Massoud Kaviany Principles of Convective Heat Transfer Second Edition With 378 Figures Springer
Contents Series Preface Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments vii ix xi xix 1 Introduction and Preliminaries 1 1.1 Applications and Length Scales 1 1.2 Historical Background 4 1.3 Scope 8 1.3.1 Transport at Elementary Differential Level 8 1.3.2 Intramedium and Interfacial Heat Transfer 9 1.3.3 Phase Change and Reaction 10 1.3.4 Multidimensionality, Asymptotics, and Similarity.. 10 1.4 Three Phases of Matter and Their Thermophysical Properties 11 1.4.1 Gas, Liquid, and Solid Phases 11 1.4.2 Equilibrium Molecular Theory 13 1.4.3 Nonequilibrium Molecular Theory 17 1.4.4 Bulk Versus Surface State 21 1.5 Phase Transitions in Single- and Multicomponent Systems. 25 1.5.1 Single-Component Systems 26 1.5.2 Multicomponent Systems 30 1.6 Multiphase Flows and Phase Distributions 33 1.6.1 Two-Phase Flows 34 1.6.2 Three-Phase Flows 39 1.7 Heat Flux Vector and Conservation Equations 40 1.7.1 Heat Flux Vector 40 1.7.2 Conservation Equations for Elementary Volumes.. 42 1.8 Temporal and Spatial Averaging 46 1.8.1 Averaging over Representative Elementary Scales.. 47 1.8.2 Averaging over Finite Scales 50 1.9 Local Thermal Equilibrium Among Phases 51 1.10 Approximation and Modeling in the Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer 52 1.10.1 Rigor, Approximation, and Empiricism 52
xxii Table of Contents 1.10.2 Modeling of Medium Heterogeneity 56 1.10.3 Modeling of Local Thermal Nonequilibrium 57 1.10.4 Modeling of Multidimensional Fields 58 1.11 Single-, Two-, and Three-Medium Treatments 59 1.12 Fluid Motion Caused or Influenced by Heat Transfer... 61 1.12.1 Thermo- and Diffusobuoyancy 62 1.12.2 Thermoacoustics 66 1.12.3 Thermo- and Diffusocapillarity 67 1.12.4 Changes in Other Thermophysical Properties... 69 1.13 References 73 Part I: Single-Medium Treatments 83 2 Single-Phase Fluid Streams 85 2.1 Intraphase Heat Transfer 85 2.2 Compressibility 85 2.2.1 ShockWaves 85 2.2.2 Attenuation of Thermoconvective Waves 88 2.3 Reacting Flows 91 2.3.1 Chemical Kinetics 92 2.3.2 Premixed Reactants 93 2.3.3 Diffusing Reactants 98 2.4 Turbulence 102 2.4.1 Time-Averaged Conservation Equations 103 2.4.2 Modeling of Eddy Viscosity and Diffusivity 105 2.4.3 Boundary-Free Turbulent Flows 106 2.5 Volumetric Radiation 110 2.5.1 Radiation Properties Ill 2.5.2 Evaluation of Radiative Intensity 113 2.6 Electro- and Magnetohydrodynamics 113 2.6.1 Electrohydrodynamics 114 2.6.2 Magnetohydrodynamics 115 2.6.3 Plasmas 116 2.7 Buoyancy 118 2.7.1 Thermobuoyant Flows 120 2.7.2 Thermobuoyancy Influenced Flows 124 2.8 References 129 3 Fluid Streams in Two-Phase Systems 135 3.1 Local Thermal Equilibrium and Intramedium Heat Transfer 135 3.2 Continuous Solid-Fluid Systems with Stationary Solid... 137 3.2.1 Taylor Dispersion 137 3.2.2 Local Volume Averaging 140 3.2.3 Effective Medium Properties 144 3.2.4 Volume-Averaged Treatment of Hydrodynamics... 149
Table of Contents xxiii 3.2.5 Radiation 151 3.2.6 Exothermic Reaction 153 3.2.7 Phase Change in Multicomponent Systems 154 3.3 Two-Phase Systems with Both Phases Moving 159 3.3.1 Time and Local Phase-Volume Averaging 159 3.3.2 Two-Medium Treatment of Hydrodynamics 165 3.3.3 A Simplified Energy Equation for Dispersed Flows. 166 3.3.4 Effective Medium Properties for Dispersed Flows.. 167 3.3.5 Exothermic Reaction 171 3.4 References 175 Part II: Two-Medium Treatments 179 4 Solid Fluid Systems with Simple, Continuous Interface 181 4.1 Surface-Convection Heat Transfer 181 4.2 Effect of Viscosity 182 4.2.1 Zero Viscosity 183 4.2.2 Nonzero Viscosity 184 4.3 Oscillation 186 4.3.1 Interfacial Heat Transfer in Flow Over a Plate... 187 4.3.2 Axial Dispersion in Flow Through a Tube 189 4.4 Turbulence 195 4.4.1 Boundary-Layer Turbulence 195 4.4.2 Free-Stream Turbulence 204 4.4.3 Channel Flow Turbulence 205 4.5 Surface Roughness 208 4.5.1 Isolated Roughness and Embedded Vortex 209 4.5.2 Distributed Roughness 211 4.6 Compressibility 213 4.6.1 Thermoacoustic Phenomena Due to Standing Waves 213 4.6.2 Thermoacoustical Diffusion 217 4.6.3 High-Speed Boundary-Layer Flows 221 4.7 Rarefaction 223 4.7.1 Flow Regimes for Isothermal Flows 224 4.7.2 Nonisothermal Flows 227 4.8 Non-Newtonian Liquids 228 4.8.1 Rheology 229 4.8.2 Interfacial Heat Transfer 231 4.8.3 Viscous Dissipation 232 4.9 Surface Injection 233 4.9.1 Spatially Discrete Injections 234 4.9.2 Spatially Continuous Injections 236 4.9.3 Heat Transfer in Porous Surface Inserts 240 4.10 Impinging Jets 241 4.10.1 Isolated Jets Without Cross Flow 242
xxiv Table of Contents 4.10.2 Isolated Jets with Cross Flow 248 4.10.3 Multiple, Interacting Jets 249 4.11 Reacting Flows 250 4.11.1 Spread of a Boundary-Layer Diffusion Flame... 251 4.11.2 A Steady Boundary-Layer Diffusion Flame 255 4.11.3 Premixed Flame in a Channel 258 4.11.4 Premixed Flame in Jet Impingement 261 4.11.5 Direct Inclusion of Radiation 263 4.12 Buoyancy 264 4.12.1 Thermobuoyant Flows Without Reaction 266 4.12.2 Thermobuoyant Flows with Reaction 280 4.12.3 Thermo- and Diffusobuoyancy 286 4.12.4 Thermobuoyancy-Influenced Flows 289 4.13 Electro- and Magnetohydrodynamics 292 4.13.1 Electrohydrodynamics 293 4.13.2 Magnetohydrodynamics 300 4.13.3 Plasmas 303 4.14 Particle Suspension 309 4.14.1 Internal Flow of Small Neutral Particles 310 4.14.2 Large Charged Particles '. 316 4.15 Porous Media 318 4.15.1 Local Thermal Equilibrium 318 4.15.2 Boundary-Layer Flow and Heat Transfer 320 4.15.3 Forced Flow 321 4.15.4 Thermobuoyant Flow 324 4.16 Multicomponent Solidification. 327 4.16.1 Descriptions of Mushy Region 327 4.16.2 Instabilities in Liquid and Mushy Regions 328 4.16.3 Thermo- and Diffusobuoyant Motion in Enclosures 334 4.17 References 337 5 Solid-Fluid Systems with Large Specific Interfacial Area 349 5.1 Isolated Dispersed-Phase Elements 350 5.1.1 Flow Regimes 351 5.1.2 Interfacial Heat Transfer 354 5.2 Convective Interaction Among Dispersed Elements 358 5.2.1 Dilute Element Concentration 359 5.2.2 Dense Element Concentration 361 5.2.3 Treatment of Solid Phase as a Continuum 363 5.3 Porous Media 365 5.3.1 Local Phase-Volume Averaging 365 5.3.2 Example of Capillary Tubes 373 5.3.3 Approximate Models 378 5.3.4 Exothermic Reaction 380
Table of Contents xxv 5.3.5 Pointwise Versus Volume-Averaged Treatments... 390 5.4 Particulate Flows 392 5.4.1 A Generalization of Forces on a Moving Particle.. 394 5.4.2 Collision-Included Model of Hydrodynamics 395 5.4.3 Collision-Included Model of Energy Transport... 399 5.4.4 Models for Reacting Particles 400 5.4.5 Rarefied Plasma-Particle Flow 406 5.5 References 411 6 Fluid-Fluid Systems 417 6.1 Liquid-Liquid Systems 417 6.1.1 Vapor Nucleation at the Liquid-Liquid Interface.. 418 6.1.2 Isolated Dispersed-Liquid Elements 419 6.1.3 Continuous- and Dispersed-Phase Energy Equations 424 6.2 Gas-Liquid Systems 425 6.2.1 Continuous Interface 427 6.2.2 Bulk Bubble and Droplet Nucleation 435 6.2.3 Isolated, Dispersed-Phase Elements 441 6.3 ^Bubbles 443 6.3.1 Growth or Decay of Isolated Bubbles 443 6.3.2 Interbubble Interactions 453 6.3.3 Bubble and Liquid-Phase Conservation Equations. 455 6.4 Droplets 457 6.4.1 Growth or Decay of Isolated Droplets 457 6.4.2 Interdroplet Interactions 475 6.4.3 Droplet and Gas-Phase Conservation Equations... 480 6.5 Gas-Gas Systems 481 6.6 References 482 Part III: Three-Medium Treatments 489 7 Solid-Solid-Fluid Systems 491 7.1 Particulate Flow Around Solid Surfaces 492 7.1.1 Hydrodynamics of Internal Particulate Flow 495 7.1.2 Dilute, Internal Particulate Flow 498 7.1.3 Dense, Internal Particulate Flow 503 7.1.4 Surfaces Submerged in Internal Particulate Flow.. 511 7.2 Bounding Solid Surfaces of Fluidized Beds 513 7.2.1 Hydrodynamics 515 7.2.2 Confining Surfaces 526 7.2.3 Submerged Surfaces 530 7.3 Phase Change 534 7.3.1 Layer Growth in Single-Component Solidification.. 535 7.3.2 Suspension Dendritic Growth 543 7.3.3 Layer Melting 557
xxvi Table of Contents 7.3.4 Layer Frost Growth and Densification 572 7.4 References 575 8 Solid-Liquid-Gas Systems 581 8.1 Vapor Films 581 8.1.1 Phase-Density Buoyant Flow 583 8.1.2 Buoyant-Forced Flow 597 8.1.3 Dispersed Droplets 603 8.2 Liquid Films 613 8.2.1 Negatively Buoyant, Nonwavy Film Flow 613 8.2.2 Negatively Buoyant, Wavy-Film Flow 621 8.3 Nonisothermal Common- and Interline 624 8.3.1 Contact Angles 624 8.3.2 Nonisothermal, Moving Contact Line 627 8.3.3 Evaporation from Extended Menisci 630 8.4 Kinetic Upper Bound on the Evaporation/Condensation Rate640 8.5 Surface Bubble Formation and Dynamics 643 8.5.1 Incipient Surface Bubble Nucleation 645 8.5.2 Isolated-Bubbles Regim^ 646 8.5.3 Coalesced-Bubbles Regime 651 8.6 Surface Droplet Formation and Dynamics 654 8.6.1 Incipient Surface Droplet Nucleation 655 8.6.2 Isolated-Droplet Regime 657 8.6.3 Coalescence and Transition to Liquid-Film Flow.. 658 8.7 Impinging Droplets 659 8.7.1 Isolated-Droplet Dynamics and Evaporation 661 8.7.2 Droplet Spray and Evaporation Regimes 663 8.7.3 Dryout in Surface-Bubble Nucleation Regime... 665 8.8 References 666 Nomenclature 675 Citation Index 681 Subject Index 693