Volume 119 No. 16 2018, 2521-2534 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVE LANDFILL SITE IN THANJAVUR, INDIA USING GIS AND MULTICRITERION DECISION ANALYSIS Jeyasheela Rakkini M J, School of computing, SASTRA Deemed to be University, India jeyasheelarakkini@cse.sastra.edu Chidipudi Meghana Reddy, School of computing, SASTRA Deemed to be University, India meghanachidipudi@gmail.com Thallam Sreenidhi, School of computing, SASTRA Deemed to be University, India srreeniddhi7@gmail.com Abstract Solid waste management is considered as one of the most serious environmental problems in developing countries. One of the major issues is location of dumping site in unsuitable areas. Identification of a suitable landfill site is a complex task, many factors like distance from residential areas, geology, soils, presence of water bodies, transport facilities have to be considered in selecting a landfill site. In Thanjavur,the solid waste collected is being transported to Srinivasapuram disposal site. This city generates 120 tons municipal solid waste per day and the present area is not sufficient to accommodate the future needs. This study investigated most suitable site(s), as a waste disposal site(s) for Thanjavur Corporation. Multi-criteria analysis has been done for solid waste disposal site selection in this study. Geographic Information System (GIS) allows users to view, understand, question, interpret and visualize spatial and non-spatial data in many ways that reveals relationships, patterns and trends in the form of maps, reports and charts. The GIS can provide an opportunity to integrate field parameters and other relevant data or other associated features, which will help in selection of suitable disposal sites. KEYWORDS : GIS, Multicriterion Decision Analysis, Weighted Overlay I. INTRODUCTION In India the amount of MSW is expected to increase significantly in near future. In general, MSW is disposed in low-lying, open and uncontrolled managed areas without taking any precautions or operational controls. Hence urban solid waste management is considered as 2521
one of the most serious environmental problems confronting municipal authorities in developing countries. Most of our cities and municipalities in third world countries like India is a major concern of the government due to the health problems associated with improper disposal of waste. The most common problems associated with improper management of solid waste include diseases transmission, fire hazards, odour nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, aesthetic nuisance and economic losses. Thanjavur city located at the hub of Tamil Nadu state, India is also facing similar MSW problem. To overcome this problem we find a suitable disposal site in Thanjavur using GIS and Multicriterion Decision Analysis. The upsurge of urbanization and industrialization has however resulted in rapid increase in waste generation, especially in the urban areas, which can no longer be adequately managed by dumping in open spaces which are now becoming less available. Several factors are considered in site selection for waste disposal. Provision of such system appears to be a major problem due to the complication and the wide nature of waste production. Due to the different parameters involved, deciding upon a suitable location is also very complicated, costly and time consuming. This project deals with determination of suitable site for the disposal of solid waste generated from Thanjavur Corporation using GIS techniques. Geographic Information System (GIS) allows users to view, understand, question, interpret and visualize spatial and non-spatial data in many ways that reveals relationships, patterns and trends in the form of maps, reports and charts. Suitable disposal site must follow environmental safety criteria and attributes that will enable the wastes to be isolated so that there is no unacceptable risk to people or the environment. Criteria for site selection include natural physical characteristics as well as socioeconomic, ecological and landuse factors. II STUDY AREA Thanjavur, formerly Tanjore, is a city in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is an important center of South Indian religion, art, and architecture. Thanjavur is administered by a municipal corporation covering an area of 36.31 sq.kms (14.03 sq mi) and has a population of 5,00,000. Thanjavur is located at 10.8 N 79.15 E. The tributaries of river Cauvery, namely, the Grand Anaicut canal (Pudhaaru), Vadavaaru and Vennaaru rivers flow through the city. The municipality of Tanjore was established on May 9, 1866 as a third grade municipality as per Town Improvements Act 1865. Tanjore was upgraded to a second grade municipality in 1933 and first grade in 1943. Since 1983, Thanjavur has been a special grade municipality. The present dump yard of Thanjavur is in Srinivasapuram which has been in use for last thirty years and it is not sufficient to meet present and future needs. Hence it is time deserving to identify a new site for disposal of solid waste in Thanjavur Corporation. 2522
Figure 1.Base map III MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Data and Software Used : First edition-2011 Survey of India (SOI) Toposheets (C44H1,C44H2) IRS P6 LISS IV satellite image of Thanjavur Municipality with 5.2 resolution (2012 data) ARCGIS for map creation and composition. Methodology: The role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in solid waste management is very large as many aspects of its planning and operations are highly dependent on spatial data. GIS is a tool that not only reduces time and cost of the site selection but also provides a digital data bank for future monitoring program of the site. The toposheets were first scanned and then incorporated into the software for further processing. The toposheets were then opened in ILWIS software where each toposheet was geocorrected individually. The geocorrected toposheets were then combined together for getting the image of entire study area by the process of mosaicking. Land Use Land Cover map, Drainage map, Geology map, Geomorphology map, Road network 2523
map and soil map was created using the ArcGIS software by digitizing the satellite imagery and the toposheets. Approach and Discussion: Existing System: Currently, solid waste management has become a major problem in Thanjavur, INDIA because only one open dumpsite exists to accommodate a large amount of waste generated daily. According to the Municipal Corporation of Thanjavur, the open waste dump site which is about 20 acres in size has been in operation for more than 30 years. It is currently serving as the main dumping site for the municipality and operating above its capacity due to lack of an alternative landfill site. Waste collection in the municipality is mainly by either house-to- house or central container collection system and the waste collected is finally disposed of at the open space dumping site located at Srinivasapuram, earlier an outskirt but now almost in the proximity to the hub of the city limit, covering an area of 20 acres and is being used for more than 30 years. Dumping rate at present is nearly 120 tonnes per day. The residents in and around dump yard are facing serious health problems including air, Noise and soil pollutions, also often get fired. Hence it is essential to identify a new site to dispose the waste. Thematic Maps Generated : The thematic maps such as Land Use / Land Cover, soil, road network, and drainage, Built up land maps were derived from the satellite image and toposheets procured using ArcGIS software. Land Use Land Cover Map : The raster data was taken into ArcGIS environment and GIS layer on Land Use Land Cover theme was prepared (Fig.1). The perusal of the map shows that the study area comprises 7 first order categories (Table 1). Amongst, the crop lands and water bodies and already built up land are the zones which can t be converted into a waste disposal site hence are designated under low or more precise not suitable index category. Likewise the plantations under moderate because at places where we are having energy plantations under indispensable conditions can be used hence they were categorized under moderate suitable sites. On the other hand fallow land (for more than Five years), land without scrub area and areas which are vacant can be effectively used accordingly they were categorized under highly suitable areas. 2524
Figure 2.Land Use / Land Cover Map SUITABILITY INDEX Land Use / Land Cover High Fallow Land Moderat e Plantatio ns Low Crop land Open spaces/vacant land Water bodies Land without scrub Built up land Table 1 Suitability Index on Land Use / Land Cover Road: Transporting the waste is an essential part in disposing it and the road should be well connected to the place but also should be a little distance from the place. To identify the required,we create buffer zones. The major road was NH67 connecting Nagapattinam and ooty. Similarly number of SH almost fringing in all the directions. The already existing yard is situated within 150m to the SH connecting the Trichy, owing to its proximity, causing severe inconvenience to 2525
the road users such as blowing of the waste from the yard, during the time of fire total obstruction of visibility of the road, traffic along the road etc. Hence based on the experience it is essential to have the dump yard away from the main roads. According to the specifications, 250m buffer has been suggested. After preparing the road network map using Proximity tool in ArcGIS, multiple ring buffer zones were generated for a distance of 250m and 500m on either sides of the road (Fig.3)and are clipped within the boundary of Thanjavur. Buffer has made only for major roads and not for minor roads because their voluminous number and also will be used as approached road for the proposed site. The zone within 250m are designated as low index, while 250-500m away from the road as moderately suitable and all the areas away from 500m of the present road were designated as high suitable areas for the proposed site (Table 3). Figure 3.Road Buffer Map Major Roads (NH/SH) (Buffer) SUITABILITY INDEX High Moderate Low >500m 250-500m <250 m Table 2 Suitability Index on Road 2526
Soil Survey of India map on 1:500,000 have been used to prepare soil map of the study area. Using ArcGIS 10.5 software, through digitization, the data has been converted in GIS layer (Fig.3). The perusal of the map shows mostly the area covered by Clay and in some places Sand. During rainy season, the waste dumped may get into the ground along with water through the voids in the rock, may be it collaborates with the other components inside the ground and it may cause change in the soil or water properties. Hence it is necessary to consider the porosity. Porosity means the percentage of void space in a rock or soil, Clay has high porosity and sand when compared to Clay has less porosity. So, Clay is not suitable and Sand is designated as suitable. SUITABILITY INDEX Soil High Moderate Low Sand Clay Table 3 Suitability Index on soils 2527
Figure 4.Soil map Drainage: Locating dump yard near the drainage may cause many problems. From toposheets, surface water bodies like drainages, streams, canal and tanks were interpreted and converted into a GIS layer. As separate buffers has to be given to major rivers and minor streams and canals, the GIS layer was divided into two as major drainages comprising only rivers and minor drainages having both streams and canals. As earlier, buffer maps are created separately for these two layers. For rivers, buffer zone of 250m and 500m were generated and the zones away from 500m were designated as highly suitable while those within 500m 250m and <250m were categorized as moderate and low suitable zones respectively. Similarly for minor drainages, multiple buffer zones with >200m, 200-100m and <100m are generated and designated as High, Moderate and Low suitable zones respectively(table 4). Later these two buffer layers were integrated as a single layer using union function in GIS (Fig.5). Figure 5. Drainage Buffer Map SUITABILITY INDEX High Moderat low 2528
e River (Buffer) >500 m 250-500m <250m Stream / Canal (Buffer) > 200m 100-200m <100m Table 4 Suitability Index on Drainage Built up Land: As population increases, the urban development increases. So it is also necessary to consider the future development before locating the dump yard. The built up land includes residential, recreational and industrial areas and were interpreted from toposheets. In considering the future development, two buffer zones for 100m and 200m were generated and categorized as high it is >200m, middle if between 100m and 200m and is low if <100m (Table 5). SUITABILITY INDEX High Moderate Low Built Up land (Buffer) Residential Recreational Industrial < 200m 100-200m <100 m Table 5 Suitability Index on Built up Land 2529
Figure 6.Built Up Buffer Map Assigning Weights : The above generated maps are converted into raster format based on the feature. Based on the suitability, the entire study area in all themes has either been assigned as High, moderate and low suitable zones. As the suitable zone is the one satisfy almost all the parameters, integration is essential hence the suitable index designated earlier has to be represented numerically. Thus the Highly suitable zone is designated with a numerical value 10, moderate as 5 and low as 0. The same is shown in Table 6. SUITABILITY INDEX High Moderate Low 10 05 00 Table 6 Weighted scores 2530
RESULT AND CONCLUSION : The above assigned raster maps are overlayed using weighted overlay tool. In this tool for each individual map the assigned weights are scaled from 1 to 9.The low category is assigned as 1 and the moderate as 5 and high as 9.Each maps influency rate is selected 20% as each criteria contributes equal weightage. All the maps are overlayed and the values obtained are in the range of 1 to 7. So, there are again designated into three categories highly suitable whose values are in range 6-7, moderately suitable are in range of 4-5 and not suitable in range of 1-3. The final generated suitability map is shown in figure 6. This integrated map clearly depicts sites for waste disposal as High, moderate and least/not suitable sites (Fig.6). Further prioritization on Highly suitable sites can be made on factors like land ownership, transportation, accessibility and other considerations. Determination of suitable sites for the disposal of urban solid waste is one of the major problems in developing countries where the industrial development is adversely affecting the environment. The main environmental issue which should be considered in disposal of hazardous solid waste is the location of its land filling. This study used GIS integrated standard methodology for the selection of sites, which are suitable for the disposal of solid wastes. This methodology incorporates a large number of environmental and economic factors which are essential to identify the sites which have no or minimum adverse impact on environment. In fact, many other parameters are required for this study, but the most important parameters has been taken into consideration. The study illustrates the importance of GIS technology in the present days.gis technology, as an information tool, has helped in the acquisition of recent land use information studies aimed at solving environmental problems. Information on different aspects for this study like land use, road, and slope etc., has been derived using this technique. Further integrating this data using GIS has helped in the analysis of the study, which would have otherwise been difficult to do manually using the conventional method. The involvement of such factors or criteria requires adequate database of different dimensions. So adequate attention is required for data management to ensure the perfection of the decision based methodology. Though GIS based methodology is highly sophisticated or developed or standard one but it is success depend on the proper and careful application of it. Thus with the use of these technologies management of municipal waste will no longer be a problem for city administrators. 2531
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