Revision Based on Chapter 19 Grade 11 Biology Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Most fossils are found in rusty water. volcanic rock. sedimentary rock. the sap of ancient trees. 2. Sedimentary rock is formed from the soft parts of organisms. the hard parts of organisms. small particles of sand, silt, and clay. wood, shell, and bone. 3. The length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is its half-life. relative date. radioactive date. perio 4. Trilobites are useful as index fossils, because each species existed for a long period of time over a wide geographic range. long period of time over a small geographic range. short period of time over a wide geographic range. short period of time over a small geographic range. 5. What must be true about an index fossil whose absolute age is used as a reference for other fossils? The absolute age of the index fossil is actually unknown. The absolute age of the index fossil was determined only by relative dating. The absolute age of the index fossil was determined by radioactive dating or another absolute metho The index fossils must be the same age as the other fossils. 6. After Precambrian Time, the basic divisions of the geologic time scale, from larger to smaller, are eons, eras, and periods. periods, eons, and eras. eras, eons, and periods. periods, eras, and eons. 7. Which of these labels for fossils in a museum display contains an error? Dinosaur (Middle Mesozoic) Early Mammal (Middle Paleozoic) Early Human (Late Cenozoic) Early Marine Invertebrate (Early Paleozoic) 8. Which of the following statements about the effect of early organisms on Earth s environment is true? The first photosynthetic organisms caused Earth to cool as they converted oxygen to carbon dioxide.
The first photosynthetic organisms caused Earth to cool as they converted carbon dioxide to oxygen. The first photosynthetic organisms caused Earth to heat as they converted oxygen to carbon dioxide. The first photosynthetic organisms caused Earth to heat as they converted carbon dioxide to oxygen. 9. A layer of sedimentary rock that is higher in iron than an older rock layer beneath it indicates that oxygen levels in early oceans were rising when the sediment forme carbon dioxide levels in early oceans were rising when the sediment forme nitrogen levels in early oceans were rising when the sediment forme salt levels in early oceans were rising when the sediment forme 10. Which of the following statements must be true for a clade to survive? The rate of speciation must be equal to or less than the rate of extinction. The rate of speciation must be less than the rate of extinction. The rate of speciation must be greater than or equal to the rate of extinction. The rate of speciation must not change over the clade s history. 11. In the past, mass extinctions encouraged the rapid evolution of surviving species by changing developmental genes. by making new habitats available to them. because they killed all organisms that had coevolve because they spared all organisms that had evolved convergently. 12. Gradualism is a pattern of evolution in which a single species evolves into several closely related species. several distantly related species develop similarities. a species evolves at a slow, steady pace. a species has periods of little evolution interrupted by periods of rapid evolution. 13. A pattern in which species experience long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid evolutionary change is called convergent evolution. coevolution. adaptive radiation. punctuated equilibrium. 14. A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone adaptive radiation. coevolution. punctuated equilibrium. mass extinction. 15. Mass extinction would most likely result from which of the following events? a disease kills off a single species of predator within an ecosystem a wildfire burns a national park global temperatures drop several degrees after several massive volcanic eruptions a massive earthquake strikes North America 16. The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called convergent evolution. adaptive radiation.
coevolution. punctuated equilibrium. Figure 19 2 17. In Figure 19 2, flowers and pollinating insects are examples of convergent evolution. punctuated equilibrium. coevolution. adaptive radiation. 18. Why did oceans not exist on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago? No water molecules were present. Water remained a gas because Earth was very hot. Water existed as ice because Earth was very col There was no oxygen gas in the atmosphere. 19. One scientific hypothesis about the origin of life holds that RNA replaced DNA as the most stable information-storing molecule. RNA existed before DNA. proteins that duplicate themselves came to function in information storage. as cells evolved, they stopped using RNA entirely. 20. Which of the following conditions would likely prevent the assembly and survival of new kinds of organic molecules on Earth today? the presence of carbon dioxide the presence of bacteria and other life forms the supply of atoms that serve as raw material the light and warmth from the sun 21. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria in eukaryotic cells arose from endosymbiotic eukaryotes that metabolized oxygen. endosymbiotic eukaryotes that were photosyntheti endosymbiotic prokaryotes that metabolized oxygen. endosymbiotic prokaryotes that were photosyntheti 22. Which one of these facts about mitochondria and chloroplasts constitutes support for the endosymbiotic theory? Their DNA resembles bacterial RNA.
Their ribosomes resemble the ribosomes of bacteri They are organelles that are found within plant cells. They reproduce by mitosis. 23. Sexual reproduction contributes to genetic diversity by allowing a single parent to pass along a complete set of unmixed genes to offspring. unmixed genes from two parents to be passed to offspring. genes from two parents to be mixed and remixed before being passed to offspring. genes from a single parent to be mixed and remixed before being passed to offspring. Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. The fossil record, although incomplete, provides evidence about the history of life and illustrates that most species have remained unchanged over time. 2. Scientists use relative dating to determine the absolute age of a rock in years. 3. On the geologic time scale, we are currently in the Quaternary Perio 4. Background extinction is the normal extinction that occurs as part of natural selection. 5. In the punctuated equilibrium model, most new species would likely evolve during periods of rapid change. 6. The Galápagos finches underwent adaptive radiation, a process in which a small group evolves into several different forms that live in different ways. 7. The earliest sedimentary rocks were formed about the time that liquid water formed on Earth s surface. 8. It is likely that organisms that reproduce sexually undergo faster rates of evolution than organisms that reproduce asexually. Completion Complete each statement. 1. In a species that has become, all members have died, and the species has ceased to exist. 2. A researcher could quickly compare the ages of two rock samples if they both contained a(an) fossil. 3. After Precambrian Time, the main divisions of the geologic time scale are eons, eras, and. 4. An event during which many types of living things suddenly die out is called a(an).
5. The similar body structure but different ancestry of sharks and dolphins indicates that these groups have undergone, a process in which unrelated organisms come to resemble each other. 6. In Stanley Miller and Harold Urey s experiment, several, which are the building blocks of proteins, began to accumulate. 7. may have evolved from photosynthetic prokaryotes that moved into ancient eukaryotic cells. 8. Most grass plants in the schoolyard have very little genetic diversity within a species. This suggests that regular mowing forces lawn grasses to reproduce. Short Answer 1. Why is the fossil record an incomplete history of life? 2. What information does relative dating provide? 3. Why are the divisions of geologic time NOT standard lengths, such as 100 million years? 4. What is the difference between background extinction and mass extinction? 5. Under what conditions are two species likely to show convergent evolution? 6. Why did oceans not exist on Earth 4 billion years ago? 7. What role did microscopes play in the origin of the endosymbiotic theory more than 100 years ago? 8. Gardeners often reproduce favorite plants by planting cuttings from the plant instead of seeds. Is this sexual or asexual reproduction? How would this process affect the genetic diversity of the garden population? Science Skills
Figure 19 5 1. Interpret Graphs Use Figure 19 5 to determine the approximate half-life of carbon-14. 2. Interpret Graphs A fossil bone was found to contain about one sixteenth of the amount of carbon-14 that was originally present. Use Figure 19 5 to determine the approximate age of the bone. 3. Interpret Graphs According to Figure 19 5, how many half-lives have passed if a fossil has one eighth of its original amount of carbon-14? Figure 19 6 4. Interpret Visuals The evolutionary tree in Figure 19 6 shows relationships among several mammal species. Which group of modern mammals is the most closely related to elephants (Proboscideans)? 5. Apply Concepts In Figure 19 6, the groups of mammals are the result of adaptive radiation? How did the extinction of the dinosaurs contribute to this radiation?
Revision Based on Chapter 19 Grade 11 Answer Section Biology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. B 21. C 22. B 23. C MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. F changed evolved 2. F, radioactive 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T COMPLETION
1. extinct 2. index 3. periods 4. mass extinction 5. convergent evolution 6. amino acids 7. Chloroplasts 8. asexually SHORT ANSWER 1. The formation of a fossil depends on a precise combination of conditions; therefore, many ancient organisms died without leaving a trace. 2. Relative dating allows paleontologists to estimate a rock layer or fossil s age compared with that of other rock layers or fossils. 3. The divisions of geologic time are based on evidence from rock layers that reveal major changes in fossil animals and plants. These divisions vary in length. 4. Background extinction is the extinction of a single species as the result of the normal process of natural selection. It takes place over a long period of time. Mass extinction is the rapid extinction of many species over a short period of time as the result of a catastrophic environmental event. 5. Two species are likely to show convergent evolution if they both live in similar environments found in separate regions of the worl 6. Oceans did not exist because the surface of Earth was too hot for the presence of liquid water. 7. Scientists could see that the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts resembled the plasma membranes of free-living prokaryotes. 8. This is asexual reproduction because there is a single parent. Using cuttings from a single plant would reduce the genetic diversity of the population. SCIENCE SKILLS 1. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. Accept answers within a reasonable range. 2. The bone is about 23,000 years ol 3. Three half-lives have passe 4. The Sirenians are the most closely related of the groups in this evolutionary tree. 5. When dinosaur species flourished on Earth, the number of mammal species remained small. After the dinosaurs became extinct, the adaptive radiation of mammals took place. This may have been due to reduced competition for food or reduced predation of the mammals.