient of variation etc. were used to estimate to the diversity present among the germplasm lines for different metric traits. Estimation of Genetic Advance: It is the improvements in the mean genotypic value of the selected families over the base population. Genetic advance was calculated in percents of mean by the formula given by Johnson et al. (1955a). σ 2 g (K) 100 (σρ) mean GA (% of mean) = Where K, Selection differential at 5% selection intensity (K = 2.06) σ 2 g = Genotypic variance character σ 2 ρ = Phenotypic stand and deviation of the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Variability and heritability analysis: Estimates of variability, heritability and genetic advance are presented in Table 1 where, a range for plant height was observed 91.92 to 157.1cm with lowest in variety BGP-63 and highest in UPO-212 with an overall mean value of 116.8cm. Coefficient of variation for the character was 3.80, Standard Error was 2.56 and Critical Distance (5%) is 7.2. For number of leaves, range of 4.33 to 6.0 was observed with lowest in variety IGO-548 and highest in EC-209527 with an overall mean value of 5.14. Coefficient of variation for the character was 9.57 and Standard Error as 0.28. For leaf length a range of 32.16 to 57.2 cm was observed with lowest in variety IGO2-69 and highest in EC-246112 with an overall mean value of 41.34 cm. Coefficient of variation for the character was 10.07, Standard Error - 2.40 and Critical Distance (5%) - 6.7. For leaf breadth a range of 1.47 to 3.35 cm was observed with lowest in variety JHO-851 and highest IGO2-74 with an overall mean value of 2.05. Coefficient of variation for the character was 18.30, Standard Error - 0.21 and Critical Distance (5%) as 0.60. For stem girth a range of 1.30 to 1.63 was observed with lowest in variety IGO-570 is highest EC-246197 with an overall mean value of 1.47. Coefficient of variation for the character was 8.56. For panicle length range of 33.61 to 81.80 cm was observed with lowest in variety IGO2-60 is highest JHO-851 with an overall mean value of 52.25 (Table 1). Coefficient of variation for the character was 5.62, Standard Error -1.69 and Critical Distance (5%) was 4.7. For spike length range of 19.96 to 44.36 was observed with lowest in variety EC-246173 and highest in IGO2-74 with an overall mean value of 28.87. Coefficient of variation for the character was 11.83, Standard Error was 1.97 and Critical Distance (5%) is 5.53. For number of spikelet s/panicle range of 49.11 to 130.33 was observed

58 Table 1. Mean, Coefficient of variation, Standard error and Critical distance for various fodder and related traits Traits/ Plant No. of Leaf Leaf Stem Panicle Spike No. of 1000 seed Groat Days to L/S Dry Grain GFY DMY parameters height leaves length breadth girth length length spkl./panicle wt yield flower ratio weight weight Mean 116.89 5.14 41.34 2.05 1.47 52.25 28.87 73.99 32.72 23.79 100.16 0.26 323.94 93.97 499.60 195.68 C.V. 3.80 9.57 10.07 18.30 8.56 5.62 11.83 7.20 14.77 14.13 2.96 54.56 9.43 18.86 12.58 12.69 F. Ratio 32.09 1.01 4.79 1.78 0.97 36.54 5.35 25.85 6.14 5.38 13.36 1.26 28.61 24.99 17.06 21.47 F.Prob. 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 S.E. 2.56 0.28 2.40 0.21 0.07 1.69 1.97 3.07 2.79 1.94 1.71 0.08 17.64 10.23 36.29 14.33 C.D.5% 7.20-6.74 0.60-4.76 5.53 8.63 7.83 5.44 4.81-49.51 28.73 101.86 40.23 C.D.1% 9.53-8.93 0.80-6.30 7.33 11.43 10.36 7.21 6.37-65.54 38.03 134.84 53.26 Table 2. Estimates of different genetic parameters for various traits Traits/ parameters Plant height No. of leaves Leaf length Leaf breath Stem girth Panicle length Spike length No. of spikelets /Panicle 1000 seed wt 1000 groat yield days to flower l/s ratio Dry wt q/h G wt q/h G f y q/h Dm y q/h Var Environmental 19.771 0.242 17.343 0.141 0.016 8.653 11.689 28.417 23.363 11.309 8.823 0.022 933.892 314.433 3952.522 616.687 ECV 3.804 9.572 10.073 18.303 8.566 5.630 11.839 7.205 14.772 14.134 2.965 54.560 9.434 18.870 12.584 12.690 Var Genotypical 204.916 0.001 21.967 0.037 0.000 102.533 16.984 235.472 40.087 16.543 36.357 0.002 8596.025 2514.787 21170.630 42.08.754 GCV 12.246 0.718 11.336 9.334 0.782 19.379 14.271 20.739 19.350 17.094 6.020 16.111 28.621 53.365 29.124 33.152 Var Phenotypical 224.687 0.243 39.310 0.178 0.016 111.186 28.673 263.889 63.450 27.852 45.180 0.023 9529.917 2829.220 2512.150 4825.441 PCV 12.823 9.598 15.164 20.545 8.530 20.180 18.543 21.955 24.345 22.180 6.710 56.889 30.135 56.603 31.726 35.498 H2 (Broad Sense) 92.2 60.0 55.9 20.6 80.0 92.2 59.2 89.2 63.2 59.4 80.5 80.0 90.2 88.9 84.3 87.2 Genetic Advancement 5% 28.161 6.0 7.217 17.9 2.0 20.031 6.534 29.860 10.367 6.457 11.143 2.5 181.393 97.395 275.147 124.811 Genetic Advancement 1% 36.090 7.0 9.250 23.0 3.0 25.671 8.374 38.268 13.286 8.275 14.280 3.2 232.465 124.817 32.615 159.952 Gen. Adv. As % of Mean 5% 24.091 11.1 17.457 8.735 14.8 38.336 22.627 40.357 31.684 27.139 11.124 9.399 5.995 103.643 55.073 63.780 with lowest in variety EC-246147 is highest IGO2-74 with an overall mean value of 73.99. Coefficient of variation for the character was 7.20. Standard Error was 3.07 and Critical Distance (5%) was 8.63. For 1000 seed weight range of 16.66 to 46.66 was observed with lowest in variety IGO2-75 is highest BGP-66 with an overall mean value of 32.72, Coefficient of variation for the character was 14.77, Standard Error was 2.79 and Critical Distance (5%) was 7.83. For groat yield range of 13.33 to 31.66 was observed with lowest in variety IGO3-471 is highest UPO-212 with an overall mean value of 23.79, Coefficient of variation for the character was 14.13. Standard Error was 1.94 and Critical Distance (5%) is 5.44 (Table 1). For days to flower range of 86.33 to 112.33 was observed with lowest in variety IGO3-471 is highest IGO2-85 with an overall mean value of 100.16,Coefficient of variation for the character was 2.96,Standard Error was 1.71 and Critical Distance (5%) is 4.81. For L/S ratio range of 0.17 to 0.80 was observed with lowest in variety UPO- 212 is highest IGO3-459 with an overall mean value of 0.26,Coefficient of variation for the character was 54.56 and Standard Error was 0.08 (Table 2). For dry weight range of 171.49 to 542.79

59 was observed with lowest in variety JHO-851 is highest EC-246112 with an overall mean value of 323.94, Coefficient of variation for the character was 9.43. Standard Error was 17.64 and Critical Distance (5%) was 49.51. For grain weight range of 10.65 to 289.71 was observed with lowest in variety IGO3-261 is highest EC- 246153 with an overall mean value of 93.97, Coefficient of variation for the character was 18.86, Standard Error was 10.23 and Critical Distance (5%) is 28.73. For green fodder yield range of 106.56 to 824.17 was observed with lowest in variety IGO3-261 is highest IGO3-471 with an overall mean value of 499.60. Coefficient of variation for the character was 12.58. Standard Error was 36.29 and Critical Distance (5%) was 101.8. For dry matter yield range of 32.00 to 349.05 was observed with lowest in variety IGO3-261 is highest IGO2-85. Coefficient of variation for the character was 12.69. Standard Error was for 14.33 and Critical Distance (5%) was 40.23. A crossing between lines showing higher values for the desired traits will helps in development of lines with increase in grain and fodder yield. Arora et al. (2008) carried out evaluation and characterization for some morphological traits in 554 germplasm accessions of oats where moderate amount of genetic variability was recorded for green fodder yield and dry matter yield, while low for days to 50 per cent flowering. In all, 46 germplasm accessions were found significantly better in GFY and DMY as compared to the best check JHO 99-2, JO -1 for GFY and OS 7 for DMY. All the germplasm accessions were characterized and categorized on the basis of growth habit and foliage colour. Best accessions, namely, HFO 455, HFO 18 and HFO 442 can be utilized in oat varietal development program. A close resemblance between the corresponding estimates of Phenotypic Coefficient Variance and Genotypic Coefficient Variance suggested little role of environment in the expression of different traits. It is evident from the table 2 that Leaf stem ratio (16.11) showed highest PCV followed by grain weight (56.60), Dry matter yield (35.49), Green fodder yield (31.72) and dry weight (30.13). Plant height, stem girth and no. of leaves show low PCV. For plant height GCV was 12.24, PCV 12.82 and Environment Coefficient Variance 3.80 and heritability was 91.2%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 28.16 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 24.09%. For number of leaves, GCV 0.718, PCV 9.598, ECV 9.572 and heritability was 60.0%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 6.0 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 11.1%. For leaf length, GCV was 11.336, PCV 15.164. ECV 10.073 and heritability was 55.9%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 7.21 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 17.45%. For leaf breadth GCV was 9.334, PCV 20.545, ECV 18.303 and heritability was 20.6%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 17.9 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 8.73%. Similar results were reported by Bhal et al. (1988), Dubey et al. (1995), Choubey and Gupta (1986) and Choubey et al. (1986) in their studies. For stem girth GCV was 0.782, PCV 8.530, ECV 8.566 and heritability was 80.0%, Genetic advancement (5%) was 2.0 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 14.8. For panicle length GCV was19.379, PCV 20.180, ECV 5.630 and heritability was 92.2%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 20.03 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 38.3%. For spike length GCV was 14.271, PCV 18.543, ECV 11.839 and heritability was 59.2%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 6.53 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 22.6%. For number of spikelet s/panicle, GCV was 20.739, PCV 21.955, ECV 7.205 and heritability was 89.2%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 29.86. whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 40.35%. For 1000 seed wt. GCV was 19.350, PCV 24.345, ECV 14.772 and heritability was 63.2%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 10.36. whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 31.6%. For groat yield, GCV was 17.094, PCV 22.180, ECV 14.134 and heritability was 59.4%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 6.45 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 27.13%. For days of flower, GCV was 6.020, PCV 6.710, ECV 2.965 and heritability was 80.5%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 11.14 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 11.12%. For leaf stem ratio, GCV was 16.111, PCV 56.889, ECV 54.560 and heritability was 80.0%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 2.5 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 9.3 % (Table 2). For dry weight, GCV was 28.621, PCV30.135, ECV 9.434 and heritability was 90.2%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 181.39 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 55.99%.For grain weight; GCV was 53.365, PCV 56.603. ECV 18.870 and heritability was 88.9%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 97.39 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 103.64%. For GFY, GCV was 29.124, PCV 31.726, ECV 12.584 and heritability was 84.3%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 275.14 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 55.07%. For DMY, GCV was 33.152, PCV 35.498, ECV12.690 and heritability was 87.2%. Genetic advancement (5%) was 124.81 whereas percent increase over mean (5%) was 63.78%. Results are in accordance of earlier findings of Arora et al. (2009), Bahuguna and Verma (2004), Bhagmal (1984) where they observed significant amount of genetic variation for forage yield plant height, leaf attributes, growth habit, days to bloom, spikelet and floral number / panicle in different diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species. Bhal et al. (1989a) reported high values for genotypic coefficient of variation and heritability accompanied by high genetic advance were observed for plant height and dry matter yield in majority of environments. Heritability estimates varied from 20.6 percent for leaf breadth to 92.2 percent for panicle length. High to moderately high variability for PCV coupled with high estimates of heritability were observed for the characters viz., plant height, leaf length, panicle length, spike length, number of spikelet s/panicle, 1000 seed weight, groat yield,

60 L/S ratio, dry weight, grain weight, GFY and DMY which indicate an advantage through selection. Grain weight (53.36) showed highest GCV followed by DMY (33.15), GFY (29.12), dry weight (28.62), panicle length, number of spikelet s/panicle and 1000 seed weight (19.35). Number of leaves, leaf breadth, days to flower and stem girth shows low GCV (Table 2). High to moderately high variability for GCV coupled with high estimates of heritability were observed for all the characters values and traits except number of leaves, leaf breadth, days to flower and stem girth which indicate an advantage through selection. Similar results were reported by Pundhir et al. (2003, 2008) for high heritability estimates with high genetic advances for green and dry fodder yield, number of leaves per plant, leaf breadth, leaf weight and dry leaf weight. Green fodder yield per plant and leaf breadth had the maximum and minimum genotype and phenotype coefficient of variation, respectively. All characters studied showed higher values of expected genetic advance, along with higher estimates of heritability. All the traits except, number of leaves, leaf breadth, Leaf stem ratio exhibited comparatively higher estimates of genotypic coefficient variance, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean which is indicative of predominance of additive gene action in expression of these traits therefore for these characters selection appears to be effective. The genetic advancement as percent mean was found to be highest for Grain weight (103.64) followed by Dry matter yield (63.78), Green fodder yield (55.07), number of spikelet s/panicle (40.35), 1000 seed weight (31.68) and panicle length (38.33) as mentioned in Table 2. The results are in accordance with earlier findings of Choubey et al. (1996, 2001) where they observed high genetic variability for growth rate, forage yield, plant height and tiller number after evaluating 31 back crosses derived progenies of A. sativa A. sterilis. High heritability was observed for plant height (66.6%) followed by days to 50% flowering (64.2%) in comparison to green fodder yield (47.3%). The genotypes examined had a range of 74 to 131 days for flowering, 68 to 173 cm for plant height, 3 to 24 for tiller number, 3 to 8 cm for internodes length, 44 to 620 g for green fodder yield and 8 to 93 g for dry fodder yield per plant. Similarly, Pachuary and Choubey (1994), Choubey and Gupta (1986) and Prasad et al. (2003) observed that the seedling rate into cultivar interaction was significant. 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