Name ---------------------------- Class Date ---------------- Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities. Summary 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Organisms in ecosystems are influenced by both biological, or biotic, and physical, or abiotic, factors. Biotic factors include all the living things with which organisms interact. Abiotic factors include temperature, soil type, and other nonliving factors. The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors. A niche consists of all the physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. For example, a niche includes what an organism eats and how it gets its food. Organisms in communities may interact in one of three ways: competition, predation, or symbiosis. Competition occurs when organisms try to use the same resources, or necessities of life. Competition often results in one organism dying out. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 58 This is the basis of the competitive exclusion principle. This principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Predation occurs when one organism (the predator) captures and eats another (the prey). Symbiosis occurs when two species live closely together in one of three ways: mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism. In mutualism, both species benefit from the relationship. In commensalism, one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. In parasitism, one species benefits by living in or on the other and the other is harmed. As an ecosystem ages, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in. The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over Ume i_s c{tll~d ecological succession. Primary succession occurs on bare rock surfaces where no soil exists. The first species to live in an area of primary succession are called pioneer species. Secondary succession occurs when a disturbance changes a community without removing the soil. 4-3 Biomes A biome is a group of communities on land that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate. Within a biome, there may be microclimates. A microclimate is the climate of a small area that differs from the climate around it. Species may be found over a large or small area, depending on their tolerance. Tolerance is the ability to survive and reproduce under difficult conditions. There are ten major biomes: tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical savanna, desert, temperate grassland, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate forest, northwestem coniferous forest, boreal forest (or taiga), and tundra. Each biome has a unique set of abiotic factors and a characteristic collection of organisms.
Name Class Date, /' In tropical rain forests, the tops of tall trees form a covering, called the canopy. Shorter trees and vines form another layer, called the understory. In other forests, trees may be deciduous, meaning they shed their leaves during a particular season each year. Coniferous forests have trees called conifers that produce seed cones. Temperate forests have soils rich in humus, which forms from decaying leaves and makes soil fertile. Tundra is characterized by permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen subsoil. Some areas, such as rnountains and polar ice caps, do not fall neatly into the",.major biomes. / /.. 4-4 AquatiC2 Ecosys,tems Aquatic eco/#ems ar '"';te~, 'n?dril1ainly by th d r ih, flow, 1peratur~,..a nd chemistry o. he wate.. n rn ny a\ltf~ ~cosys- t, tm>\?~$afu sms ca ' 1J1a~~ at.e."-' 0mmon:t."Uli<ton conjls f phytol? ankan~oopl{lnkton/phyto lankto'i; a e t uru,ular algae tbat use nut. efus in WIT-\ r t,o du, ce food~ ' ley for" m t1 ease of '...many Cl(luaticJ 0 webs >;~op1a, kton are altimals\h~eed 0 l),ytoplankt. Fresh..~ter ecos~~,ms include wingwate~ ecosy ems}nvef\and st~eams sta9.9ing-wat \E;lcosystel~~ O.;<;l1<es and ponds), and fre \water we~hmds (bogs d swamps). Ino'-etl, ds, w~t~~ther covel the soil 0»1s presen at. r near ~\:esurface for at least part of th ear. p //" ----- / Estuaries are w.e ( ds formed where rivers meet the a. The olit~in a mixture of fresh an alt water. Mos f the food ~roduc ' ill ~stuari~nters fo Q. ~"~bs as tinu1eces o f"0{g~c matter, or g'e(tltus.,~ 1 marshes a}e»tempe:-ate estfui~ie~. Mang?o, e swamps are'troplcair6tuanes.."n ~ cosyste~1fe found in the ocean. 1; cean CaRiJE! divided into zones,,f' based/on how :& light ' enetratesthe V\~(r{r. The ph9-1<1;. zone is th e\wel~di'f upper.a,,,-,~,_ ye~ f wc;;er whef~ photosyi1~~sis can occur. T~ aphotic zo\ e is tp(pe~anent1y dark 1 9~1i layer of wa~avhere ori'l chem5synth l.l is can q~u, 2<The ocean also 91n be dryided into t J'ee iones~ase.d on d~ Rth and di~; nc:?dm ' shore: th,mteli{~al' o~e, coast,0cean, and open o~eal, V the mterf. al z~~~, IS expo~ed to the ns~~ fall. of tid, a.ch day. ~his. m~ lead"to zonation, oj!' (lzontal dlstrlbutt' rt'of diffe~e1\ tyj es?f o):~anisms., ' Coash \. ocean IS tj;.. rela tlvely S all0::v border of wa ~er-tha },,, Sl1r~ nds tl.lelj:hn~ntg. Kelp foresi' ~ffd coral eefs alej.!j u 111 coastal oce~ r. Open o~e, CO.t;l'SlSts of ~he rest of t11.,?f6c. ~. ~utnen re sc~rce 111._ open ~g ean, an fish a.r fie ommant am ma1s. The ocean or the b thic zone. Organisms that liv, called benthos. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 59
Name -------------------------- Class --------------- Date Section 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? (pages90-97) ~ Key Concepts How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem? What interactions occur within communities? What is ecological succession? Biotic and Abiotic Factors (page 90) 1. Complete the table about factors that influence ecosystems. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ECOSYSTEMS Type of Factor Definition Examples Biotic factors Abiotic factors 2. What do the biotic and abiotic factors together determine? The Niche (pages 91-92) 3. What is a niche? 4. In what ways is food part of an organism's niche? 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about niches. a. Different species can share the same niche in the same habitat. b. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat. c. Two species in the same habitat have to share a niche to survive. d. Different species can occupy niches that are very similar. Community Interactions (pages 92-93) 6. When does competition occur? 7. What is a resource? 8. What is often the result of direct competition in nature? Pearson Education, Inc., publishing os Pearson Prentice Holi. 62
Name Class Date --------------------------- 9. What is the competitive exclusion principle? 10. What is predation? 11. When predation occurs, what is the organism called that does the killing and eating, and what is the food organism called? 12. What is symbiosis? 13. Complete the table about main classes of symbiotic relationships. MAIN CLASSES OF SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Class Description of Relationship Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism 1-4~ The organism from which a parasite obtains nutritional needs is called a 15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true of parasites. a. They generally weaken but do not kill their host. h. They obtain all or part of their nutritional needs from the host. c. They neither help nor hann the host. d. They are usually smaller than the host. Ecological Succession (pages 94-97) 16. What is ecological succession? 17. What is primary succession? 18. The first species to populate an area when primary succession begins are called 19. When a disturbance changes a community without removing the soil, what follows? 20. An area that was once referred to as a climax community may appear to be permanent, but what might cause it to undergo change? Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prenfice Hall. 63
Name ------------- Class Date Section 4-3 Biomes (pages 98-1 OS) ~ Key Concept What are the unique characteristics of the world's major biomes? Introduction (page 98) 1. What is a biome? Biomes and Climate (page 98) 2. What does a climate diagram summarize? 3. Complete the climate diagram by adding labels to the bottom and both sides of the graph to show what the responding variables are. Barrow, Alaska 40~------------------~400 30 20 10 o -10-20 300 200 100 J FMAMJ JASOND 4. On a climate diagram, what does the line plot, and what do the vertical bars show? 5. What is a microclimate? Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 64
Name Class ---------------- Date The Major Biomes (pages 99-104) 6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about how each of the world's major biomes is defined. a. Each is defined by a unique set of abiotic factors. b. Each has a characteristic ecological commtmity. c. Each is defined by the cow1try it is in. d. Each is particularly defined by climate. Use the map in Figure 4-11 on page 99 of your textbook to match the biome with its geo~'taphic distribution. Biome 7. Tropical rain forest 8. Tundra 9. Boreal forest Geographic Distribution 10. Complete the table about layers of a tropical rain forest. a. Forest biome that occurs almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere b. Biome that occurs on or near the equator c. Biome that occurs near or above 6QoN latitude LAYERS OF A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST Layer - - Definition Dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall trees Layer of shorter trees and vines 11. In what kind of place do tropical dry forests grow? 12. What is a deciduous tree? 13. What is another name for tropical savaimas? 14. Is the following sentence true or false? Savannas are found in large parts of eastern Africa. 15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about deserts. a. They are hot day and night. b. The soils are rich in minerals but poor in organic material. c. Cactuses and other succulents are dominant plants. d. Reptiles are the only wildlife. 16. What amount of annual precipitation defines a desert biome? Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 65
Name --------------------------- Class --------------- Date 17. What factors maintain the characteristic plant community of temperate grasslands? 18. Why is fire a constant threat in temperate woodland and shrubland? 19. Communities that are dominated by shrubs are also known as 20. What kinds of trees do temperate forests contain? 21. What is a coniferous tree? 22. What is humus? 23. What is the geographic distribution of the northwestern coniferous forest? - -24: Boreal forests are also called - 25. What are the seasons like in a boreal forest? 26. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about boreal forests. a. Dominant plants include spruce and fir. b. They have very high precipitation. c. They have soils that are rich in humus. d. Dominant wildlife includes moose and other large herbivores. 27. What is permafrost? 28. What happens to the ground in tundra during the summer? 29. Why are tundra plants small and shmted? Pearson Education, Inc., publishing os Pearson Prenfice Holi. 66
Name Class --------------------------- Date ----------- Other Land Areas (page 105) 30. When are the polar regions cold? 31. What plants and algae can be found in the polar ice regions? 32. In the north polar region, what are the dominant animals? 33. The abiotic and biotic conditions of mountain ranges vary with 34. Number the sequence of conditions you would find as you moved from the base to the summit of a mountain. Number the conditions at the base 1. a. Stunted vegetation like that in tundra b. Grassland c. Forest of spruce and other conifers d. Open woodland of pines / ead,9 SkiWPra~ ice / /' 2/ _,/>/ /' / ',/,.~,/ "" ' " / _. /.// /'. _," "..'",,,,,,," <+"J Yo;vEan 9ften inqease your ung.etstanco/ig of what Y9llve re~o./ y making,..."'>' / comparisons. Ac'ompare-a~d~ontrasHable heip.. y6u to do/ this. On ~, separate,.s11eet /f Y k / t bl r 1 7. 1 a' b',/ d 1':. c/ / 0 yaper, m~,e a ~.e.t(}.-compar~,..~ 1e ma}or,.}ln' lome~.y.ou rea,,.,,,.auout m/~ction )Y-3. TI:e cj).aracten~s that y?~.,:nught.u~~to form t~~ b~sls otyour co~p~nson could ll~dude apeneral desc9phon, aolohc factors!,do1idl1}h11 plants, 90mmant Wildlife', and geographic djstribut!prcfor moretnforrry.'lti'on about sdmpare-andcontfast t5j-bks, see OrgarrlzingJIlformation in,a7 'pp ndix A of YOt,Lt'textbook. 1',.. ',I,. / I I / / / / 1 / / /' /./ " Peorson Educolion, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 67