Livingston Parish Learning Guide Grade 6 Science 1 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Matter and Its Interactions 1. Performance Expectation: Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures All matter is composed of atoms o Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons o Models are used to represent atoms because they are too small to observe with the naked eye Atoms combine with one another in various ways o Atoms either transfer (ionic bond) or share (covalent bond) electrons to form new substances o Solids may be formed with molecules or extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals) A molecule is two or more atoms chemically combined o Molecules range in size from two to thousands of atoms Examples of simple molecules: water, carbon dioxide Examples of extended structures: diamonds, sodium chloride 2 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions 1. Performance Expectation: Apply Newton s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects 2. Performance Expectation: Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object All motion is relative to some frame of reference (usually a fixed position on Earth) o When an object is described as at rest, it is being compared to an object in motion A net force is the sum of all forces acting on an object o If the net force of an object is not zero (unbalanced), the object s motion will change The object will always move in the direction of the larger force o If the net force of an object is zero (balanced), the object s motion will not change Newton s 1 st Law of Motion- an object in motion/at rest will remain in motion/at rest unless an unbalanced force acts on it o Inertia- tendency of an object to continue in its current state of motion More mas = more inertia Newton s 2 nd Law of Motion- the force of an object depends on its mas and acceleration o F= M x A, A= F/ M, M= F/A The greater the mass of an object, the greater the force needed to achieve the same change in motion A larger force causes a larger change in motion (acceleration) Newton s 3 rd Law of Motion- every action has an equal and opposite reaction o When two objects interact, the first object exerts a force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction on the second object First object- action force, second object- reaction force Sample Questions A fly strikes the windshield of a moving bus and splatters in front of the face of the driver. Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the firefly or the force on the bus? Ms. Webley spends Sunday afternoons at rest on the sofa, watching pro football games and consuming large quantities of food. What effect (if any) does this practice have upon her inertia? Explain. Ben is being chased through the woods by a moose. The enormous mass of the moose is extremely intimidating; yet, if Ben makes a zigzag pattern through the woods, he will be able to use the large mass of the moose to his own advantage. Explain this in terms of inertia and Newton's first law of motion. 3 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
3. Performance Expectation: Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces Magnetic field: space in which magnetic forces can act o Magnetic poles: areas on a magnet in which the magnetic force is the strongest o As distance between magnets increases, the magnetic strength decreases Electromagnetic forces can be attractive or repulsive o Opposite charges attract o Like charges repel Electromagnet: device that creates a magnetic field through the application of electricity o Electromagnets are temporary magnets- the magnetic field only exists when an electric current is flowing o Increasing the number of coils will make the electromagnet stronger 4 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
4. Performance Expectation: Construct an present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects 5. Performance Expectation: Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even through the objects are not in contact Gravity: an attractive force between any two objects with mass o Gravitational force depends directly on the masses of the objects and indirectly on distance between them Larger mass = stronger gravitational force Larger distance = weaker gravitational force Contact force: a force that is applied when two objects touch o Examples: pushing a car up a hill, kicking a ball, friction, air resistance Noncontact force: a force that one object applies to another without touching it o Examples: gravitational, electrostatic, and magnetic forces 5 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Energy 1. Performance Expectation: Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe he relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object Kinetic energy: energy of motion o Types of kinetic energy: electromagnetic, sound, thermal, mechanical, electrical Kinetic energy of an object is calculated from velocity and mass o KE = ½ x M x V 2 o More mass= more kinetic energy o More speed (velocity) = more kinetic energy 2. Performance Expectation: Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system Potential energy: stored energy or energy of position o Types of potential energy: elastic, chemical, gravitational An object with mass will have potential energy by placing it in a gravitational field (like the gravitational field of the Earth). The potential energy can be increased by a force raising the object to a higher location and decreased by allowing gravity to pull it to a lower location o GPE= mgh (m= mas, g= acceleration due to gravity, h= height above ground) A charged object will have potential energy when placed in an electric field. If the charges are alike the potential energy will increase when pushing them closer together and decrease when allowing their repulsive forces to push them farther apart. An object can have potential energy by being compressed or stretched (like a spring). The amount PE can be increased by stretching or compressing the spring more. The PE will decrease when the spring returns to its original length 6 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer 1. Performance Expectation: Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave and how the frequency and wavelength change the expression of the wave Parts of a Wave: o Crest: highest point of a wave o Trough: lowest point of a wave o Amplitude: distance from center line to either crest or trough o Frequency: number of waves passing a point in a certain amount of time o Wavelength: distance between two crests or two troughs As wavelength decreases, frequency increases As height of a wave increases, amplitude increases 7 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
2. Performance Standard: Develop and use a model to describe that waves are refracted, reflected, absorbed, transmitted, or scattered through various materials. Types of waves: o Longitudinal: movement of particles are parallel to the motion of energy Examples: sound waves, seismic waves o Transverse: movement of particles are perpendicular to motion of energy Examples: electromagnetic waves, ripples on water, vibrations on strings A sound wave needs a medium to travel through which it is transmitted Visible light (type of EM energy) does not need a medium to travel through Light travels in straight lines and can either be: o Transmitted: passed through o Absorbed: taken in o Reflected: bounced back o Refracted/Diffracted: bent o Scattered: deflected Light and Materials: o Transparent: light completely passes through o Translucent: some light passes though o Opaque: all light is blocked 8 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the reoccurring patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons. The Earth rotates on its own axis from west to east (counter-clockwise) o This occurs once every 24 hours The Earth s orbit is the path it travels around the sun o This occurs every 365.256 days The moon rotates on its own axis about once every 27 days and around the Earth about every 27 days o this is called synchronous rotation Because of Earth s tilt on its axis, different areas of Earth point toward or away from the Sun at different times of the year o Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun closer to one end of the orbital path than the other Earth s distance from the Sun varies throughout the year Around the June solstice, the North Pole is tilted toward the Sun, getting more of the Sun's direct rays (summer for Northern Hemisphere) and the Southern Hemisphere points away from the Sun getting less direct rays (winter) o Summer in the Southern Hemisphere is in December, January, and February, when the South Pole is tilted toward the Sun and the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away 9 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Lunar Phases: o New Moon: moon is positioned between Earth and sun in alignment Entire illuminated part is on the back side of the moon (which we don t see) o Waxing Crescent: after new moon, sunlight portion is increasing but it s less than half illuminated o First and Third Quarter (Half Moon): moon is at 90 o angle with respect to Earth and sun we see exactly half illuminated and half shadow o Waxing Gibbous: after half-moon, sunlight portion is increasing and the moon is more than half illuminated o Full Moon: Earth, moon, and sun are in alignment but moon is on opposite side of Earth Entire sunlight part of the moon faces us o Waning Gibbous: after moon is full, sunlight portion decreases but is still more than half illuminated o Waning Gibbous: after half-moon, sunlight portion decreases and is less than half illuminated The time interval between similar lunar phases averages about 29.53 days o In lunar calendars in which each month begins on the new moon, the full moon falls on either the 14th or 15th of the lunar month 10 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Eclipses: Solar Eclipse: occurs when the moon passes between the sun and the Earth o The moon fully or partially blocks the view of the sun Lunar Eclipse: occurs when the moon passes directly behind the Earth into its shadow (umbra) o Can only occur when Earth, moon, and sun are directly aligned Types of Lunar Eclipses Types of Solar Eclipses Tides: the rise and fall of sea levels caused by combined effects of gravitational forces exerted by the moon and sun and rotation of the Earth o Lunar Tide: tide caused in large bodies of water due to the gravitational attraction caused by the moon o Spring Tide: tide just after a new or full moon, when there is the greatest difference between low and high water o Neap Tide: tide just after the first and third quarters of the moon when there is the least difference between low and high water 11 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
2. Performance Expectation: Use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system. Gravity creates orbit of the planets in the solar system. o When a planet moves, the sun s gravity pulls on the planet. The planet s gravity tries to pull the sun towards it but can't because of the vast difference in mass. The planet keeps moving but is always caught up in the push-pull forces caused by the interaction of these gravitational forces. As a result, the planet begins orbiting the sun. The same phenomenon causes the moon to orbit around the Earth The solar system appears to have formed a disk of dust and gas, drawn together by gravity Our solar system consists of the sun and a collection of objects, including planets, their natural satellites (moons), and asteroids that are held in orbit around the sun by its gravitational pull on them o The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our solar system This is just one of 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe 3. Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system. Nearly all of the planets in the solar system have atmospheres o The large gas giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) are composed only of gases, so the atmosphere is considered to be the outermost layer of gases o Each planet's atmosphere has its own unique composition 12 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Other characteristics of planets: Mercury- closest to the sun, orbits the sun once every 88 days, rotates once every 59 days o 4850 kilometers in diameter o the surface that faces the sun can get very hot o the surface is gray to orange in color and covered with craters Venus- the second planet away from the sun, orbits the sun once every 224 days, and rotates once every 243 days o about 12,000 kilometers in diameter o hottest planet in the Solar System o brownish-yellow color and covered with craters, mountains, volcanos, and big lava plains Earth- It rotates on its axis every 24 hours and revolves around the Sun every 365 days o a little more than 12,000 kilometers in diameter o has liquid water on its surface, maintains life, has active plate movement o has one moon Mars- rotates on its axis every 24.6 hours and revolves around the sun every 687 days o about 6,790 kilometers in diameter o surface is very cold and is covered with craters, volcanoes, and large canyons. o reddish in color and has two small moons Jupiter- orbits the sun once every 12 years and rotates very fast (9 hours and 19 minutes) o largest planet (diameter of 142,980 kilometers o surface is made up of gas (mostly hydrogen) and is thought to have a core of metallic hydrogen and rock. outer gaseous part is broken into bands of white, yellow, red, and brown clouds has 4 rings mainly composed of dust o 67 known satellites (including the four large moons) Saturn- revolves around the sun every 12 years and rotates a little more than 10 hours o has three rings. o About 120,536 kilometers in diameter o composed of mostly gas with a core composed of rock and metallic hydrogen o has three rings (the surface looks banded) and it has a brown-yellow, butterscotch color o has 62 moons Uranus- revolves around the Sun slowly (once every 84 years) and it rotates in about 17 hours o 51,118 kilometers in diameter o covered by a thick layer of gas and has a fairly uniform blue-green color o has 27 moons and is surrounded by a system of nine rings Neptune- orbits the sun once every 165 years and rotates in 16 hours o 49,500 kilometers in diameter o atmosphere appears blue, is surrounded by a system of five rings and at least 14 moons. 13 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Earth and Human Activity 1. Performance Expectation: Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth s systems. Natural energy resources are made by the Earth and are useful to humans Energy resources can be biotic or abiotic o Biotic- originated by living things and organic materials (plants, animals, fossil fuels o Abiotic- originated from nonliving and inorganic materials Energy resources can be renewable or nonrenewable o Renewable- can be replaced by natural means and be used repeatedly Example- fresh water, biomass, wood, solar energy, wind o Nonrenewable- cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption Example: fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) take billions of years to form Humans are dependent on fossil fuels to produce energy. This has negative effects: o They are being used faster than they can be replaced o Assessing them damages the Earth o They cause pollution It is important for humans to be cautious and to understand the consequences of the increase in human populations and consumption of natural resources o It is important that we find ways to use alternate sources of energy and not be as dependent on fossil fuels With human population growth comes many resource problems. As human population increases, the amount of resources does not. o Surge in population causes a rise in individual consumption of food, water, and exploitation of natural resources like land, water, fossil fuels, minerals, vegetation, etc. o As human populations and per-capita consumption of natural resources increase, so do the negative impacts on Earth Some activities and technologies involved in obtaining resources are engineered to not have such negative effects Responsible management of Louisiana s natural resources promotes economic growth, a healthy environment, and vibrant productive ecosystems From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes 1. Performance Expectation: Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one or many different numbers and types 2. Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, all cells come from preexisting cells Types of Cells: o Prokaryotic Cells: cells that make up prokaryotes (unicellular organisms that lack a true nucleus) Example: bacteria o Eukaryotic Cells: cells that make up eukaryotes (multicellular organisms that have a nucleus and other organelles) Example: plant, animal, fungus 14 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have: o Cell membrane: boundary of the cell that controls what enters and exits the cell o Hereditary Material: genetic information passed from generation to generation o Cytoplasm: gel-like mixture enclosed in the cell membrane Eukaryotic cells have organelles, specialized structures that perform a particular function o Nucleus: contains hereditary material; controls cellular activities o Mitochondria: converts glucose into ATP energy o Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports proteins Rough ER: ribosomes attached Smooth ER: no ribosomes attached o Ribosomes: make proteins o Cell Wall: provide shape and support in PLANT cells o Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis in PLANT cells Levels of organization of multicellular organisms: o CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan SystemsOrganisms o All cells have different structures and functions Example: the human body is made up of trillions of cells (blood, muscle, bone, nerve, reproductive, skin, etc.) 15 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics 1. Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem Populations within ecosystems are dependent on their environmental interactions both with other living things (biotic) and with nonliving factors (abiotic) Carrying Capacity- maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain o Once a population exceeds its carrying capacity, the population size will decrease because resources will be limited Factors that cause an increase in populations: o New members move into the area, birth rate exceeds death rate, more resources available Factors that cause a decrease in populations: o Other species move into area, death rate exceeds birth rate, less resources available Limiting factors- environmental conditions that limit the growth of a population o Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) can increase competition both within and between species in ecosystems Competition is one of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure 16 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
2. Performance Expectation: Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems Interactions within Ecosystems: Competition- organisms that share similar resources (food, water, shelter) must compete in order to obtain them Predatory- predators eat other organisms, prey is eaten o Predatory interactions may reduce the number of organisms or eliminate whole populations Symbiosis- interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association o Commensalism: one benefits, one is not affected o Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed o Mutualism: both organisms benefit Mutualistic interactions may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival 3. Performance Expectation: Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem Food chain: a hierarchical series of organisms, each dependent on the next as a source of food Food web: a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains Energy Pyramid: a model that shows the flow of energy from one trophic, or feeding, level to the next in an ecosystem Producers: organisms that make their own food (example: plants) Consumers: organisms that eat other organisms *Herbivores: primary consumers, only eat plants *Omnivores: eat both plants and meat *Carnivores: meat eaters *Decomposers: recycle nutrients from dead organisms 17 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter cannot be created or destroyed. It just changes from one form to another o Although atoms may bond with other atoms to make new substances, the total amount of original atoms stays the same o The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem. Example: water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It just changes from one form to another o As energy moves through food chains/webs, the total amount of energy remains constant Only 10% of energy is available to the next level up the food chain. The rest of the energy is used to carry out life functions and some is lost as heat 18 P a g e G r a d e 6 S c i e n c e L e a r n i n g G u i d e
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