hpr 5 rs Alyss Jsug Jg ompl rspos rs rspos y-s rspos m os rs orr co orr Dffrl Equo.
rs Alyss h ffrc of lyss of crcus wh rgy sorg lms (ucors or cpcors) & m-ryg sgls wh rss crcus s h h quos rsulg from r ow ffrl quos rhr h lgbrc lr quos rsulg from h rss crcus. rs rgo: h rgo whr h sgls r hghly p o m. (mporry) No olg or curr sourcs rs Alyss y-s rgo: h rgo whr h sgls r o m p (m r of chg of sgls s qul o zro) or proc. os sgls 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 usol sgls /s.9.8.7.6.5.4.3.. (s c )
oluo of Orry Dffrl Equo rs soluo ( N ) s soluo of h homogous quo: rs (url) rspos. -> mporry bhor whou h sourc. y-s (prculr) soluo ( ) s soluo u o h sourc: sy-s (forc ) rspos. N N s ompl rspos rs (url) rspos sy-s (forc ) rspos -> N s rs orr: h lrgs orr of h ffrl quo s h frs orr. or crcu. co orr: h lrgs orr of h ffrl quo s h sco orr. or crcu. /s.9.8.7.6.5.4.3.. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (sc) 3
Wrg Dffrl Equos y lws: & for cpcor olgs or ucor currs h coss b : : ( ) rs - orr lr orry ffrl quo ( ) b f whr rprss h cpcor olg or h ucor curr rprss combos of crcu lm prmrs. : Dffrl quo for : Dffrl quo for 4
Wrg Dffrl Equos (co.) y lws: & whr h coss b h D g rspcly. f ( ) : ( ) : rprss combos of ( ) crcu lm prmrs. f rm h url frqucy : Dffrl quo for : Dffrl quo for b f co - orr lr orry ffrl quo rprss h cpcor olg or h curr whr h coss b b h mpg ro 5
6 Empls of Wrg Dffrl Equos quo for Dffrl : : : quo for Dffrl : : :
D sy s soluo: l oo y s soluo u o A (susol wforms) s hp. 6 (frqucy rspos). D sy s soluo: rspos of crcu h h b coc o D sourc for log m or rspos of crcu log fr swch hs b c. All h m rs r qul o zro h sy s. pcors: sulors (ry lrg rsscs) r s h cpcors. Iucors: Iuco works oly wh h chg lcrc fls hpps. s s A D sy s h sy s ( ) ( ) ( ) h sy s ll cpcors bh s op crcus ll ucors hh s shor crcus. 7
D sy s soluo: Il oo Il coo: rspos of crcu bfor swch s frs c. c powr quls rgy pr u m f powr rqurs couous chg rgy. Prmry rbls: cpcor olgs ucor currs-> rgy sorg lms W W pcor olgs ucor currs co chg sously bu shoul b couous. -> couy of cpcor olgs ucor currs h lu of ucor curr or cpcor olg jus pror o h closg (or opg) of swch s qul o h lu jus fr h swch hs b clos (or op). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) whr h oo sgfs " jus fr sgfs " jus bfor " " Dscouous of cpcor olg -> f powr. 8
rs Orr spos rs-orr crcu: o rgy sorg lm o rgy loss lm (.g. crcu crcu) Procurs Wr h ffrl quo of h crcu for h s mmly fr h swch hs chg. h rbl () h ffrl quo wll b hr cpcor olg or ucor curr. You c ruc h crcu o h or Noro qul form. Ify h l coos ( ) [ ( - )] fl coos ( ). ol h ffrl quo. Wr h compl soluo for h crcu h form. ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ] p( ) h m cos () s msur of how fs cpcor olgs or ucor currs rc o h pu (olg or curr sourc). I s pro of m urg whch cpcor olgs or ucor currs chg by 63.% o g o h sy s. [ ( ) ( )] [ ].63 9
rs Orr spos (co.) rs-orr crcu: o rgy sorg lm o rgy loss lm (.g. crcu crcu) whr b f b b f f rm h m cos D g rspcly. Nurl spos N orc spos u o D ompl spos ( whr f ) N ( ) ( for D) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) for N N N : N whr s cos.
Empl: rs Orr spos 47. 7 p4 :.47 47 k p3 : 5 p : : : p: Ω > µ
Empl: rs Orr spos p: : p : p3 : p4 : : B ( ) A ( ) ( ) B >.H 4Ω.5.5A. 5 ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ).5 (.5) B B B
rs Orr rs spos Usg h/noro horm O mus b crful o rm h qul crcus bfor fr h swch chgs poso. s possbl h qul crcu s by h lo bfor cg h swch s ffr from h crcu s fr closg h swch. ( ) ( ) 3
4 rs Orr rs spos Usg h/noro horm (co.) > p4 : p3: p : p: > 3 p4 : p3: p : p: Pg
5 rs Orr rs spos Usg h/noro horm (co.) r olg : p4 : p3 : p : p: 3 B > Empl 5. (closg) < < 5 ms p4 : whr p3 : from h soluo bo 5 p : p:.5 * * 3 * > ms 5 ms (op h swch g) <
hrgg & Dschrgg hrgg: clos & op Dschrgg: clos & op m cos ( ). sc hrgg Dschrgg No: pcor olg s couous bu cpcor curr s o (my jumps). [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( ) ].63 6
7 co Orr rs spos co-orr crcu: wo rgy sorg lm w/wo o rgy loss lm (.g. crcu crcu) : :
co Orr rs spos (co.) whr h coss h D g rspcly. b f ( ) b f rm h url frqucy h mpg ro h fl lu of s prc by h D g whch lls us bou h sy s. h pro of oscllo of h rspos s rl o h url frqucy w ls o p/w 6.8 sc.. h ruco mplu of h oscllo s gor by h mpg ro. Wh lrg mpg ro h rspos o orshoos (osclls) bu looks lk h frs orr rspos. Dmpg -> frco ffc 8
N N Nurl spos s: l s N s co Orr spos f N whr s ( > ) ook lk h frs orr sysm sc roos. ± Ormp rspos s s s ± N s 3 : ompl roos. ± j ompl spos s : l rp roos. rclly ormp ( < ) orc spos u o D ( ) rspos Oscllo ( whr f ) Urmp : f rspos Oscllo s coss h wll b rm by h l coos. 9
co Orr spos (co.) Procurs Wr h ffrl quo of h crcu for h s mmly fr h swch hs chg. h rbl () h ffrl quo wll b hr cpcor olg or ucor curr. You c ruc h crcu o h or Noro qul form. wr h quo s h sr form. Ify h l coos ( ) /( ) usg h couy of cpcor olgs ucor currs. Wr h compl soluo for h crcu h form. Apply h l coos o sol for h coss. j j < > : s 3 :ompl roos. : rp roos. l s : : sc roos. s: l
Empl: co Orr spos ± rm h coss A/s Usg A p4 : ) rspos ompl spos (forc whr Ormp rspos.5 5 r/s : p3: A/s 5 5 A 5 p : : : p: 6 6 s s s f
Ormp Urmp rcu