Pre-AP Biology Energy Unit Study Guide Part I

Pre-AP Biology Energy Unit Study Guide Part I

The Law of conservation of matter/mass : matter can not be created or destroyed However, matter may be rearranged in space In chemical reactions, the mass (and # of atoms) of the reactants must equal the mass (and #of atoms) of the products

1. What is activation energy? 2. Why can heat supply activation energy?

1. What is activation energy? Energy that must be added for bonds to become unstable 2. Why can heat supply activation energy? Heat increases molecular motion (and collisions), which causes bonds to become unstable

During a chemical reaction: 1. energy is added 2. Bonds become 3. Bonds 4. Atoms 5. New bonds 6. Matter is

During a chemical reaction: 1. Activation energy is added 2. Bonds become unstable 3. Bonds break 4. Atoms rearrange 5. New bonds form 6. Matter is conserved

C 2 H 4 + 3O 2 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O 1. Count the number of carbon atoms a. Of the reactants b. Of the products 2. Count the number of hydrogen atoms a. Of the reactants b. Of the products 3. Count the number of oxygen atoms a. Of the reactants b. Of the products 4. How do the number and types of atoms compare between the reactants and products? 5. Why?

C 2 H 4 + 3O 2 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O 1. Count the number of carbon atoms a. Of the reactants 2 b. Of the products 2 2. Count the number of hydrogen atoms a. Of the reactants 4 b. Of the products 4 3. Count the number of oxygen atoms a. Of the reactants 6 b. Of the products 6 4. How do the number and types of atoms compare between the reactants and products? equal 5. Why? Conservation of matter/mass

1. What does thermodynamics mean? 2. What does free energy mean? 3. State the 1 st Law of Thermodynamics: 4. State the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics: 5. Discuss how the diagram above shows how the 1 st & 2 nd Laws combine:

1. What does thermodynamics mean? Energy transformations 2. What does free energy mean? Capacity to do work 3. State the 1 st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy can not be created or destroyed (but it may be transferred or transformed) 4. State the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the system 5. Discuss how the diagram above shows how the 1 st & 2 nd Laws combine: organized chemical energy high entropy heat

Metabolic Equilibrium Metabolic Disequilibrium 1 2 1. Which of the systems above is a closed, which is an open system? 2. What eventually happens in a closed system and what is the result? 3. Give an example of matter that you are exchanging with the environment. 4. Give an example of an energy transformation occurring within your body. 5. What would happen if you became a closed system?

Metabolic Equilibrium Metabolic Disequilibrium 1 2 1. Which of the systems above is a closed, which is an open system? 1 2. What eventually happens in a closed system and what is the result? Equilibrium, death for organisms 3. Give an example of matter that you are exchanging with the environment. Oxygen in, carbon dioxide out 4. Give an example of an energy transformation occurring within your body. Chemical potential energy of food to heat (and recharged ATP) 5. What would happen if you became a closed system? death

Living organisms must exchange energy and matter with their environment in order to survive. Draw a picture of a stick-figure person showing: 1. One form of energy entering 2. One form of energy exiting 3. Two forms of matter entering (tied to cellular respiration) 4. Two forms of matter exiting (tied to cellular respiration) 5. Write a statement for how #1 & #2 connects to the First Law of Thermodynamics 6. Write a statement for how #3 & #4 connect to the Law of Conservation of Matter/Mass

Living Organisms are Open Systems Living organisms must exchange energy and matter with their environment in order to survive. Chemical potential energy Heat (kinetic energy) Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Matter may be reorganized but not created or destroyed; it is conserved

A molecule is built/broken down Releases/absorbs energy exergonic/endergonic Catabolic/anabolic reaction Ex.: Cellular respiration/photosynthesis

A molecule is built/broken down Releases/absorbs energy exergonic/endergonic Catabolic/anabolic reaction Ex.: Cellular respiration/photosynthesis

A molecule is broken down Releases free energy - Exergonic Catabolic reaction Ex.: Cellular respiration A molecule is built Absorbs free energy - Endergonic Anabolic reaction Ex.: Photosynthesis

Describe two examples in the diagram of how to build something up you have to first break something down.

ATP must be broken down in order to build protein Glucose must be broken down in order to build ATP Describe two examples in the diagram of how to build something up you have to first break something down.

The glucose molecule represents chemical potential energy, which bonds in the molecule represent high-energy bonds?

The glucose molecule represents chemical potential energy, which bonds in the molecule represent high-energy bonds? The Carbon-Hydrogen bonds

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Which part of the molecule represents chemical potential energy? Explain:

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Phosphate tail = potential energy in the repulsion of all the negative charges. It is a chemical equivalent of a loaded spring.

What is the mitochondrion s function? And how does its structure (architecture) relate to its function (job)?

The function of the mitochondrion is to synthesize/recycle ATP: ADP + p i ATP The double membrane allows for a H + gradient, when H + is allowed to diffuse down its [ ] gradient ATP synthase recycles ATP

What structures do plants have that allow them to exchange energy and matter with their environment? 1. List 4 such structures: 2. And describe the function of each:

What structures do plants have that allow them to exchange energy and matter with their environment? Chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis Roots absorb water and minerals Xylem transport water from roots to leaves Stomata exchange gases and transpiration of water

1. Energy enters Earth s ecosystems as. 2. Photosynthesis converts CO 2 and H 2 O into, a form of energy 3. Respiration breaks down to recharge ATP and releases energy as.

1. Energy enters Earth s ecosystems as light. 2. Photosynthesis converts CO 2 and H 2 O into organic molecules, a form of chemical potential energy 3. Respiration breaks down organic molecules to recharge ATP and releases energy as heat.

1. Energy enters Earth s ecosystems as and exits as. 2. Describe 2 energy transformations shown in the diagram above: 3. Describe and explain the path of matter shown:

1. Energy enters ecosystems as light and exits as heat. 2. Describe 2 energy transformations shown in the diagram above: Light chemical potential (glucose) ATP & heat 3. Describe and explain the path of matter shown: matter cycles due to the Law of conservation of matter/mass

Draw and label a diagram that shows the flow of carbon through an ecosystem as a result of the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and name the organelles in cells that perform each of these reactions.

Cellular Respiration (mitochondria) Organic Molecules Carbon Dioxide Photosynthesis (chloroplasts)

enzymes enzymes 1. List three similarities between the two reactions: 2. Describe two differences:

enzymes enzymes 1. List three similarities between the two reactions: both use glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, enzymes are used, energy is transformed 2. Describe two differences: The reactants and products are switched, photosynthesis is endergonic while respiration is exergonic

Discuss the role of process I and II in the cycling of carbon:

Process I: Photosynthesis removes CO 2 from the atmosphere and uses light energy to convert it into organic molecules (chemical potential energy of glucose). Process II: Cellular respiration breaks down organic molecules, releasing energy to recycle ATP and releasing CO 2 back into the atmosphere

1. Where does the mass come from for: acorn mature oak tree? 2. Where does the mass go when a person loses weight?

1. Where does the mass come from for: acorn mature oak tree? Most of the mass comes from CO 2, a smaller amount comes from the H that were removed from H 2 O 2. Where does the mass go when a person loses weight? Most of the mas is exhaled as CO 2 gas and some is excreted as H 2 O

If plants are placed in an environment without sun and animals are not provided with food for 48 hours, predict what will occur to the organisms mass and justify your answer:

If plants are placed in an environment without sun and animals are not provided with food, predict what will occur to the organisms mass and justify your answer: Without sunlight to drive photosynthesis, plants will not gain mass but they still need to perform cellular respiration to recycle ATP, they will use stored glucose (starch) to do so and thus lose mass by releasing CO 2 and H 2 O. Similarly, animals will breakdown stored fuel and lose mass by exhaling CO 2 & excreting H 2 O.

1. Identify two processes that break-down organic molecules and return CO 2 to the atmosphere: 2. Identify one process that removes CO 2 from the atmosphere and locks it up into organic molecules :

1. Identify two processes that break-down organic molecules and return CO 2 to the atmosphere: cellular respiration and burning of fossil fuels 2. Identify one process that removes CO 2 from the atmosphere and locks it up into organic molecules : photosynthesis

1. What is the trend in [CO 2 ] from 1960 to 2010? 2. Why does [CO 2 ] decline in the spring and summer? 3. Why does [CO 2 ] increase in the fall and winter?

1. What is the trend in [CO 2 ] from 1960 to 2010? increase 2. Why does [CO 2 ] decline in the spring and summer? photo. takes up CO2 3. Why does [CO 2 ] increase in the fall and winter? photo., resp. continues

1. What is the relationship between [CO 2 ] and average global temperature?

1. What is the relationship between [CO 2 ] and average global temperature? As [CO 2 ] so does temp

How can the abundance of food affect the survival and reproduction of a species?

If the food resource (in this case caterpillars) abundance peak does not match the timing when chicks need to be fed, chicks are less likely to survive. The population of the bird species is thus likely to decline.

Carbon & Organic Molecules 96% of the matter of your body is composed of:,,, 98+% includes:,,,,, Organic molecules have a -based skeleton Carbon forms - covalent bonds

Carbon & Organic Molecules 96% of the matter of your body is composed of: C, H, N, O 98+% includes: CHNOPS Organic molecules have a C-based skeleton Carbon forms 4 - covalent bonds

1. Describe what is being shown in the diagram: 2. Name the process

1. Describe what is being shown in the diagram: A molecule of water is lost as a monomer is added to a polymer 2. Name the process dehydration synthesis

1. Describe what is being shown in the diagram: 2. Name the process

1. Describe what is being shown in the diagram: A molecule of water is added to break a monomer from a polymer 2. Name the process hydrolysis

1. Which reactant do the C atoms of glucose come from? 2. Which reactant do the O atoms of glucose come from? 3. Which reactant do the H atoms of glucose come from? 4. Which reactant does O 2 gas come from?

1. Which reactant do the C atoms of glucose come from? CO 2 2. Which reactant do the O atoms of glucose come from? CO 2 3. Which reactant do the H atoms of glucose come from? H 2 O 4. Which reactant does O 2 gas come from? H 2 O

4 g 235,000 kg (235 million grams) An acorn grows into a massive oak tree. There is a massive increase in biomass. Where, exactly, did all that matter (mass) come from?

4 g 235,000 kg (235 million grams) An acorn grows into a massive oak tree. There is a massive increase in biomass. Where, exactly, did all that matter (mass) come from? C = 12x6=72 O = 16x6=96 CO 2 : 168 amu H = 1x12=12 H 2 O: 12 amu Most of the biomass comes from CO 2, a small amount also comes from the Hydrogen atoms split from H 2 O

LIGHT REACTIONS H 2 O co 2 CALVIN CYCLE/ CARBON FIXATION Light CHLOROPHYLL THYLAKOID NADP + ADP P ATP NADPH STROMA 1. Which organelle is shown? 2. What process is diagrammed? 3. Where do the light reactions occur? 4. Where does the Calvin cycle occur? O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6

LIGHT REACTIONS H 2 O co 2 CALVIN CYCLE/ CARBON FIXATION Light CHLOROPHYLL THYLAKOID O 2 NADP + ADP P ATP NADPH STROMA C 6 H 12 O 6 1. Which organelle is shown? chloroplast 2. What process is diagrammed? photosynthesis 3. Where do the light reactions occur? thylakoid 4. Where does the Calvin cycle occur? stroma

LIGHT REACTIONS H 2 O co 2 CALVIN CYCLE/ CARBON FIXATION Light CHLOROPHYLL THYLAKOID O 2 NADP + ADP P ATP NADPH STROMA C 6 H 12 O 6 For the light reactions: 1. Which reactant enters? 2. Which product leaves? 3. What happens to the hydrogen atoms? 4. What is light energy transformed into?

LIGHT REACTIONS Light CHLOROPHYLL H 2 O THYLAKOID O 2 NADP + ADP P ATP NADPH co 2 STROMA C 6 H 12 O 6 CALVIN CYCLE/ CARBON FIXATION For the light reactions: 1. Which reactant enters? H 2 O 2. Which product leaves? O 2 3. What happens to the hydrogen atoms? Carried by NADPH 4. What is light energy transformed into? Chemical energy: NADPH and ATP

LIGHT REACTIONS H 2 O co 2 CALVIN CYCLE/ CARBON FIXATION Light CHLOROPHYLL THYLAKOID NADP + ADP P ATP NADPH STROMA For the Calvin cycle: 1. Which reactant enters? 2. Which product leaves? 3. Where does the ATP and NADPH come from? 4. What is ATP and NADPH used for? O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6

LIGHT REACTIONS Light CHLOROPHYLL H 2 O THYLAKOID O 2 NADP + ADP P ATP NADPH co 2 STROMA C 6 H 12 O 6 CALVIN CYCLE/ CARBON FIXATION For the Calvin cycle: 1. Which reactant enters? CO 2 2. Which product leaves? C 6 H 12 O 6 3. Where does the ATP and NADPH come from? The light reactions 4. What is ATP and NADPH used for? Energy to build glucose

When a person loses 5 lbs. of fat, where exactly does it go?

Cellular respiration:

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen gas: 6-C sugar (glucose) is split into two 3-C pyruvate molecules, yielding 2 net ATP 6-C 3-C 3-C 2 2 pyruvate molecules

Cellular Respiration 1. 6-C sugar (glucose) split into two 3-C pyruvate 2. If O 2 is present, pyruvate moves into the mitochondrion where it is fully broken down 3. High energy carbon-hydrogen bonds in fuel molecules are broken this energy is used to pump H + ions across the mitochondrion s inner membrane 4. When the H+ ions diffuse through ATP synthase: ADP + P i ATP (ATP is recycled) 5. C in organic molecule C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 6. H from glucose + O 2 H 2 O

Fermentation: 2 ATP Fermentation 1. What determines the route of pyruvate after glycolysis? Respiration: 36 ATP 2. What are two possible products of fermentation? 3. Where does fermentation occur? 4. Where does respiration occur? 5. How does ATP production fermentation vs. cellular respiration compare: 6. How does fermentation relate to NADH?

Fermentation: 2 ATP Fermentation Respiration: 36 ATP 1. What determines the route of pyruvate after glycolysis? + or - oxygen 2. What are two possible products of fermentation? Alcohol and lactic acid 3. Where does fermentation occur? cytoplasm 4. Where does respiration occur? mitochondrion 5. How does ATP production fermentation vs. cellular respiration compare: About 18 times more with resp.

Alcoholic Fermentation In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) Glucose Enzymes Ethanol (alcohol) Represents a lot of calories + 2 ATP recycled Carbon dioxide gas Alcoholic fermentation used in brewing and winemaking

Energy and Exercise 3 sources of energy: 1. Use ATP already in muscles (only enough for a few seconds) 2. Use new ATP made from lactic acid fermentation (only for about 90 seconds) 3. Use new ATP made from cellular respiration relies on glycogen (animal-starch) stored in muscles and the liver

Living Organisms are Open Systems Organic molecules (food) provides the chemical building blocks living things need to grow and reproduce 1. Digestive system breaks food down 2. Cell metabolism may further break down molecules 3. Cells use ATP energy to build new polymers from monomers