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Ecology One Day
Ecology Overview Organization Energy Flow Population Dynamics Roles
1. Organism 2. Population 3. Community Biotic Factors 4. Ecosystem Mixture of biotic and abiotic factors 5. Biomes
Biomes The Biosphere is divided into regions called Biomes. Occupied by communities or ecosystems of plants and animals that share adaptations which promote survival.
Biome Types Tundra Taiga Desert Grassland Temperate Forest Tropical Rainforest Aquatic
Characterized by permafrost Short growing season During the summer, the thawing topsoil supports a grassland type community Adaptations (Animals: White fur) Tundra
Taiga Winters are cold, and precipitation is in the form of snow. Are characterized by coniferous forests Stays green all year round
Desert Hot and dry. Soil is sandy and nutrient poor Growth of annual plants is limited Adaptations: Water conserve
Large terrains of grasses, flowers and herbs. Annual amount of rain is relatively high. Grassland
Temperate Forest Experiences cold winters and hot summers Large trees Extends in different parts of the northern and southern hemisphere It is where we live
Tropical Rain Forest High Rainfall Highest level of biodiversity Hot temperature all year
Aquatic Biomes Fresh Lakes, ponds, rivers Roughly 2% of the world s water Salt (Marine) Oceans Divided into zones Benthic (vegetation cannot grow) Littoral- supports plant life
Simplistic view of energy flow Linear path Lacks other possible pathways energy can be passed. Food Chain?
Realistic view of energy passage. Combines food chains. Apex Predator can be observed. Food Web?
Scenario Questions 1. Which of the following is true about secondary consumers in an ecosystem? (A) They eat only plants. (B) They are eaten by primary consumers (C) They are smaller and weaker than are primary consumers. (D) They are fewer in number than are primary consumers. (E) They contain the greatest total biomass in the system. 2. Which of the following organisms is most likely to be located at the apex of the pyramid of biomass? (A) grass (B) grasshopper (C) snake (D) mouse (E) hawk
Energy Pyramid Quaternary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Primary Producer
Energy Pyramid Tertiary Consumer Secondary Consumer Quaternary Consumer Primary Consumer Primary Producer 1 J (Joules) 10 J (Joules) 100 J (Joules) 1,000 J (Joules) 10,000 J (Joules) 100,000 J (Joules)
Energy Pyramid: 10% Rule Secondary Consumer Quaternary Consumer Tertiary Consumer 1 J (Joules) 10 J (Joules) 100 J (Joules) Primary Consumer Primary Producer 1,000 J (Joules) 10,000 J (Joules) 100,000 J (Joules)
Question?
Inefficiency of energy transfer Loss of energy between levels of food chain To where is the energy lost? The cost of living! sun 17% growth only this energy moves on to the next level in the food chain 33% cellular respiration 50% waste (feces) energy lost to daily living
Host Symbiont Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism
Commensalism The symbiont benefits and the host is neither helped nor harmed. The symbiont benefits by receiving transportation, housing, and/or nutrition
In this photo the cleaner fish receives nourishment by dining off of the parasites and remaining food debris in the eel s mouth. Is this an example of PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALISM
Clownfish are frequently found in the tentacles of sea anemones. Sea anemones capture their prey by paralyzing them with their tentacles. However, the clownfish produces a mucus that prevents the tentacles from harming it. By dwelling amongst the tentacles the clownfish receives a protected home. This relationship is an example of PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALISM
The birds in the picture are munching on tiny parasitic insects located on the rhino. The relationship between the birds and the rhino is an example of PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALISM
Lampreys are primitive fish with limited digestive systems. They attach to and feed on the body fluids of fish with more advanced digestive systems, often leading to the death of the host fish. This relationship is an example of PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALISM
Orchids grow on the branches of high trees. These orchids get more water and sunlight than those on the ground. The tree is unaffected by the orchid s presence. This relationship is an example of PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALISM
What type of tropism is shown in these pictures?
Impact of Biotic and Abiotic Factors Density-dependent factors: 1. Biotic factors in the environment that depends on population size (disease, competition, parasites) Density-independent factors: Abiotic factors in the environment that affect populations regardless of their density (temperature, weather)
Succession Primary colonization of new land which was never inhabited Secondary colonization of land that takes place after a natural disasters or human actions.
Important Indicators of Succession Pioneer Species First species to appear during succession Example - Lichen
Life Being Reintroduced The first organisms to inhabit an area are called pioneer species (lichen). The 2 nd group of organisms to inhabit the area are bacteria, protists, mosses, and fungi The 3 rd group include insects & arthropods The 4 th group include grasses, herbs, shrubs, & trees
How do Populations Grow Back? Exponentially J-shaped curve occurs when population growth starts slow then increases rapidly. Logistically S-shaped curve occurs when population growth reaches its carrying capacity due to limiting factors and levels off.
How do Populations Grow Back? Carrying Capacity- The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources
Important Indicators of Health Of Ecosystem Indicator Species First species to disappear due to some event Example pollution Keystone Species a highly depended on organism that if removed the ecosystem would change drastically. Example - Bees
Case Study https://www.sciencedaily.com/relea ses/2015/04/150430141606.htm Or. honey bee population decline case study Science Daily Read case study Write up in a free response format your interpretation: Purpose Cause What can we do? What will happen if we do not correct issue? Conclusion 3-4 Paragraphs