2 nd Nine Weeks Benchmark Study Guide 1. What source powers the water cycle? Sun 2. At what point does a liquid become water vapor? evaporation 3. In the morning, Shawn s swimming pool is full. In the afternoon, the pool is an inch lower. What MOST likely happened to the water? the water at the surface has moved to a gaseous state through evaporation 4. Explain how clouds form: as water vapor rises in the atmosphere it begins to cool then collects around dust particles and condenses into liquid droplets that form clouds 5. Water in Earth's atmosphere comes mainly from? _oceans 6. How is water divided on earth s surface? salt water 97% fresh frozen water 2% fresh water 1% Of these percentages, how much is consumable by humans? 0.5% 7. Most freshwater on earth is located where? icecaps and glaciers. 8. List the ocean s landforms starting from the continent and moving into the deep ocean. continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain, mid-ocean ridge, rift valley, guyot, seamount, trench 9. What causes waves? wind moving across the surface of water transfers energy through friction, this energy causes waves 10. Label the following parts of a wave: wavelength, wave height, crest, trough wavelength 11. What three characteristics about the wind can affect wave size? a. speed (force) of the wind b. length of time the wind blows c. distance over which the wind blows 12. What is the cause of surface currents? _wind which curves due to the corriolis effect 13. What is the cause of deep ocean or density currents? differences in temperature and differences in salinity
14. Currents can be responsible for climate changes. How does this occur? air above currents (warm or cold) moves with the current which can deliver cool/warm air to different latitudes 15. What causes tides? _the gravitational pull of the moon and to a lesser extent the sun 16. What is the time difference between a high tide and a low tide?_6 hr 15 min 17. Explain neap and spring tides. Neap: occurs during 1 st or 3 rd quarter when sun/moon gravity pulls in different directions causing lower high than normal tides and higher than normal low tides Spring- _occurs during new/full moon when sun/moon gravity pulls together causing extra high high tides and extra low low tides 18. Explain how ocean trenches are formed. when oceanic crust on one tectonic plate subducts (moves under) another tectonic plate a trench is formed 19. After a heavy rain storm, what process maintains the salinity balance of the world s oceans? EVAPORATION 20. Name 3 ways to decrease salinity of our oceans. _precipitation, runoff, and _melting glaciers. 21. Which oceanic landform can be seen above water? _volcanic island 22. What makes the ocean salty? small particles of rock (which contain minerals) are washed into oceans where they dissolve 23. Devices scientists use to map the ocean floor include SONAR and_satellite. 24. How are these devices different? SONAR uses reflected sound waves to read the ocean floor while satellite uses radar waves to read the surface of the ocean waters which mimics the ocean floor 25. Identify the following ocean landforms: a. Canyon g. guyot b. continental slope h. trench c. seamount i. abyssal plain d. mid-ocean ridge j. rift valley e. Island k. continental rise f. continental shelf l. shoreline
26. Label the five major oceans on the map above. 27. For a solar eclipse to occur, the moon must be in what phase? _New moon phase 28. For a lunar eclipse to occur, the moon must be in what phase? Full moon phase 29. Waning means shrinking, so when the moon is waning the sunlight part is less visible _. 30. Waxing means growing, so when the moon is waxing the sunlight part is _more visible_. 31. Why do we have longer warmer days in the summer and shorter colder days in the winter? The Earth is tilted on its axis by 23.5 which makes the Earth receive direct and indirect light from the Sun as we revolve around the Sun. When the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun we receive more direct light and experience the warmer, longer days of summer and when we are tilted away from the sun we receive indirect light from the sun which causes days to be shorter and cooler 32. When it is summer in the southern hemisphere, what season will it be in the northern hemisphere? _winter and when it is spring in the southern hemisphere it is fall in the northern hemisphere 33. What tilt would the earth have to be if there were no seasons? Why? If there were no tilt ( 0 ) then the planet would receive the same direct/indirect light all year and therefore would not experience seasons 34. Sydney wants to know which type of water will make a plant grow the fastest. She places three bean plants in three separate eight ounce cups. She places all three plants in the same window in the front of her house. She pours two ounces of water from the tap in plant A, two ounces of salt water from the nearby ocean in plant B, and two ounces of distilled water in plant C. She measures her plants once a week to see how many centimeters each has grown.
--Identify the independent, dependent, and control variables in Sydney s experiment. Independent variable: 3 types of water (one thing changed on purpose) Dependent variable: plant growth measured in cm Control variables: same type of plant, same placement in window, same amount of water, same soil, same container Benchmark Study Guide Standards S6E2 and S6E3 S6E2.a Demonstrate the phases of the moon by showing the alignment of the earth, sun, and moon. Position 1 new moon Position 2 waxing crescent Position 3 1 st quarter Position 4 waxing gibbous Position 5 full moon Position 6 waning gibbous Directions: Use the diagram above to name the phase found at each position. Position 7 3 rd quarter Position 8 waning crescent waning crescent waxing crescent Directions: Name the phase in each picture to the left. 3 rd quarter new moon S6E2.b Explain the alignment of the earth, moon, and sun during solar and lunar eclipses.
Phase of moon shown new moon Eclipse shown solar eclipse Phase of moon shown full moon Eclipse shown lunar eclipse Explain the Waning moon after the full moon when we can see less of the illuminated side of the moon Explain the Waxing moon after new moon when we begin to see a portion of the illuminated side of the moon S6E2c Relate the tilt of Earth to the distribution of sunlight throughout the year and its effect on climate Direct sunlight Season s opposite in Northern and Southern hemisphere Solstice Equinox How does the tilt of Earth affect the amount of sunlight in each hemisphere? When the Earth is tilted towards the sun the northern half (where we live) receives direct (high density) sunlight and we experience summer. The summer solstice is the longest day of the year. When the Earth is tilted away from the Sun the northern half receives indirect (low density) sunlight and we experience winter. The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year. Between these season, when the Earth is neither tilted towards nor away from the Sun we experience fall or spring seasons. The fall and spring equinox occurs when there is exactly 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness (equal day and night).
A-Northern-Winter A-Southern-Summer B-Northern-Spring B-Southern-Fall C-Northern-Summer C-Southern-Winter D-Northern-Fall D-Southern-Spring Identify the seasons in each hemisphere at positions A, B, C and D. 1. Evaporation occurs when liquid water turns into a gas (water vapor) 2. The Sun provides the energy needed to drive the water cycle. 3. Most of the water in the atmosphere comes from the oceans 4. Clouds form when water vapor condenses and collects on dust particles.
5. What happens to water in rain puddle? the water evaporates (becomes water vapor) becoming a gas +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6. Percentage of Earth s surface covered with water 71% 7. 97 % of the water on Earth is saltwater. 8. 3 % of the water on Earth is freshwater. 9. 2 % of freshwater is frozen in icecaps and glaciers 10. 0.5 % of freshwater is consumable by humans 3% Water on Earth 97% Saltwater Freshwater Oceans Water Source Frozen Fresh Water (icecaps/glaciers) Liquid/Water vapor non-comsumable Percentage of total amount of water on Earth 97.00 2.00 0.5 Available for human consumption 0.5