International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 301 Estimation of groundwater prospectus zone mapping and morphometric analysis of WRD-4 watershed in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques Khadri, S.F.R. and Kanak N.Moharir Department of Geology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati-444602 (MS), India e.mail:syedkhadri_62@yahoo.com Abstract Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allow the viewing and analysis of multiple layers of spatially related information associated with a geographical location or region. GIS enables companies and governments to easily analyze the development, maintenance, and impact of roads, vegetation, utilities (water, electrical, communication, sewage). The main component of the earth surface is the water, so that RS and GIS is effective utilization in ground water prospecting and watershed management. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. GIS and Remote Sensing techniques have to be effectively used to replace, complement and supplement ground data collection in various facets of different kinds of water resources projects. The synoptic large area repetitive coverage provided by satellite sensors when integrated with detailed time series information coming from ground sensors can provide appropriate data base which would lead to sustainable water resources development. Even though it is difficult to work out cost-benefit analysis of Remote Sensing applications in water resources management, many case studies and detailed discussions with the experts of the subject have proves that the cost of development can be brought down when Remote Sensing has been used along with conventional methods. This article provides an overview of application of Remote Sensing Techniques in various phases of water resources development and management, either independently or in association with conventional methods. The database is created using various techniques for the watershed management, i.e Morphometric analysis, Land Use and Land Cover and estimation of ground water prospecting zone. The principal source of ground water recharge in the Wardha district is through rainfall, The Remote Sensing is the gift for watershed analysis and in locating ground water prospectus zones. In this study an attempt has been made to understand the groundwater potential zone mapping and morphometric analysis of the WRD-4 watershed in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. Soil and water conservation measures have been suggested to the watershed to evaluate the hydrologic response of the measures undertaken. The results of morphometric analysis indicate negative correlation of stream order with the total number of streams present in the drainage Basin. The study reveals that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach is more appropriate than the conventional methods for the evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters and their influence on landforms, soils and eroded land characteristics at watershed level. Regional and local trends of geological setup are reflected in the variable orientation of channels of different rank in the catchment. Key words: Morphometric analysis, ground water prospectus zone map, soil maps, Land Use and Land Cover, Geographical information system, Remote sensing.
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 302 Introduction GIS includes maps, vector information, and imagery. The collection of imagery is commonly achieved through remote sensing. Remote sensing started with aerial photography in the late 1800's onboard a balloon. Airplanes were used to collect information from above in the early 1900's and the first image taken from space was aboard the Apollo spacecraft in 1969. In the early 1970s the first imaging satellite (ERTS-1) collected imagery of the Earth. Images continue to be collected from both space and aircraft and are available for commercial and personal use on the Internet. The challenge for Remote Sensing images for GIS and other applications is the size of the image. Currently, it is common to have images that are greater than 10,000 by 10,000 pixels, multiple bands, and greater than 8 bits per pixel per band. While JPEG DCT is currently being used for the collection, storage and delivery of several GIS applications and remote sensing systems, other compression and file format techniques have become popular because of greater efficiency of storing and accessing large images. Water is the most important renewable and finite natural resources since it is required for agriculture, industry and domestic purposes. Managing water resources is a major challenge for the country. Land and water are valuable and essential resources which form the basis of all the life and forms key resource in all economic activities ranging from agriculture to industry (Rokade, et al. 2004). Water resources development calls for addressing the key issues of storage, conversation and subsequently utilization. The main objectives of the study are to collect ancillary data and generate different thematic maps from satellite data and to prepare implementable water and land resources development action plan supported by various thematic maps like, base map, drainage map, geological map, geomorphological map, and land use/land cover map. Water resources development is a continuous process which has to be resorted on account of ever-increasing demands (Arnold, et al.1990). A GIS is a composite of computer based decision support tools for the integration of spatial data from different sources and for the analysis, manipulation and display of these data (Anji Reddy, 2001). The Remote Sensing and GIS have been widely used for understanding the causes of study area. Utility of the Remote Sensing data has also been amply demonstrated through a number of studies (Tiwari and Kudarat 1988; Bhan et al. 1989; Tiwari et al. 1991; Raghubanshi et al. 1991). Therefore, present study is to understand the Morphometric analysis and watershed management in Wardha district using RS and GIS approaches. The topographic information in SOI topomaps aids in interpreting satellite imagery. Three major geomorphic units are distinguished such as hills and plateaus, piedmont zones, and plains- based on physiography and relief. Within each zone different geomorphic units will be mapped based on landform characteristics, their areal extent, depth of weathering, thickness of deposition, etc. Specific stream pattern develops in response to the initial topography of an area and the distribution of the rock types of varying erosion resistance. The shape of the pattern depends on rock, soil, climate and the changes made to the river. Drainage patterns are good indicator of the underlying rock types, structural features, nature of terrain and topography. Study Area The study area WRD-4 which is located in the survey of India toposheet Nos. 55L/13, 55L/14 and having latitude 78 46'54"E 20 56'40"N and longitude 78 58'50"E 20 56'34"N (Fig.1) is present in the Wardha district of Maharashtra. The data require for watershed management includes drainage morphometry, ground water prospectus zones and Satellite image of the study area.
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 303 Fig.1: location map of WRD-4 watershed area. Methodology The study area WRD-4 which is located in the survey of India toposheet Nos. 55L/13 and 55L/14 is present in the Wardha district of Maharashtra. The database is created using various techniques for the watershed management; the maps are prepared by georefrencing and digitization from SOI toposheet using Arc GIS 10. Attributes were assigned to create the
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 304 digital database. The Survey of India Toposheets of scale 1: 50,000 are used for delineating the watershed boundary, drainage pattern for the preparation of base map and extracting different thematic layers for the various part of analysis namely drainage, road and water bodies etc. The order was assigned stream by following Strahler, (1964) stream ordering technique. Various morphometric parameters, such as linear aspects of the drainage network: stream order (N u ), stream length (L u ), and bifurcation ratio (R b ), and areal aspects of the drainage basin: drainage density (D d ), as presented in Table (2). The groundwater zonal distribution of climates, soil types, and vegetation between the poles and the equator is a well known fact. Groundwater zonal distribution of natural phenomena was first establish by V.V. Dokuchaev, a prominent Russian pedologist which is presented in table 3. Land Use/Land Cover analysis is carried out with the help of LISS III open source satellite image. The supervised, unsupervised classification techniques and ground truth verification method used for the preparation of land use/ land cover map. Various features are identified and distinguished using interpretation key and visual interpretation technique. Morphometric analysis Drainage Morphometry is found to be very important in evaluating drainage pattern and watershed management programs of the watershed area. The study area is dominated by erosional land forms like lava plateau, lava plains, linear ridges, conical hills, mesa, butte and escarpments, and depositional landforms such as alluvial cones, alluvial fans, and Bajada deposits. WRD-4 Watershed area, which is one of the tributary of the Wardha River, Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) has proved to be an effective tool in delineation of drainage pattern and it provides effective solutions to overcome most of the problems of land and water resources planning and management arising due to usage of conventional methods of data collection. The occurrence and movement of groundwater in an area is governed by several factors, such as topography, lithology, geomorphology, structure, land use and interrelationship between these factors Jaiswal, et.al.,(2003). Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical analysis of configuration of the earth surface and the shape and dimensions of its landforms (Thornbury, 1969). The drainage analysis of WRD-4 watershed in Wardha tributary has been carried out quantitatively including linear, aerial and relief aspects. In the linear aspects, the stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, mean lengths of streams, stream length ratio, and mean stream length ratio are analyzed (Table 1). Fig.2: Drainage map of WRD-4 watershed. Table 1: Stream order and number of streams
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 305 Order of Stream No. of stream segments Bifurcation Ratio I 106 1.71 97.34 II 62 2.58 54.74 III 24 3.42 24.70 IV 7 7 5.20 V 1-16.31 Total Stream 200-198.31 Drainage Density which is calculated given below: Drainage Density = Total Length of steams of all orders Area = 198.31 152.09 = 1.303 Table2: Morphometric parameters of WRD-4 watershed Length of Stream (Km) Sr. No Parameters Symbols Values Obtained (KM) 1 Area of the basin A 152.09 2 Total Stream Length L b 198.31 3 Mean Stream Length L SM 1.00 4 Stream Length Ratio R L 2.26 5 Total No. of Streams P 200 6 Basin Length N 21.58 7 Perimeter L b 70.21 Ground water prospectus zone Groundwater zonation is closely related to the climatic zonation of the surface formation and the factors observed at the earth surface, namely vegetation, soil and weathering trends. The groundwater in the district which is showing the variation and covers the specific area. There are eight type of the ground water prospectus zoning types which are shown in the table. The total area is eighty one square kilometer covered by the ground water prospectus zones in the Wardha district of Maharashtra. Table 3 Ground water prospectus zones of WRD-4 watershed Ground water Prospectus zones Area (sq. km) Very-good 2 Very good to good 5 Good 16 Habitation 28 Moderate 13 Moderate-to-poor 10 Poor 1 Poor-to-nil 4 Total 81
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 306 Fig.3: Ground water prospectus zone map of wrd-4 watershed. Land Use / Land Cover Knowledge of land use and hydro-geomorphology is important for planning and management activities concerned with the surface of the earth. The resource managers and planners for agricultural land use need detailed, timely, accurate and reliable data on the extent, location and quality of land and water resources and climate characteristics. Land use refers to man s activities and the varied uses which are carried on over land and land cover refers to natural vegetation, water bodies, rock/soil, artificial cover and others noticed on the land (NRSA, 1989). The land use/ land cover is derived from the LISS-III Open Source satellite image using image classification techniques such as supervised and unsupervised. The most of the land is under agricultural crop land in the present study area and other area is covered by forest, built up, waste land, and Water body. Land use describes how a parcel of land is used such as for agriculture, settlements or industry, where as land cover refers to the material such as vegetation, rocks or water bodies that are present on the earth surface. The water bodies include river, canal, tank, pond and reservoir etc. Table 4 Land Use / LAND Cover of WRD-4 Watershed land use area (sq. km) Agriculture 132.28 Built- up 2.24 Forest 0.71 Waste land 15.62 Water bodies 1.20
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 307 Total area 152.08 Fig.4: land use/ land cover map of wrd-4 watershed
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 308 Soil Texture Analysis Soil is important upper layer of the earth surface to support crop and vegetation for the economic development and food requirement of the human. The soil information for the study area was digitized from the soil map. Generally, seven (7) types of soil had been identified in the study area. At the lower area of watershed consists of clayey soil. The soil types of study area are clayey soil, clay loam, clayey, gravely clay, gravely clay loam, gravely sandy loam, sandy clay, and gravely sandy clay. The erosion of the top soil decreases the productivity of land and leads to failure of crops. Table 4 Soil texture analysis of WRD-4 Watershed. Soil texture Area sq km Clayey 113.56 Silty Clay 1.00 Clay Loam 5.00 Gravelly Clay 7.00 Gravelly Clay Loam 19.79 Gravelly Sandy Loam 2.34 Habitation Mask 2.18 Water body 1.16 Total Soil Texture 152.08
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 309 Fig.5: Soil texture map of WRD-4 watershed area Summary and Conclusions Optimal utilization of land and water resources is essential for sustainable development. Resource management using watersheds as an organizing unit has proven to be an effective scale for natural resource management. It presents a common reference point for the many different activities and actors that affect the system, and promotes greater integration and collaboration among those actions. Remote sensing and its image processing technology provide access to spatial and temporal information on watershed, regional, continental and global scales (Yassir Arafat 2010). Further, new sensors and imaging technology are increasing the capability of remote sensing to acquire information at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. The scope of hydrological applications has broadened dramatically, although the problems of flood protection and water resources management continue to be of importance and relevance for the security of communities and for human, social and economic development (Rokade, et al. 2004).GIS and remote sensing applications have proved to be indispensable tools in decision making in the case of problem involving watershed conservation because of the enormity of spatial data involved. In this present study, illustration of how we can benefit from remote sensing and GIS technologies in watershed management and planning. Watershed management is the process of creating and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and human communities within a watershed boundary. The remote
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 310 sensing data combined with field survey data can provide a unique and hybrid database for optimal planning and management of watershed. Space borne remote sensing technology is a unique tool to provide spatial, multi-spectral and repetitive information for effective planning. The land forms along with slope gradient and relief intensity are other parameters to determine the type of water harvesting and water conservation structures. This study has provided information regarding the soil map, land use land cover, slope map, Geomophological parameters, drainage density map, drainage pattern, Morphometric analysis and watershed Management response in WRD-4 Watershed in Wardha District Maharashtra, India. The detailed morphometric analysis of the study area shows that the presences of dendritic drainage pattern with the occurrence of fifth order stream. At some places local radial drainage pattern is also seen. On the basis of stream channel systems to horizontal plain, various morphometric parameters such as length, area and arrangement etc are computed. In this study an attempt has been made to understanding the complexities of the landforms by using multivariate statistical analysis. The results of morphometric analysis indicates negative correlation of stream order with the total number of streams present in the drainage Basin. The study reveals that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach is more appropriate than the conventional methods for the evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters and their influence on landforms, soils and eroded land characteristics at watershed level. Regional and local trends of geological setup are reflected in the variable orientation of channels of different rank in the catchment. References: Anji Reddy M. (2001) A Text Book of Remote Sensing & GIS, 2 nd edition, Arnold J. G. Williams, J. R., Nicks, A. D. and Sammons, N. B.(1990) SWRRB A Basin Scale Simulation Model for Soil and Water Resources Management, Texas A&M Press, Aronoff (1989) Geographic Information System: A Management Perspective, WDL assessment, Clarendon Press, Oxford B.S.Publications, Hyderabad. Burrough P.A. (1986) Principles of Geographic Information Systems for land Resources College Station, TX, 1990 Demus M.N. (1997) Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, John Wiley and Sons. Inc. Gautam, A. P., Webb, E. L. and Eiumnoh, A., 2002. GIS assessment of land use-land cover changes associated with community forestry implementation in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Mountain Research and Development 22(1): 63-69. Miller JP (1958). High mountainous streams: Effect of geology on channel characteristics and bed material, Mem. New Mexico Bur. Mines Miner. Resource, p. 4. Morphometric analysis of a highland microwatershed in East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India: Using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques by Kalyanjit Sarmah*, L. K. Jha and B. K. Tiwari Nag SK, Chakraborty S (2003). Influence of Rock types and Structures in the Development of Drainage Network in Hard rock Area, J. Indian Soc. Remote sensing. 31(1): 25-35. Publications, Ottawa Canada. Rokade, et al. 2004 Srivastava VK (1997). Study of Drainage Pattern of Jharia coalfield (Bihar), India through Remote sensing Technology. J. Indian Soc. Remote sensing, 25(1): 41-46. Strahler AN (1964). Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. In: V.T. Chow (ed.) Handbook of Applied Hydrology, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, pp. 439-476. Thornbury WD (1969). Principles of Geomorphology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. Toad D.K. (1980), Ground Water Hydrology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 5, M ay-2013 311 Tiwari and Kudarat 1988; Bhan et al. 1989; Tiwari et al. 1991; Raghubanshi et al. 1991). Strahler, (1964) Jaiswal, et.al.,(2003). Thornbury, 1969.(NRSA, 1989). Yassir Arafat 2010. Chow, V.T. (1966) Handbook of Applied Hydrology.