AP * Calculus Review Limits, Continuity, and the Definition of the Derivative Teacher Packet Advanced Placement and AP are registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Board was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page of 8 DEFINITION Derivative of a Function The derivative of the function f with respect to the variable x is the function f whose value at x is f ( x) lim h 0 f ( x+ h) f( x) h Y (x+h, f(x+h)) (x, f(x)) X provided the limit exists. You will want to recognize this formula (a slope) and know that you need to take the f ( x+ h) f( x) derivative of f ( x) when you are asked to find lim. h 0 h Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page of 8 DEFINITION (ALTERNATE) Derivative at a Point The derivative of the function f at the point x f ( x) f( a) f ( a) lim x a x a a is the limit Y (a, f(a)) (x, f(x)) X provided the limit exists. This is the slope of a segment connecting two points that are very close together. Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page of 8 DEFINITION Continuity A function f is continuous at a number a if ) f ( a ) is defined (a is in the domain of f ) ) lim f ( x ) a exists ) lim f ( x ) f ( a ) a A function is continuous at an x if the function has a value at that x, the function has a limit at that x, and the value and the limit are the same. Example: Given + x, x f( x) x+, x> Is the function continuous at x? f( x ) 7 lim f( x) 7, but the lim f( x) 8 + The function does not have a limit as x. x, therefore the function is not continuous at Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page of 8 Limits as x approaches For rational functions, examine the x with the largest exponent, numerator and denominator. The x with the largest exponent will carry the weight of the function. If the x with the largest exponent is in the denominator, the denominator is growing faster as x. Therefore, the limit is 0. + x lim 0 x x x+ 7 If the x with the largest exponent is in the numerator, the numerator is growing faster as x. The function behaves like the resulting function when you divide the x with the largest exponent in the numerator by the x with the largest exponent in the denominator. 5 + x lim x x x+ 7 5 x This function has end behavior like x. The function does not reach a limit, but x to say the limit equals infinity gives a very good picture of the behavior. If the x with the largest exponent is the same, numerator and denominator, the limit is the coefficients of the two x s with that largest exponent. 5 + x lim x 7 5 x x 7 + 7. As x, those 5 x terms are like gymnasiums full of sand. The few grains of sand in the rest of the function do not greatly affect the behavior of the function as x. Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page 5 of 8 LIMITS lim f ( x ) L c The limit of f of x as x approaches c equals L. As x gets closer and closer to some number c (but does not equal c), the value of the function gets closer and closer (and may equal) some value L. One-sided Limits lim f ( x) L c The limit of f of x as x approaches c from the left equals L. lim f ( x) L + c The limit of f of x as x approaches c from the right equals L. Using the graph above, evaluate the following: lim f ( x) lim f ( x) + lim f ( x) Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Limit as x approaches infinity x 7. lim x 5 x 8 x+ Limits, Continuity, and the Definition of the Derivative Page 6 of 8 Practice Problems. x lim x 5 x x+. x x x+ 6 lim x 0 9 8. 7x lim x 5 x x 5. sin x lim x x e 6. x 9 xlim x 7. x 9 lim x x Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page 7 of 8 Practice Problems Limit as x approaches a number 8. lim ( x x+ ) x 9. x lim x x 0. lim x x. lim x + x. lim x x. lim+ x x. sin x lim x π x 5. tan x lim x π x Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page 8 of 8. What is h 0 ( x + h) sin ( x) sin lim? h (A) sin x (B) cos x (C) sin x (D) cos x (E) The limit does not exist. π π cos +Δx cos lim Δx Δ x 0 (A) (B) (C) 0 (D) (E). lim h 0 ( x+ h) ( x ) h (A) x (B) x (C) x (D) x (E) The limit does not exist Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page 9 of 8 ( f x ). The graph of y f( x) is shown above. x ( f x ) lim ( ) ( ) + 7 (A) (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9 (E) Does not exist 5. If x x, x f( x) x +, what is lim f ( x)? x, x (A) 5 (B) 0 (C) (D) (E) Does not exist 6. + lim x 0 x x 6 x 5x 0 6 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Does not exist 7. + lim x 0 x x 5 x 5x 0 6 (A) (B) (C) 0 (D) (E) Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page 0 of 8 8. x lim e + + x (A) (B) 0 (C) e (D) e + (E) 9. lim+ x 5 x (A) (B) 5 (C) 0 (D) 5 (E) 0. If n kn 5n lim x 0, then k (A) 0 (B) (C) (D) (E) 0. Which of the following is/are true about the function g if gx ( ) ( x ) x + x 6? I. g is continuous at x II. The graph of g has a vertical asymptote at x III. The graph of g has a horizontal asymptote at y 0 (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II only (E) II and III only Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page of 8. π sin x, x< π f( x) cos x, x> π tan x, x What is lim f ( x)? π x (A) (B) 0 (C) (D) (E) x a. lim x a x a (A) a (B) a (C) a (D) a (E) Does not exist. ln x x + xlim 0 (A) (B) (C) 0 (D) (E) 5. At x, the function given by x, x hx ( ) x, x> is (A) Undefined (B) Continuous but not differentiable (C) Differentiable but not continuous (D) Neither continuous nor differentiable (E) Both continuous and differentiable Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page of 8 Free Response Let h be the function defined by the following: x +, x hx ( ) ax bx, x > a and b are constants. (a) If a and b, is ( ) continuous for all x in hx [ ],? Justify your answer. (b) Describe all values of a and b such that h is a continuous function over the interval[, ]. (c) The function h will be continuous and differentiable over the interval [ ], for which values of a and b? Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.
Page of 8 Free Response (No calculator) Given the function f( x) x + x x x + x 6. (a) What are the zeros of f ( x )? (b) What are the vertical asymptotes of f ( x )? (c) The end behavior model of f ( x ) is the function g( x ). What is g( x)? f ( x) (d) What is lim f ( x)? What is lim? gx ( ) Copyright 008 Laying the Foundation, Inc., Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved.