Matter Name: Hr: 1
Goals My Academic goal for this packet is.. 4 things I can/will do to accomplish this goal. What is my BIG IDA goal? Did I meet my goal in the previous unit? Why/ Why Not? What were the obstacles? 2
MATTR VOCAB Matter- Anything that has mass and takes up space. *nergy is NOT Matter Atoms- An atom is the smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still maintain the properties of that element. lement- Pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes. xample: Gold, Silver, Oxygen, Hydrogen. 110 known elements in the universe. Protons- Positively charged particle located in the nucleus of the atom. Neutron- A particle located in the nucleus of the atom with no electrical charge. lectron- Negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus of the atom. The number and arrangement of the electrons determine its chemical properties. Nucleus- Protons and neutrons stick together to form this structure at the center of the atom. Molecules- When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule. Compound- Two or more elements that have combined. *Hint:-The term compound is used to describe a chemical substance in general, while the term molecule refers to the smallest particle of the substance that has the same properties of the substance. 3
Chemical bond- The force of attraction between atoms. Chemical bonds occur when atoms either transfer or share electrons. Chemical reaction- A process which converts one set of chemical substances into another. Chemical formula- A way of describing the number of atoms that make up one molecule of a compound. xample: H2O ( water) CO2 ( carbon dioxide) Reactant- The substance consumed during a chemical reaction. Product -The substance formed during a chemical reaction. Chemical equation- A way of writing changes in the arrangement of atoms during a chemical reaction, using chemical symbols. xample: 2H2 + O2 2H2O 2 nd Shell Holds 8 LCTRONS 1 st Shell Holds 2 LCTRONS 3 nd Shell Holds 18 LCTRONS Valence Shell- Outer most area of atom. Holds lectrons Ionic bond- Type of bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are transferred to another atom. Sodium Chloride, ( salt) is an example of a compound that has ionic bonds. Covalent bond- Type of bond in which atoms share one or more electrons. Water is an example of a compound that has a covalent bond 4
Nucleus Carbohydrate- A macromolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). nzyme- A large biological molecule which helps to speed up chemical reactions. Lipid- A naturally occurring molecule which include fats, waxes, oils, and phospholipids. Macromolecule- A large biological molecule Nucleic acid- A macromolecule made up of nucleotides; subunit of DNA and RNA. Organic compound- Any chemical compound containing carbon. Periodic table- A chart showing the chemical elements organized based on atomic number. Protein- A macromolecule made up of amino acids; perform a variety of functions in organisms. Additional Notes: 5
2-1Chemicals of Life Learning Objectives Define matter, element, and atom. Introduction If you pull a flower petal from a plant and break it in half, and take that piece and break it in half again, and take the next piece, and break it half and so on and so on, until you cannot even see the flower anymore what do you think you will find? Scientists have broken down matter, or anything that takes up space and has mass, into the smallest pieces that cannot be broken down anymore. Rocks, animals, flowers, and your body are all made up of matter (see Figure below). Guided Learning Life on a rocky peak in the Waitakere Ranges. The lements Matter is made up mixture of things called elements. lements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. There are more than 100 known elements, and 92 occur naturally around us. The others have been made only in the laboratory. Inside of elements, you will find identical atoms. An atom is the simplest and smallest particle of matter that still has chemical properties of the element. Atoms are the building block of all of the elements that make up the matter in your body or any other living or nonliving thing. Atoms are so small that only the most powerful microscopes can see them. 6
ach element has a different type of atom, and is represented with a one or two letter symbol. For example, the symbol for oxygen is O and the symbol for helium is He. Atoms themselves are composed of even smaller particles, including positively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the center of the atom, or the nucleus, and the electrons move around the nucleus. How many protons an atom has determines what element it is. For example, Helium (He) always has two protons (Figure below), while Sodium (Na) always has 11. All the atoms of a particular element have the exact same number of protons, and the number of protons is that element's atomic number. An atom of Helium (He) contains two positively charged protons (red), two uncharged neutrons (blue), and two negatively charged electrons (yellow). The lement Song can be heard at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyw50f42ss8 (1:25) The Periodic Table In 1869, a Russian scientist named Dmitri Mendeleev created the Periodic Table, which is a way of organizing elements according to their unique characteristics, like atomic number, density, boiling point, and other values (see Figure below). ach element has a one or two letter symbol. For example, H stands for hydrogen and Au for gold. The vertical columns in the periodic table are known as groups, and elements in groups tend to have very similar properties. The table is also divided into rows, known as periods. 7
Chemical Reactions The periodic table groups the elements based on their properties. A molecule is any combination of two or more atoms. The oxygen in the air we breathe is two oxygen atoms connected by a chemical bond to form O 2, or molecular oxygen. A carbon dioxide molecule is a combination of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Because carbon dioxide includes two different elements it is a compound as well as a molecule. A compound is any combination of two or more elements. A compound has different properties from the elements that it contains. lements and combinations of elements make up all the many types of matter in the universe. A chemical reaction is a process that breaks or forms the bonds between atoms. For example, hydrogen and oxygen bind together to form water. The molecules that come together to start a chemical reaction are the reactants. So hydrogen and oxygen are reactants. The product is the end result of a reaction. In this example, water is the product. 8
2-1Building Blocks of Life Learning Objectives Name the four main classes of organic molecules that are building blocks of life. Organic Compounds The chemical components of living organisms are known as organic compounds. Organic compounds are molecules built around the element carbon (C). Living things are made up of very large molecules. These large molecules are called macromolecules because macro means large. Our body gets the organic molecules we need from the food we eat (Figure below). Which organic molecules do you recognize from the list below? The four main macromolecules found in living things, shown in Table below, are: 1. Proteins 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids What are proteins and what do they do? can be seen at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/protein. What is DNA? can be viewed at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna. A healthy diet includes protein, fat, and carbohydrate, providing us with organic molecules. Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids lements C,H,O,N,S C,H,O C,H,O,P C,H,O,P,N xamples nzymes, muscle fibers, antibodies Sugar, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Phospholipids in membranes, fats, oils, waxes, steroids DNA, RNA, ATP Monomer (small building block Amino acids Monosaccharides Often include fatty Nucleotides 9
molecule) (simple sugars) acids An overview of the molecules of the cell, can be viewed at Molecules of Life Video (10:46). Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars or long chains of sugars. An important role of carbohydrates is to store energy. Glucose (Figure below) is a simple sugar molecule with the chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6. A molecule of glucose (a carbohydrate). Carbohydrates also include long chains of connected sugar molecules. Plants store sugar in long chains called starch, whereas animals store sugar in long chains called glycogen. You get the carbohydrates you need for energy from eating carbohydrate-rich foods, including fruits and vegetables, as well as grains, such as bread, rice, or corn. Proteins Proteins are molecules that have many different functions in living things. All proteins are made of small molecules called amino acids that connect together like beads on a necklace (Figure below and Figure below). There are only 20 common amino acids needed to build proteins. These amino acids form in thousands of different combinations, making 100,000 or more unique proteins in humans. Proteins can differ in both the number and order of amino acids. Small proteins have just a few hundred amino acids. The largest proteins have more than 25,000 amino acids. 10
Amino acids connect together like beads on a necklace. Many important molecules in your body are proteins. nzymes are a type of protein that speed up chemical reactions. For example, your stomach would not be able to break down food if it did not have special enzymes to speed up the rate of digestion. Antibodies that protect you against disease are proteins. Muscle fiber is mostly protein (Figure below). Muscle fibers are made mostly of protein. General Structure of Amino Acids. This model shows the general structure of all amino acids. Only the side chain, R, varies from one amino acid to another. KY: H = hydrogen, N = nitrogen, C = carbon, O = oxygen, R = variable side chain. It s important for you and other animals to eat food with protein because we cannot make some amino acids ourselves. You can get proteins from plant sources, such as beans, and from animal sources, like milk or meat. When you eat food with protein, your body breaks the proteins down into individual amino acids and uses them to build new proteins. You really are what you eat! Lipids Have you ever tried to put oil in water? They don t mix. Oil is a type of lipid. Lipids are molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes. The most common lipids in your diet are probably fats and oils. Fats are solid at room temperature, whereas oils are fluid. Animals use fats for long- 11
term energy storage and to keep warm. Plants use oils for long-term energy storage. When preparing food, we often use animal fats, such as butter, or plant oils, such as olive oil or canola oil. There are many more type of lipids that are important to life. One of the most important are the phospholipids (see the chapter titled Cell Functions) that make up the protective outer membrane of all cells (Figure below). Nucleic acids Phospholipids in a membrane. Nucleic acids are long chains of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a nitrogencontaining base, and a phosphate group. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two main nucleic acids. DNA is the molecule that stores our genetic information (Figure below). RNA is involved in making proteins. ATP (adenosine triphosphate), known as the "energy currency" of the cell, is also a nucleic acid. DNA, a nucleic acid. To help you review, watch an overview of DNA video. 12
Review lements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances with different properties. lements have been organized by their properties to form the periodic table. Two or more atoms can combine to form a molecule. Molecules consisting of more than one element are called compounds. Reactants can combine through chemical reactions to form products. nzymes can speed up a chemical reaction. Living things are made of just four classes of macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Vocabulary Atom The basic unit of matter; consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atomic number The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that particular element. Carbohydrate A macromolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Chemical reaction A process which converts one set of chemical substances into another. Compound A pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different elements. lectron A subatomic particle with a negative charge. lement a pure chemical substance consisting of a single type of atom. nzyme A large biological molecule which helps to speed up chemical reactions. Lipid A naturally occurring molecule which include fats, waxes, oils, and phospholipids. Macromolecule A large biological molecule Matter The substance that makes all physical objects; exists in four states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Molecule A group of two or more atoms bonded together. Neutron A subatomic particle with a neutral charge; found in the nucleus of an atom. Nucleic acid A macromolecule made up of nucleotides; subunit of DNA and RNA. Organic compound Any chemical compound containing carbon. Periodic table A chart showing the chemical elements organized based on atomic number. Product The substance formed during a chemical reaction. Protein A macromolecule made up of amino acids; perform a variety of functions inorganisms. Proton A subatomic particle with a positive charge; found within the nucleus of an atom. Reactant The substance consumed during a chemical reaction. 13
2-1 Guided Reading Chemicals of Life As you carefully read through the text, answer the following questions as completely as possible! The lements 1. What is matter? 2. List several examples of things that are made up of matter. 3. Matter is made up of a mixture of things called. 4. What are elements? 5. What can you find inside elements? Describe this particle. 6. ach element has a different type of, and is represented with a one or two letter. 7. What are atoms made up of? List the charges of each of these parts. 8. xplain where the protons, neutrons, and electrons are located in an atom. 9. What is the atomic number? The Periodic Table 10. What is the periodic table? Describe how the periodic table is structured. Chemical Reactions 11. What is a molecule? Describe an example. 12. What is a compound? How are elements related to compounds? 14
2-2 Guided Reading Building Blocks of Life As you carefully read through the text, answer the following questions as completely as possible! Organic Compounds 1. The chemical components of living organisms are known as. 2. Organic compounds are molecules that contain the element. 3. Why are these organic molecules called macromolecules? 4. List the four main macromolecules found in living things.,,, Carbohydrates 5. Carbohydrates are or long chains of. 6. What important role do carbohydrates play in living things? 7. What is the chemical formula for glucose? 8. Plants store sugar as long chains called. 9. List several types of carbohydrate-rich foods. Proteins 10. Proteins are molecules that have many different in organisms. 11. All proteins are made of small molecules called, that connect together like a bead on a necklace. 12. How many common amino acids are needed to build a protein? 13. xplain how proteins can differ from each other. 14. What are enzymes? What important role do enzymes play in the stomach? 15. Where do organisms get most of their amino acids? 16. xplain why you really are what you eat! Lipids 17. Lipids are molecules such as,, and waxes. 15
18. Fats are at room temperature, whereas oils are. 19. What do animals use fats for? 20. What do plants use oils for? 21. What is one of the most important lipids for life? What do these special lipids form? Nucleic Acids 22. Nucleic acids are long chains of. 23. List the three things nucleotides are made up of.,, 24. List the two main types of nucleic acids. 25. What is ATP? 16
STATS OF MATTR Fill in the table according to the 3 different states of matter. How they move and what shape they take State of Matter Molecular Motion Shape 1) : A combination of two or more atoms 2) : Something used to represent something else 3) : The stuff that makes up everything in the universe (except for energy) 4) : The smallest unit of matter (means uncuttable in Greek) 5) : A specific type of atom (there are 92 naturally occurring kinds) Complete the following sentences: 6) Atoms combine to form. 7) All matter is made out of that are too small to see. 8) All atoms are in constant. 9) The that an atom is moving determines whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas. 10) Adding energy in the form of will cause atoms to move faster. 17
Write A if the example is an atom or M if the example is a molecule: 1. Baking Soda (NaHCO 3 ) 2. Bleach (NaClO) 3. Gold (Au) 4. Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2 O2) 5. Laughing Gas (N 2 O) 6. Hydrogen (H) 7. Sugar Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) 8. Helium (He) Label the following diagrams as solid, liquid or gas. 1. 2. 3. Match the following descriptions with the three states of matter: Solid:,, Liquid:,, Gas:,, A) Has a definite volume (amount of space it takes up), but NOT a definite shape B) NOT a definite volume or shape C) Definite volume and shape D) Packed in tightly and vibrates ) Fast moving and far apart F) Close together, but moves freely G) Becomes this when a liquid cools H) Becomes this when a solid is heated I) Becomes this when a liquid is heated 1) What happens to the speed of particles at the temperature increases? 2) What happens to the speed of particles at the temperature decreases? 3) What is diffusion? Does it happen faster in hot or cold temperatures? 18
Making Molecules Introduction: Matter is made of particles too small to see. These particles are called atoms. This idea, known as the atomic theory, was developed by scientists to explain how matter is formed and behaves. There are only 92 kinds of atoms found in nature, but there are a lot more kinds of matter than this! How is this possible?! Fortunately, atoms come together to form bigger structures known as molecules. These molecules make up most of the matter around us. In this activity, you will make models of some common types of molecules. Materials: Colored pencils, models Procedure: Make a key for the color and atomic symbol of each type of atom you will use. Color the circle next to the atom to show what color you will use. Then Write the Atomic Symbol on the line provided Hydrogen, Sodium, Oxygen, Chlorine, Carbon, Nitrogen, Just like you need to know how many eggs are in a cake, you need to know how many atoms are in each molecule. This is known as a molecular formula. The molecular formula for water is H20. ach letter represents a specific type of atom (H for hydrogen and O for Oxygen). The number behind each letter tells us how many of those atoms there are in the molecule. So, there are 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom. It would look like this: H O H 19
Making Molecules Cont d Directions: Using the color guide you made earlier, make models of the following everyday items. After you make the molecule with the model, draw it on your paper in the space below. Molecular Formula Draw Molecules Here A. Water (H20) B. Oxygen (O2) C. Salt (NaCl) D. Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Ammonia (NH3) F. Methane (CH4) G. Hydrogen Peroxide (O2H2) 20
Chemical quations Conservation of Mass NOTS For PPT 1. Their Job: Depict the kind of and and their relative amounts in a reaction. 4 Al (s) + 3 O 2 (g) ---> 2 Al 2 O 3 (s) 2. The numbers in the front are called 3. The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the physical states of compounds. Representing:,, 4. reactants Pure substance/s that participates in 5. products New pure substance/s that are made from in a Chemical Reaction 6. Chemical reactions occur when bonds between the parts of atoms are formed or broken 7. Chemical reactions involve in matter, the making of new with new properties, and energy changes. 8. represent elements, formulas describe, chemical equations describe a chemical. 21
Parts of an quation 9. Chemical equations show the conversion of (the molecules shown on the left of the arrow) into (the molecules shown on the right of the arrow). i. A + sign separates molecules on the same side ii. The arrow is read as yields xample: C + O 2 CO 2 This reads carbon plus oxygen react to yield carbon dioxide Chemical quations 10. Because of the principle of the, an equation must be. i. It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides. 11. Symbols Used in quations a. Solid b. Liquid (l) c. Gas d. Aqueous solution (aq) e. Catalyst H2SO4 f. scaping gas ( ) g. Change of temperature ( ) 22
Balancing quations 12. When balancing a chemical reaction you may add in front of the compounds to balance the reaction, but you may not change the. i. Changing the subscripts changes the compound. Subscripts are determined by the valence electrons 13. The tell you how many atoms of a particular element are in a compound. The tells you about the quantity, or number, of molecules of the compound. Write and xample for each: Steps to Balancing Chemical quations 14. There are four basic steps to balancing a chemical equation. a. DO NOT TRY TO BALANC IT YT! You must write the correct formulas first. And most importantly, once you write them correctly DO NOT CHANG TH FORMULAS! b. Find the number of atoms for each on the left side. Compare those against the number of the atoms of the same on the right side. 23
c. Determine where to place in front of formulas so that the left side has the same number of atoms as the right side for ACH element in order to balance the equation. d. Check your answer to see if: i. The numbers of atoms on both sides of the equation are now. ii. The coefficients are in the lowest possible whole number ratios. 15. Hints a. Take one element at a time, working left to right except for and. Save H for next to last, and do O last. b. IF everything balances except for, and there is no way to balance O with a whole number, double all the coefficients and try again. (Because O is diatomic as an element) Practice 1. H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ---> H 2 O(l) What Happened to the Other Oxygen Atom????? 2. Al(s) + Br 2 (l) ---> Al 2 Br 6 (s) 3. C 3 H 8 (g) + O 2 (g) ----> CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(g) 4. B 4 H 10 (g) + O 2 (g) ----> B 2 O 3 (g) + H 2 O(g) 5. Na 3 PO 4 + Fe 2 O 3 ----> Na 2 O + FePO 4 24
Having Trouble or need more Practice go to http://funbasedlearning.com/ Then click on Classic Chem Balancer and fill out the Wk sheet on pg. 15 of the packet Fun Based Learning Go to http://funbasedlearning.com/chemistry/chembalancer/default.htm Then Click Start Game Questions Fill in the blanks below as you go though the game. This is so I have a record that you did your assignment. Not all equation are on this wk sheet 1. Fe + S --> FeS 2. H 2 + Cl 2 --> HCl 3. Mg + O 2 --> MgO 4. O 2 + H 2 --> H 2 O 5. HgO --> Hg + O 2 6. CH 4 + O 2 --> CO 2 + H 2 0 7. N 2 + H 2 --> NH 3 8. Al + O 2 --> Al 2 O 3 Try This Draw the molecules just like the program did to figure out the answer to #9 and #10. 9. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 --> CO 2 + H 2 O 10. CO 2 + H 2 O --> C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 25
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Periodic Table Puns Familiarization Use your imagination and the elements in the Periodic Table to solve each pun! xample: Five cents - Nickel, Ni 1. What you do in a play 2. What you do to a wrinkled shirt 3. Tasty part of your mouth 4. Someone who likes to start fires 5. Superman s weakness 6. Your brother or mine 7. xtinct 8. Imitation diamond 9. A type of flower 10. Las Vegas lights 27
Hydrogen Nucleus Atom Info 28
Carbon Nucleus Atom Info 29
Oxygen Nucleus Atom Info 30
Nitrogen Nucleus Atom Info 31
Chlorine Nucleus Atom Info 32
Sodium Nucleus Atom Info 33
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35 Color the lectrons Red
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Color the Neutrons Green N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 37
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Color the Protons Purple P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P 39
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xit Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 41
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