cökœ1 wb Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki : wpî-1 a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb wpî-2 M DÏxc Ki wpî 1 nj NOR M Ui wpî NOR MU GKwU hšwmk MU hvi gva g gšwjk MU jv K ev Íevqb Kiv hvq hgb- NOR MU Øviv NOT, ND Ges OR MU jv ev Íevqb Kiv m e [ kicyi mikvwi gwnjv K jr] NOR MU Øviv NOT MU ev Íevqb : K. mve Rbxb MU Kv K e j? 1 + = L. X-OR M Ui Uª _ Uwej, cözxk I jwrk wpî uvk 2 NOT MU M. wpî-1 Øviv gšwjk MU jv ev Íevqb Ki 3 N. DÏxcK n Z NND MU cözxk I Uª _ Uwej we køly Ki 4 NOR MU Øviv ND MU ev Íevqb : 1 bs cö kœi DËi K h MU w` q gšwjk MU jv ev Íevqb Kiv hvq Zv K mve Rbxb MU e j L X-OR M Ui Uª _ Uwej, cözxk I jwrk wpî uvkv n jv + = X-OR M Ui mz K mviwy X = + = 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 NOR MU Øviv OR MU ev Íevqb : +. + = + Y = + Y = cözxk + wpî : OR MU jwrk wpî N DÏxc Ki wpî-2 nj NND MU NND MU nj GKwU hšwmk MU hv ND Ges NOT MU Øviv MwVZ NND M U `y ev Zvi wak bcyu Ges GKwU gvî vducyu _v K, h
a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb Kv bv GKwU bcyu wg_ v n j NND M Ui vducyu mz nq Ges me jv bcyu mz n j vducyu wg_ v nq wb œ 2wU bcy Ui ÿ Î NND M Ui cözxk I mz K mviwy `Iqv nj: 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 X =. wpî: NND MU 1 1 1 0 `Lv hv Q h, bcy Ui ÿ Î hw` GKwU bcyu wg_ v nq Z e vducyu mz n e vevi ïay me jv bcyu mz n j vducyu wg_ v n e mz K mviwy : X 0 0 1 0 1 1 cökœ2 wmwjk bi pn Rsk bi Rb m ylx Suv Ki ÿ Î wefe cv_ K 0.8V Gi Rb Zwor cöevn 20m Ges wegylx Suv Ki ÿ Î wefe cv_ K 10V Gi Rb Zwor cöevn 20 [g`b gvnb K jr, wm ju] K. cvwbi ˆÎawe `y Kx? 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Z e `y qi wak bcyu wewkó NND MUI n Z cv i G ÿ Î NND M Ui cözxk n e; X C wpî: NND MU L. Kv bv evwzi Mv q 220V-60W jlv _vk j Kx eysv hvq? 2 M. m ylx Suv Ki ÿ Î MZxq iva KZ? 3 N. m ylx SuvK cÿv wegylx Suv K MZxq iva ewk n e Dw³wUi mz Zv hvpv Ki 4 2 bs cö kœi DËi K h wbw` ó ZvcgvÎv I Pv c cvwb wzb e v Z _ vr cvwb, eid I Rjxq ev úiƒ c e vb K i Zv cvwbi ˆÎawe `y L Kv bv evwzi Mv h 220V60W jlv _vk j evsv hvq evwzwui ÿgzv 60W Ges evwzwu 220 fvë wefe cv_ K mshy³ Ki j GwU me P q fv jv R j e wzbwu bcy Ui ÿ Î mz K mviwy wb œiƒc: C X 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 M `Iqv v Q, p n Rvsk bi m ylx Suv Ki ÿ Î wefe cv_ K, V = 0.8V Ges Zwor cöevn, I = 20m = 20 10 3 ei Ki Z n e, MZxq iva, R =? vgiv Rvwb, MZxq iva, R = V I 0.8 ev, R = 20 10 3 R = 40 (ns.)
a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb N ÒMÓ sk n Z m ylx Suv Ki ÿ Î MZxq iva, R = 40 GLb, wegylx Suv Ki ÿ Î, wefe cv_ K, V 1 = 10V Ges Zwor cöevn, I 1 = 20 = 20 10 6 vgiv Rvwb, L vgiv Rvwb, p-â j nvj Ges n-â j gy³ jkuªb v Q mvgwmökfv e Zwor wbi cÿ n ji p-â ji nvj c~y Kivi Rb jkuªb MÖn Yi Ges n-â ji jkuªb Z v Mi cöeyzv i q Q Zv p I n-uvc a cwievnx mshy³ K i pn Rvskb ˆZwi Kiv n j n-âj _ K gy³ jkuªb p-â ji w` K avwez nq p I n-â ji ms hvm ji KvQvKvwQ s k jkuª bi v`vb cö`vb ewk nq d j G sk PvR MÖ Í nq wkš G s k Kv bv gy³ jkuªb ev nvj _v K bv Gfv e gy³ jkuªb I nvjnxb wbt kwlz Íi m wó nq M `Iqv v Q, MZxq iva, R 1 = V1 I 1 10 ev, R 1 = 20 10 6 R 1 = 500 myzivs MvwYwZK we køl Yi gva g `Lv hv Q h wegylx Suv Ki ÿ Î pn Rvsk b MZxq iva ewk n e msmövnk cöevn, I c = 18m wbtmvik cöevn, = 20m cöevn jvf, =? vgiv Rvwb, = I C + I cökœ3 I IC = 18m ev, I = I C ev, I = 20m 18m RL input signal Ri IE = 20m output signal I = 2m cöevn jvf, = IC I = 18m 2m = 9 (ns.) N [ev `ievb K v Ub g U cvewjk zj I K jr] K. Rbvi wefe Kx? 1 L. Wv qv W wbt kwlz Íi Kxfv e m wó nq-e vl v Ki 2 M. DÏxc Ki ez bx byhvqx cöevn jvf KZ? 3 N. DÏxc Ki wpîwu Kxfv e weea K wn m e gv µv dv b KvR K i- e vl v Ki 4 3 bs cö kœi DËi K p-n Rvskb Wv qv W cðvrgylx evqvm µgk evov Z _vk j h we kl fv ë R Zwor cöevn nvvr Lye ewk e w cvq Zv K Rbvi wefe e j wp Î GKwU mvaviy wbtmvik weea Ki ez bx `Lv bv n q Q wbtmvik-cxv Rsk b GKwU `ye j ším vgx ms KZ cö`vb Kiv nq Ges msmövnk ez bx Z mshy³ iva R L _ K ewnm vgx ms KZ MÖnY Kiv nq fv jv weea b ev vgwcøwd Kkb cviqvi Rb ším vgx ez bx K me `v m ylx evqvm Kiv nq Ges Zv Kivi Rb ším vgx ez bx Z ším vgx ms K Zi wzwi³ GKwU ww.wm. fv ër V cö qvm Ki Z nq hv K evqvm fv ër e j
a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb m ylx SuvK `Iqvq ším vgx ez bx Z iva Lye Kg nq wbtmvikmsmövnk ez bx _ vr ewnm vgx ez bx Z V cc e vuvwii gva g wegylx SuvK cö`vb Kiv nq wbtmvik cxv Rsk b cöhy³ ms K Zi abvz K a P µi mgq Rsk bi m yl SuvK e w cvq d j wak cwigvy jkuªb wbtmvik _ K cxv-gi ga w` q msmövn K cöevwnz nq Ges msmövnk cöevn e w cvq G e o hviqv msmövnk cöevn (I c) fvi iva R L-G wak cwigvy wefe czb m wó K i _ vr ewnm vgx Z wak fv ër cviqv hvq ms K Zi FYvZ K a P µi Rb wbtmvik-cxv Rsk bi m ylx SuvK n«vm cvq d j msmövnk cöevni K g hvq msmövnk cöevn K g hviqvq ewnm vgx fv ëri n«vm cvq Z e Zv ším vgx _ K ewk nq Gfv e UªvbwR i Kvb `ye j ms KZ K vgwcødv ev weewa Z K i nq, G e vi MvwYwZK cökvk 1 Gfv e evbvwi msl v K e envi K i Lye mn R Kw úduv ii wewfbœ e v K cökvk Kiv hvq Zv, wnmve iÿvi ÿ Î Kw úduv i evbvwi msl v c wz e envi Kiv nq M (8D) 16 = 8 16 1 + D 16 0 = (141) 10 = (10001101) 2 (123.46) 8 = 1 8 2 + 2 8 1 + 3 8 0 + 4 8 1 + 6 8 2 = (83.59375) 10 cökœ4 GKRb wnmveiÿk wewfbœ ai bi c wz m ú K wzwb aviyv iv Lb wzwb wnmve wjl Z wm q Ggb GKwU msl v c wz e envi Ki jb h Zvi wnmve m ú K b K wkqy eysj bv Gfv e wzwb wnmve ivlvi we kl ÿ Î MvcbxqZv iÿv K ib wzwb Kv bv mgq Wwmgvj c wzi 77 bv j L 8D wjl jb [wm k ix Mvj m K jr, XvKv] K. msl v c wz Kx? 1 L. Kw úduvi wnmve iÿvi ÿ Î Kvb msl v c wz e envi K i Ges Kb? 2 2 83 2 41 1 2 20 1 2 10 0 2 5 0 2 2 1 0.59375 2 = 1. 1875 0.1875 2 = 0.375 0.375 2 = 0.75 0.75 2 = 1.5 0.5 2 = 1.0 M. DÏxc K D jøwlz (8D) 16 msl vi mv _ (123.46) 8 msl vwu hvm K i hvmdj K evbvwi Z cökvk Ki 3 N. X-OR MU Kxfv e cviqv hvq? G `i jwrk ms KZ (mvs KwZK wpý) uvk 4 4 b ^i cö kœi DËi K wbw` ó K qkwu gšwjk ¼ e envi K i QvU eo mkj cökvi msl v K Dc vcb Ges G `i mkj cökvi MvwYwZK I hšw³k Kvh µg m úv`b Kivi c wz Z msl v c wz e j L Kw úduvi wnmve iÿvi ÿ Î evbvwi msl v c wz e envi K i KviY Kw úduvi ¼i mgvavb wøwgk c wz Z K i GQvovI evbvwi msl v Øviv Zwor Dcw wz I bycw wz cökvk Kiv hvq Kw úduv i Zwor bycw Z _vk j m e v K OFF, LOW, FLSE, NO Z vw` ejv nq; ZLb H e vi MvwYwZK cözxk n Q Ô0Õ Zwor Dcw Z _vk j ON, HIGH, TRUE, YES Z vw` ejv 0 1 (123.46) 8 = (83.59375) 10 (8D) 16 + (123.46) 8 = (1010011.10011) 2 = (10001101) 2 + (1010011.10011) 2 = (11100000.10011) 2 (ns.) N Exclusive-OR (X-OR) MU Ggb GK ai bi MU hv Gi bcy U we Rvo msl v v Q wkbv wpwýz K i X-OR M Ui bcy U we Rvo msl K 1 n j vducyu 1 nq `ywu we Ui e v Zzjbv Kivi Rb G MU e envi Kiv nq X-OR M Ui eywjqvb mgxkiy n jv-
a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb X =, GLv b, Øviv X-OR wµqv evsv bv n q Q = + wb P XOR MU Gi ez bx wpî Ges mz K mviwy `Lv bv n jv : X = + X = + 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 mvgvb cwievnx nq ZvcgvÎv e w i mv _ mv _ GKwU wbw` ó ZvcgvÎv ch ší cwienb e v Û jkuªb msl v e w cvq Zv ZvcgvÎv e w Z a cwievnxi cwievwnzv e w cvq Ges iva n«vm cvq M `Iqv v Q, GLb, 1g UªvbwR i wbtmvik cöevn, = 1.1m cöevn weea K YK, = 0.96 awi, msmövnk cöevn wcv = I C ei Ki Z n e, cxvcöevn, I =? cökœ5 1.1 m 1g UªvbwR i = 0.96 1.5 m 2q UªvbwR i 1.3 m vgiv Rvwb, weea K YK, = IC vevi, vgiv Rvwb, ev, I C = I C = 1.056 m = I C + I [W. gvneyeyi ingvb gvjøv K jr, XvKv] K. UªvbwR i Kv K e j? 1 L. ZvcgvÎv e w i mv _ a cwievnxi cwievnkz e w cvq Kb? 2 M. DÏxc K D jøwlz 1g UªvbwR ii em cöevn KZ? 3 N. Kvb UªvbwR i cöevn weea bi Rb ewk Dc hvmx n e- MvwYwZKfv e we køly Ki? 4 5 b ^i cö kœi DËi K wzb cövšíwewkó h ÿz`ª a -cwievnx h š ewngy Lx cöevn, fv ër Ges ÿgzv šígy Lx cöevn Øviv wbqwš Z nq Zv K UªvbwR i e j L a cwievnx Z hvrb e vû c~y Ges cwienb e v Û Kv bv j±ªb _v K bv, wkš hvrb e vû I cwienb e v Ûi g a kw³ e eavb Lye Kg _v K mvaviy ZvcgvÎvq hvrb e v Ûi wkqy jkuªb hvrbx eüb f ½ cwienb e v Û P j hvq d j Giv N `Iqv v Q, vgiv Rvwb, ev, I = I C ev, I = 1.1 1.056 I = 0.044m (ns.) 2q UªvbwR ii wbtmvik cöevn, = 1.5m 2q UªvbwR ii msmövnk cöevn, I C = 1.3m awi, 2q UªvbwR ii weea K YK = = IC ev, = 1.3 1.5 = 0.87
a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb cö`ë DcvË we køl Yi gva g `Lv hv Q 2q UªvbwR ii cöevn weea K YK 0.87 hvnv 1g UªvbwR ii weea K YK 0.96 cÿv Kg myzivs cöevn weea bi Rb 1g UªvbwR iwu ewk Dc hvmx n e ei Ki Z n e, cöevn jvf, =? vgiv Rvwb, = I C + I cökœ6 n p n UªvbwR i K cö_ g mvaviy wbtmvik web v m ms hvm w` q wbtmik cöevn 1.8m cxv cöevn 0.1m cviqv Mj c i mvaviy f wg web v m ms hvm w` q wbtmvik cöevn Ges msmövnk cöevn Pvi Y Kiv n jv [cywjk jvb zj GÛ K jr, Kzwóqv] K. Wvwcs wk? 1 L. m yl evqv m we`ÿ r cöevn ev o Kb? 2 M. DÏxcK bymv i mvaviy wbtmvik web v m cöevn jvf wby q Ki 3 N. DÏxc Ki UªvbwR ii mvaviy f wg web v mi ÿ Î cöevn weea K Y Ki gvb cwiez b n e wkbv MvwYwZKfv e we køly Ki 4 6 b ^i cö kœi DËi K Zwor cwievwnzv e w i D Ï k PZz h vrx a cwievnxi g a cä hvrx ev wî hvrx c`v _ i cigvyy gkv bvi cöwµqv K Wvwcs e j L p-âj K GKwU e vuvwii abvz K cöv šíi mv _ Ges n- Âj K H e vuvixi FYvZ K cöv šíi mv _ hy³ Ki j Zwor cöevwnz n e Gi KviY n jv, e vuvixi abvz K cövší p  ji nvj jv K wekl Y K i ms hv Mi w` K Ges FYvZ K cövší n  ji jkuªb jv K wekl Y K i ms hv Mi w` K cvvv e G Z wefe cövpx ii c~iæz K g hvq d j, n-âj n Z jkuªb p-â j Ges p-âj n Z nvj n-â j cÿvk Z mn R cöevwnz nq G ÿ Î, ww cøkb GjvKvi cö K g hvq hzÿy ch ší ZworPvjK ej _vk e ZZÿY ch ší ez bx Z Zwor cöevn Pvjy _vk e ^vfvwekfv e e vuvwi Z hz ewk Zwor PvjK ej _vk e cöevngvîv ZZ ewk n e M `Iqv v Q, mvaviy wbtmvik web v mi, wbtmvik cöevn, = 1.8m cxv cöevn, I = 0.1m awi, msmövnk cöevn = I C GLb, cöevn jvf, ev, I C = I ev, I C = 1.8 0.1 I C = 1.7 m = IC I ev, = 1.7m 0.1m = 17 (ns.) N GLb, web vm cwiez b K i, f wg web v mi ÿ Î, vgiv Rvwb, bzzb wbtmvik cöevn, = 4 1.8m = 7.2 m bzzb cxv cöevn, I = 4.1m =.4m awi, bzzb msmövnk cöevn = I C ei Ki Z n e cöevn jvf, =? = I C + I ev, I C = I ev, I C = 7.2.4 I C = 6.8 m web vm cwiez bi c~ e, cöevn weea b Y Ki gvb, = I C = 1.7 1.8 [ÔMÕ sk n Z]
a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb = 0.94 wbtmvik cöevn, = 25 m web vm cwiez bi ci, cöevn weea b Y Ki gvb, = I C = 6.8 7.2 vgiv Rvwb, msmövnk cöevn, I C = 20 m ei Ki Z n e, f wg cöevn, I =? = I C + I = 0.94 Dc iv³ MvwYwZK we køl Yi gva g `Lv hv Q h mvaviy f wg web v mi ÿ Î cöevn weea b Y Ki gvb 0.94 hv wkbv mvaviy wbtmvik web v mi mgvb myzivs mvaviy f wg web v mi ÿ Î cöevn weea b Y Ki gv bi Kv bv cwiez b n e bv cökœ7 ivmv mvaviy f wg npn ez bx e envi K i GKwU wuwf ˆZwi Kij, hvi bcyu cöevn 25 m Ges vducyu cöevn 20m wuwfwu 12 volt wwwm Z Pjvi K_v _vk ji m Zvi evwoi 220 volt Gwm Z wuwfwu K mshy³ Kivq wuwfwu Pj Z vi Kij [j²xcyi mikvwi K jr] K. m ylx SuvK Kv K e j? 1 L. wbqwš Z wbdwk qvi wewµqvq wzwi³ kw³i cö qvrb nq bv Kb? 2 N `Iqv v Q, ev, I = I C ev, I = 25 20 I = 5m (ns.) bcyu fv ër 220V Gwm ivmvi wuwf 12V DC Z P j myzivs, ivmv K GKwU cwvdb UªvÝdigvi e envi Ki Z n e 12V C cvevi Rb Ges ciez x Z Zv K GKwU c~y Zi½x GKgyLxKviK e envi Ki Z n e c~y Zi½ GK gylxkvik ˆZwi Kivi Rb Zv K `ywu Wv qvw e envi Ki Z n e ez bxwu wb œiƒc n e 220V 12V O + D2 D1 C Q RL P I t M. ez bxi f wg cöevn wby q Ki 3 N. h `yõwu Kvh µg bymiy Kivq ivmvi c ÿ evwo Z wuwf Pvjv bv m e n q Q Zv ez bx Gu K we køly Ki 4 7 b ^i cö kœi DËi K Zwor Dr mi abvz K I FYvZ K cövší K h_vµ g Rvsk bi P I n  ji mv _ hy³ Kiv n j Rsk bi wefe cövpxi n«vm cvq Ges cöevn mnr nq e j G ai bi ms hvm K m ylx SuvK e j L wbqwš Z wbdwk qvi wewµqvq wzwi³ kw³i cö qvrb nq bv KviY GwU Ggb GKwU wbdwk q wefvrb cöwµqv hv GKevi ïiæ n j Zv ^Ztù Z fv e Pj Z _v K _ vr Zv K Pvjvevi R b b Kvb wzwi³ kw³i cö qvrb nqbv M `Iqv v Q, Gwm ším vgxi cö_g abvz K a P µi Rb cövší abvz K Ges cövší FYvZ K nq, d j Wv qvw D 1 m ylx SuvK cövß niqvq Gi ga w` q Zwor cöevwnz nq wkš D 2 Wv qvw wegylx SuvK cövß niqvq Gi ga w` q Zwor cöevwnz n Z cv i bv G ÿ Î OD 1PO c _ Zwor cöevwnz nq ším vgxi wøzxq a P µi Rb cövší FYvZ K Ges cövší abvz K nq d j Wv qvw D 2 m ylx SuvK cövß niqvq Gi ga w` q Zwor cöevwnz nq wkš D 1 wegylx SuvK cövß niqvq Gi ga w` q Kvb Zwor cöevwnz nq bv G ÿ Î OD 2PO c _ Zwor cöevwnz nq Dfq ÿ Î fvi R L-Gi ga w` q GK w` K Zwor cöevwnz nq _ vr fi R L-Gi ga w` q GKgyLx Zwor (D.C) cöevwnz nq cökœ8 I
a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb wpî n Z = I + I C = I + I C ev, I = I C wkš cöevn jvf, [kixqzcyi mikvwi K jr] K. UªvbwR vi Kv K e j? 1 L. npn I pnp UªvbwR ii g a KvbwU ewk e envi Dc hvmx? 2 M. DÏxcK n Z I Gi g a m úk vcb K i `LvI h, = 1. 3 N. DÏxcKwU Z I C, I I Gi g a Kvi gvb me P q Kg? MvwYwZKfv e we køly Ki hlv b = 10. 4 8 b ^i cö kœi DËi K wzb cövšíwewkó h ÿz`ª a -cwievnx h š ewngyl x cöevn, fv ër Ges ÿgzv šígy Lx cöevn Øviv wbqwš Z nq Zv K UªvbwR i e j L pnp Ges npn UªvbwR ii g a npn wak e envi Dc hvmx npn UªvbwR i G PvR evnk n Q jkuªb d j PNP Gi PvR evnk nvj Gi Zzjbvq GwU wak `ªæZ mvov cö`vb K i GRb npn UªvbwR i wak e envi Dc hvmx M DÏxc Ki ez bx Z mkj cöevn `wl q wb P uvkv n jv : 50 = IC I I C ev, = I C = = I C 1 IC céevn weeaæk àyk = IC N `Iqv v Q, vgiv Rvwb, = ( `Lv bv n jv) 1 = 10 = 1 1 V + 2V 4k R I IE IC RC Ve + 6V ev, 10 = 1 ev, = 10 10 ev, + 10 = 10 ev, 11 =10 = 10 11
awi, I = I o GLb, a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb wpî-1 1 1 1 wpî-2 vevi, myzivs, Ges = IC I ev, I C = I I C = 10I o = IC ev, 10 11 = 10Io ev, 10 = 11 10I o = 11I o I C = 10I o = 11I o I = I o I o < 10I o < 11I o I < I C < myzivs, MvwYwZK we køly byhvqx, I Gigvb me P q Kg hv DÏxc K cö`ë I C Gi 1 10 sk Ges IE Gi 1 11 sk cökœ9 [weqvg g Wj zj GÛ K jr, e ov] K. KvqvK Kx? 1 L. pn Rvskb Wv qv Wvi ww cøkb jqvi PvR wbi cÿ Kb? 2 M. DÏxc Ki ez bxwu (wpî-1) h jwrk M Ui mgzzj Zvi wpî I mz K mviwy `vi 3 N. DÏxc K `Iqv mz K mviwyi jwrk M Ui vducy U GKU NOT MU hy³ Ki j Kvb jwrk MU ˆZwi n e wkbv wp Îi Ges mz K mviwyi mvnv h e vlv Ki 4 9 b ^i cö kœi DËi K KvqvK n jv c`v _ i gšwjk KYv I gšwjk cö qvrbxq Dcv`vb hv Øviv c`v_ MwVZ L GKwU p-uvc I GKwU n-uvc a -cwievnx K we kl e e vax b mshy³ Ki j ms hvm c ô K p-n Rvskb e j p-n Rvsk bi h cv k p-uvc Âj mlv b msl v iæ evnk nvj Ges h cv k n-uvc Âj mlv b jkuª bi vwak bk ewk hlb p-uvc Âj Ges p-uvc Âj hy³ nq ZLb n-â ji jkuªb jv p-â ji nvj Øviv vk ó n q e vcb wµqvi gva g Rvsk bi w` K Qy U hvq GKfv e p-â ji nvj jv n-â ji jkuªb Øviv vk ó n q e vc bi gva g ms hvm ji w` K Qy U hvq p-n Rvskb j jkuªb I nvj cigvyy wgwjz n q wbi cÿ n q hvq G Kvi Y p-n Rvskb Wv qv Wi ww cøkb jqvi mvgwmökfv e Zwor wbi cÿ M DÏxc Ki ez bxwu OR M Ui mgzzj, KviY wp Îi mgvšíivj myp ez bxi h Kv bv GKwU myp ÔbÕ Ki j evwzwu R j e OR M Ui wpî wb œiƒc : P Q R 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 X = +
a vq-10: mwgkûv±i I jkuªwb OR M Ui mz K mviwy : wb Pi XOR MU Gi ez bx wpî Ges mz K mviwy `Lv bv n jv : X = + 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 P Q R = PQ wpî : NND M Ui mgzzj mvwk U X = PQ N DÏxc K `Iqv mz K mviwywu n jv ND M Ui mz K mviwy KviY ND M Ui mkj bcyu Ô1Õ n j KejgvÎ vducyu Ô1Õ n e b _vq vducyu '0' n e hv DÏxc Ki mz K mviwy Z i q Q NND M Ui mz K mviwy wb œiƒc : P Q R = PQ X = R = PQ 0 0 0 1 ND M Ui wpî wb œiƒc P R = PQ Q ND M Ui vducy U GKU NOT hy³ Ki j NND MU cviqv hvq NND M Ui wpî wb P `Lv bv n jv : P X = PQ 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 mz K mviwy n Z `Lv hvq h, NND M Ui mkj buzu '1' n j KejgvÎ vducyu '0' n e b _vq vducyu '1' n e hv ND M Ui m ú~y wecixz vm j ND M Ui vducy U Inverter wn m e NOT MU hy³ Kivq GgbwU n q Q myzivs, Dc iv³ wpî I mz K mviwy we køly byhvqx DÏxc K `Iqv mz K mviwyi jwrk M Ui vducy Ui mv _ GKwU NOT MU hy³ Kivq NND MU Drcbœ n e Q wpî : NND M Ui cözxk