Solar System Science with JWST!

Solar System Science with JWST! Dean C. Hines Space Telescope Science Institute

JWST Imaging Modes! Mode Imaging Aperture Mask Interferometry Coronography Instrument Wavelength (microns) Pixel Scale (arcsec) Full-Array* Field of View NIRCam* 0.6 2.3 0.032 2.2 x 2.2 NIRCam* 2.4 5.0 0.065 2.2 x 2.2 NIRISS 0.9 5.0 0.065 2.2 x 2.2 MIRI* 5.0 28 0.11 1.23 x 1.88 NIRISS 3.8 4.8 0.065 ------ NIRCam 0.6 2.3 0.032 20 x 20 NIRCam 2.4 5.0 0.065 20 x 20 MIRI 10.65 0.11 24 x 24 MIRI 11.4 0.11 24 x 24 MIRI 15.5 0.11 24 x 24 MIRI 23 0.11 30 x 30 DCH - 2

NIRCam Imaging! DCH - 3

MIRI Imaging! 1.23 1.88 DCH - 4

NIRISS: Non-Redundant Mask! DCH - 5

NIRCam & MIRI Coronagraphs! DCH - 6

JWST Spectroscopy Modes! Mode Slitless Spectroscopy Instrument Wavelength (microns) Resolving Power (λ/δλ) Field of View NIRISS 1.0 2.5 150 2.2 x 2.2 NIRISS 0.6 2.5 700 single object NIRCam 2.4 5.0 2000 2.2 x 2.2 Multi-Object Spectroscopy NIRSpec 0.6 5.0 100, 1000, 2700 3.4 x 3.4 with 250k 0.2 x 0.5 microshutters Single Slit Spectroscopy Integral Field Spectroscopy NIRSpec 0.6 5.0 100, 1000, 2700 slit widths 0.4 x 3.8 0.2 x 3.3 1.6 x 1.6 MIRI 5.0 ~14.0 ~100 at 7.5 microns 0.6 x 5.5 slit NIRSpec 0.6 5.0 100, 1000, 2700 3.0 x 3.0 MIRI 5.0 7.7 3500 3.0 x 3.9 MIRI 7.7 11.9 2800 3.5 x 4.4 MIRI 11.9 18.3 2700 5.2 x 6.2 MIRI 18.3 28.8 2200 6.7 x 7.7 DCH - 7

NIRISS Wide-Field Slitless Spectroscopy! DCH - 8

NIRISS Single-Object Slitless Spectroscopy! DCH - 9

NIRSpec Apertures! DCH - 10

NIRSpec Micro-Shutter Array! DCH - 11

NIRSpec Micro-Shutter Array! DCH - 12

Example Solar System Observations! Trans-Neptunian Objects Icy Dwarf Planets & KBOs Thermal imaging & Spectroscopy NRM interferometry for astrometry of binaries Asteroids & Comets Thermal imaging & Spectroscopy NRM interferometry for astrometry of binaries Mars Spectroscopy Full disk, seasonal variations Giant Planets Isolated cloud decks of Jupiter & Saturn Full disk observations of Uranus & Neptune Icy Moons Titan, Triton, Enceladus DCH - 13

Bright Solar System Objects! Mars: NIRSpec, NIRCam (Long Wavelength Channel)" Jupiter: MIRI (MRS <10 µm and FND), NIRCam, NIRSpec" Saturn: MIRI (MRS, imaging, FND), NIRCam, NIRSpec Uranus: MIRI (spectra and imaging), NIRCam, NIRSpec Neptune: MIRI (spectra and imaging), NIRCam, NIRSpec Object Angular Diameter (arcsec) Diameter (km) 2 µm Spatial Resolution (km) IFU size (km) 3!!x3!! Mars 7 6800 68 2900 Jupiter 37 140,000 265 11,350 Saturn 17 120,000 490 21,180 Uranus 3.5 51,000 1020 43,700 Neptune 2.2 50,000 1590 68,180 Pluto @ 35 AU 0.1 2400 1600 72,000 DCH - 14

Giant Planet Imaging with NIRCam! DCH - 15

Saturn Rings! DCH - 16

Uranus image from 12 July 2004, solar elongation 133 NIRSpec IFU: Uranus! Ecliptic Image from Keck Observatory DCH - 17

Slit Observations of Neptune! Neptune image from 27 July 2007, solar elongation 163 0.2 x 3.3 arcsec slit Ecliptic Image from Keck Observatory DCH - 18

Uranus image from 12 July 2004, solar elongation 133 MIRI IFU of Uranus! 5-7.8 µm channel 3.7x3.7 arcsec Ecliptic Image from Keck Observatory DCH - 19

MIRI IFU Comet Temple 1! 5-7.8 µm channel 3.7x3.7 arcsec HST Image (Feldman & Weaver) DCH - 20

MSA of Comet Temple 1! NIRSpec microshutter pseudo long slit shutters opened on diagonal Each open shutter is 0.2x0.46 arcsec HST Image of Comet Holmes (2007) DCH - 21

NIR Spectroscopy of Icy Moons! DCH - 22

Light Curve for Pluto! DCH - 23

Mission Requirements for Moving Targets! Capability to observe moving targets with apparent rates up to 30mas/second (Includes Mars and beyond, but not all possible comets) Pointing stability of 50 mas (3σ) for rate of 3 mas/second Object Minimum rate (mas/sec) Maximum rate (mas/sec) Time to move 2 arcmin at min rate (hrs) Time to move 2 arcmin at max rate (hrs) Mars 2.5 28.6 13.3 1.2 Ceres 1.0 18.4 33.3 1.8 Jupiter 0.07 4.5 476 7.4 Saturn 0.04 2.9 833 11.4 Uranus 0.02 1.4 1667 24 Neptune 0.004 1.0 8333 34 Pluto 0.16 1.0 208 34 Haumea 0.35 0.89 95 37 Eris 0.22 0.56 152 59 DCH - 24

Schematic for Moving Target Observation! MT offset command repositions Guide Star and initiates moving guide star tracking MT ephemeris defines guide star position such that science target is in SI aperture ACS iterates offset slew calculation and computes guide star position P 3 at time T 3 ACS returns T 3 and P 3 to ISIM Scripts; ISIM sets up FGS for track mode ACS executes offset slew from P 2 to P 3 prior to T 3 ACS waits until T 3 and then starts MT tracking of guide star T E = End of Ephemeris Commanded Guide Star position for ID/ACQ Science exposure ends 6 Moving Target GS Track Acquired GS position 2 1 Science exposure starts 5 Executed offset slew from P2 to P3 4 32x32 track box follows guide star Remove slew error 3 GS position P 3 at time T 3 not drawn to scale! 4/4/13 T DCH - 25 S = Start of Ephemeris

Recent Progress on Moving Target Capability! Moving targets with apparent rates up to 30 mas/second Includes Mars and beyond, but not all possible comets Pointing stability of 0.050 arcsec (3σ) for rate of 0.003 arcsec/second Defined the operational concept and the commands/telemetry exchanged between observing scripts and spacecraft attitude control for autonomous execution of moving target observations. Preliminary Design Review for moving target capability will be in December 2012 Will include first simulations of moving target pointing performance using non-linear stability analysis with dynamics model for JWST observatory Moving target Critical Design Review will be in summer 2013 Moving target observations will be supported in first year of JWST observing Cycle 1 Call for Proposals in 2017 DCH - 26

Recent Progress on Moving Target Capability! Moving targets with apparent rates up to 30 mas/second Includes Mars and beyond, but not all possible comets Pointing stability of 0.050 arcsec (3σ) for rate of 0.003 arcsec/second Defined the operational concept and the commands/telemetry exchanged between observing scripts and spacecraft attitude control for autonomous execution of moving target observations. Preliminary Design Review for moving target capability will be in December 2012 Will include first simulations of moving target pointing performance using non-linear stability analysis with dynamics model for JWST observatory Moving target Critical Design Review will be in summer 2013 Moving target observations will be supported in first year of JWST observing Cycle 1 Call for Proposals in 2017 DCH - 27

SODRM 2012 by Category! Exoplanets Galactic Solar System Calibration Distant Galaxies & Cosmology Nearby Galaxies DCH - 28

Distribution of Total Exposure Times per target per instrument! Cumulative Histrogram:" Median exp. = 0.38 hours." Mean exp. = 1.84 hours." Solar System! Exoplanets" Galactic" Nearby Galaxies, " Distant Galaxies & Cosmology" Calibration." DCH - 29

Solar System Programs! 1. Asteroids NIRSpec & MIRI slit spectroscopy 2. Bright Comets NIRSpec & MIRI IFU, NIRCam imaging 3. Ice Giants NIRSpec & MIRI IFU, NIRCam, MIRI Imaging 4. Icy Dwarf Planets NIRSpec spectroscopy, MIRI 25µm imaging 5. KBOs NIRSpec slit spectroscopy, NIRCam & MIRI imaging 6. Mars NIRSpec & MIRI IFU spectroscopy 7. Outer Planet Satellites NIRSpec & MIRI slit spectroscopy 8. Periodic Comets NIRSpec & MIRI slit spectroscopy DCH - 30

JWST & Solar System Science! JWST is a powerful, general-purpose observatory with the capabilities to address a wide range of scientific questions: From measuring the first light in the universe To the detailed study of our Solar System JWST Operations is planning for Solar System Science Moving target capabilities Bright object modes SODRM studies for exercising the system and optimizing efficiency The JWST Project encourages strong participation from the Solar System Science Community DCH - 31

Fin DCH - 32

DCH - 33