Optical and Electronic Phenomena in Sol-Gel Glasses and Modem Application Volume Editors: C. K. Jorgensen, R. Reisfeld With contributions by M. A. Aegerter, R. C. Mehrota, I. Oehme, R. Reisfeld, S. Sakka, O. Wolfbeis, C. K. Jorgensen With 73 Figures and 22 Tables Springer
In references Structure and Bonding is abbreviated Struct. Bond. and is cited as a journal. Springer WWW home page: http://www.springer.de ISBN 3-540-60982-2 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York CIP-Data applied for This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typesettingi Macmillan India Ltd., Bangalore-25, India SPIN: 10509080 51/3020-5 4 3 2 1 0 Printed on acid-free paper
Volume Editors Prof. Christian K. Jorgensen Departement de Chimie Min6rale Analytique et Appliqu6e Sciences II 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet CH-1211 Geneve/Switzerland Professor Renata R isf ld The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Science 91904 Jerusalem/Israel Editorial Board Prof. Michael J. Clarke Prof. John B. Goodenough Prof. Christian K. Jorgensen Boston College, Department of Chemistry Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167, U.S.A. Center of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, U.S.A. Dept. de Chimie Min~rale de runiversit6, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Gen~:ve 4 Prof. David Michael P. Mingos Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Dept. of Chemistry, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, Great Britain Prof. Graham A. Palmer Prof. Peter J. Sadler Prof. Raymond Weiss Rice University, Department of Biochemistry, Wiess School of Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 1892, Houston Texas 77251, U.S.A. Birkbeck College, Department of Chemistry, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, Great Britain Institut Le Bel, Laboratoire de Cristallochimie et de Chimi Structurale, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cedex Prof. Robert Joseph P. Williams Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, Great Britain
Preface Transparent glasses can be prepared by a sol-gel process: Controlled hydrolysis and polycondensation of a variety of procursors at low temperature (e. g. 60 to 200 C). The precursors are metal alcoxides M(OR)2 (M =Si), Sn,Ti, AI, Mo, V, W, Ce...; OR being an alcoxy group OCnH2o+l. The present volume is a sequel to volume 77 of Structure and Bonding published in 1992 (Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Applications of Sol-Gel Glasses). In this new volume, S. Sakka discusses "Sol-Gel Coating Films for Optical and Electronic Applications" formed on surfaces of ceramics of conventional glasses. O. S. Wolfbeis, R. Reisfeld, and I. Oehme write on "Sol-Gels and Chemical Sensors" of recent concern for short-distance or remote detection of haevy metals, gases, biological impurities and other reactive compounds ocurring as vapors, gases, or solids at low concentration, including droplets of fog or mist. R. Reisfeld writes "New Materials for Non-Linear Optics", a review of efficient incorporation ofnanoparticles of semiconductors, metals and organic colorants in transparent sol-gel glasses and their use for nonlinear optics. M. Aegerter contributes "Sol-Gel Chromogenic Materials" which change from being colorless to being strongly colored by photochromic and/or electrochromic effects, or modify their color, as applied in the technology of "smart windows". R. Reisfeld writes "Lasers in Sol-Gel Materials" and discusses high-yield, tunable laser emission from organic dye-stuffs (highly resistant to strong illumination of long duration) incorporated in sol-gel glasses either in bulk or wave guiding films. C. K. Jorgensen writes "Luminescence of Cerium(III) Inter-Shell Transitions in Glasses" with high-energy particles (and gamma rays) providing high-yield scintillators. Comparison is made with other multi-dimensional Born- Oppenheimer potential surfaces. Most of the chapters describe materials of great potential for technical application in the fields of optics, ionoelectronics, mechanics, the environment, and biology. The editors would like to express their admiration of Dr. Helmut Dislich who started the modem technology of sol-gel glasses. Renata Reisfeld Christian Klixbtill Jorgensen
Table of Contents Sol-Gel Coating Films for Optical and Electronic Application S. Sakka... 1 Sol-Gels and Chemical Sensors O. S. Wolfbeis, R. Reisfeld, I. Oehme... 51 New Materials for Nonlinear Optics R. Reisfeld... 99 Sol-Gel Chromogenic Materials and Devices M. A. Aegerter... 149 Luminescence of Cerium (III) Inter-Shell Transitions and Scintillator Action C. K. Jorgensen... 195 Lasers Based on Sol-Gel Technology R. Reisfeld... 215 Author Index Volumes 1-85... 235
Table of Contents of Volume 77 Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Applications of Sol-Gel Glasses Present Status and Future Potential of the Sol-Gel Process R. C. Mehrotra Aerogels - Preparation, Properties, Applications J. Fricke, A. Emmerling Sol-Gel-Derived Coating Films and Applications S. Sakka, T. Yoko Thin Films, the Chemical Processing up to Gelation H. Schmidt Aqueous Chemistry of Metal Cations: Hydrolysis, Condensation and Complexation M. Henry, J. P. Jolivet, J. Livage Optical Properties of Colorants or Luminescent Species in Sol-Gel Glasses R. Reisfeld, C. K. Jorgensen