Table of Contents SUBAREA I. PART I. UNDERSTANDING AND SKILL IN MOTION AND FORCES COMPETENCY 1.1 MOTION AND FORCES Skill 1.1a Skill 1.1b Skill 1.1c Skill 1.1d Skill 1.1e Skill 1.1f Skill 1.1g Skill 1.1h Skill 1.1i Discuss and apply Newton s laws...1 Solve problems using Newton s Second Law...3 Define pressure and relate it to fluid flow and buoyancy...4 Describe the relationships among position, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and time, and perform simple calculations using these variables for both linear and circular motion...7 Construct and analyze simple vector and graphical representations of motion and forces... 10 Generate and understand functional relationships of graphs showing distance, velocity, and acceleration versus time... 13 Recognize relationships among variables for linear motion and rotational motion... 14 Solve 2-dimensional problems involving vector analysis of motion and forces, including projectile motion, uniform circular motion, and statics... 16 Identify the separate forces that act on a body and describe the net force on the body... 18 Skill 1.1j Construct appropriate free-body diagrams of many-body problems... 21 Skill 1.1k Solve periodic motion problems... 23 Skill 1.1l Skill 1.1m Skill 1.1n Solve problems involving linear and rotational motion in term of forces and torques... 25 Identify fundamental forces, including gravity, nuclear forces, and electromagnetic forces, and explain their roles in nature... 27 Explain and calculate mechanical advantages for levers, pulleys, and inclined planes... 29 i
SUBAREA II. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND MOMENTUM COMPETENCY 2.1 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND MOMENTUM Skill 2.1a Use conservation of energy to characterize kinetic-potential energy systems such as oscillating systems, projectile motion, and roller coasters... 31 Skill 2.1b Analyze elastic and inelastic collisions and solve for unknown values... 32 Skill 2.1c Skill 2.1d Solve problems involving linear and rotational motion in terms of conservation of momentum and energy... 33 Recognize relationships between energy/momentum conservation principles and Newton s Laws... 36 Skill 2.1e Examine the impact of friction on conservation principles... 37 Skill 2.1f Interpret force-versus-time and force-versus-distance graphs to find, for example, work done or impulse on a system... 38 SUBAREA III. HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS COMPETENCY 3.1 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS Skill 3.1a Solve problems involving the laws of thermodynamics using the relationships among work, heat flow, energy, and entropy... 40 Skill 3.1b Define and correctly apply thermodynamic properties of materials such as specific heat, heats of fusion, heat of vaporization, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion to solve problems... 42 Skill 3.1c Solve problems for ideal gas systems... 46 Skill 3.1d Interpret graphs showing phase changes and graphs of cyclic processes... 49 Skill 3.1e Solve problems involving cyclic processes, including calculations of work done, heat gain/loss, and entropy change... 53 Skill 3.1f Describe a plasma, state its characteristic properties, and contrast it with an ideal gas... 57 ii
SUBAREA IV. WAVES COMPETENCY 4.1 WAVES Skill 4.1a Compare the characteristics of sound, light, and seismic waves... 58 Skill 4.1b Explain that energy is transferred by waves without mass transfer and provide examples... 59 Skill 4.1c Explain how lenses are used in simple optical systems, including the camera, telescope, microscope, and the eye... 60 Skill 4.1d Explain and apply the laws of reflection and refraction... 62 Skill 4.1e Compare transmission, reflection, and absorption of light in matter... 64 Skill 4.1f Relate wave propagation to properties of materials... 65 Skill 4.1g Describe, distinguish, and solve both conceptual and numerical problems involving interference, diffraction, refraction, reflection, Doppler effect, polarization, dispersion, and scattering... 66 SUBAREA V. ELECTROMAGNETISM COMPETENCY 5.1 ELECTROMAGNETISM Skill 5.1a Describe and provide examples of electrostatic and magnetostatic phenomena... 71 Skill 5.1b Predict charges or poles based on attraction/repulsion observations... 72 Skill 5.1c Skill 5.1d Skill 5.1e Skill 5.1f Skill 5.1g Build a simple compass and use it to determine direction of magnetic fields, including the Earth s magnetic field... 73 Analyze electric and magnetic forces, charges, and fields using Coulomb s law, the Lorentz force, and the right-hand rule... 75 Relate electric currents to magnetic fields and describe the application of these relationships, such as in electromagnets, electric current generators, motors, and transformers... 79 Solve problems involving the relationships between electric and magnetic phenomena... 84 Define and calculate power, voltage differences, current, and resistance in simple circuits... 86 Skill 5.1h Design and interpret simple series and parallel circuits... 88 Skill 5.1i Apply energy principles to analyze problems in electricity, magnetism, and circuit theory involving capacitors, resistors, and inductors... 90 iii
Skill 5.1j Skill 5.1k Calculate power, voltage changes, current, and resistance in multiloop circuits involving capacitors, resistors, and inductors... 93 Interpret and design mixed series and parallel circuits involving capacitors, resistors, and inductors... 97 Skill 5.1l Explain properties of transistors, diodes, and semiconductors... 99 SUBAREA 6. QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLES COMPETENCY 6.1 QUANTUM MECHANICS AND THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLES Skill 6.1a Skill 6.1b Distinguish the four fundamental forces of nature, describe their ranges, and identify their force carriers... 101 Evaluate the assumptions and relevance of the Bohr model of the atom... 101 PART II. SUBAREA I. SKILLS AND ABILITIES APPLICABLE TO THE CONTENT DOMAINS IN SCIENCE INVESTIGATION AND EXPERIMENTATION COMPETENCY 1.1 QUESTION FORMULATION Skill 1.1a. Formulate and evaluate a viable hypothesis... 103 Skill 1.1b. Recognize the value and role of observation prior to question formulation... 103 Skill 1.1c. Recognize the iterative nature of questioning... 104 Skill 1.1d. Given an experimental design, identify possible hypotheses that it may test... 104 COMPETENCY 1.2. PLANNING A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION Skill 1.2a. Skill 1.2b. Given a hypothesis, formulate an investigation or experimental design to test that hypothesis... 105 Evaluate an experimental design for its suitability to test a given hypothesis... 105 Skill 1.2c. Distinguish between variable and controlled parameters... 106 iv
COMPETENCY 1.3 OBSERVATION AND DATA COLLECTION Skill 1.3a. Skill 1.3b. Skill 1.3c. Identify changes in natural phenomena over time without manipulating the phenomena... 107 Analyze the locations, sequences, and time intervals that are characteristic of natural phenomena... 108 Select and use appropriate tools and technology to perform tests, collect data, analyze relationships, and display data... 109 Skill 1.3d. Evaluate the precision, accuracy, and reproducibility of data... 110 Skill 1.3e. Identify and analyze possible reasons for inconsistent results, such as sources of error or uncontrolled conditions... 110 Skill 1.3f. Identify and communicate sources of unavoidable experimental error.. 111 Skill 1.3g. Skill 1.3h. Skill 1.3i. Skill 1.3j. Recognize the issues of statistical variability and explain the need for controlled tests... 111 Know and evaluate the safety issues when designing an experiment and implement appropriate solutions to safety problems... 111 Appropriately employ a variety of print and electronic resources to collect information and evidence as part of a research project... 113 Assess the accuracy validity and reliability of information gathered from a variety of sources... 113 COMPETENCY 1.4 DATA ANALYSIS/GRAPHING Skill 1.4a. Skill 1.4b. Skill 1.4c. Skill 1.4d. Skill 1.4e. Construct appropriate graphs from data and develop qualitative and quantitative statements about relationships between variables... 114 Recognize the slope of the linear graph as the constant in the relationship y=kx and apply this principle in interpreting graphs constructed from data... 115 Apply simple mathematical relationships to determine a missing quantity in an algebraic expression, given the two remaining terms... 115 Determine whether a relationship on a given graph is linear or non- linear and determine the appropriateness of extrapolating the data... 116 Solve scientific problems by using quadratic equations and simple trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions... 117 v
COMPETENCY 1.5 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND COMMUNICATING EXPLANATIONS Skill 1.5a. Draw appropriate and logical conclusions from data... 120 Skill 1.5b. Communicate the logical connection among hypotheses, science concepts, tests conducted, data collected, and conclusions drawn from the scientific evidence... 120 Skill 1.5c. Communicate the steps and results of an investigation in written reports and oral presentations... 120 Skill 1.5d. Recognize whether evidence is consistent with a proposed explanation... 120 Skill 1.5e. Construct appropriate visual representations of scientific phenomenon and processes... 120 Skill 1.5f. Read topographic and geologic maps for evidence provided on the maps and construct and interpret a simple scale map... 120 SUBAREA II. NATURE OF SCIENCE COMPETENCY 2.1. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Skill 2.1a. Skill 2.1b. Skill 2.1c. Skill 2.1d. Skill 2.1e. Skill 2.1f. Skill 2.1g. Skill 2.1h. Distinguish among the terms hypothesis, theory, and prediction as used in scientific investigations... 121 Evaluate the usefulness, limitations, and interdisciplinary and cumulative nature of scientific evidence as it relates to the development of models and theories as representations of reality... 122 Recognize that when observations do not agree with an accepted scientific theory, either the observations are mistaken or fraudulent, or the accepted theory is erroneous or incorrect... 122 Understand that reproducibility of data is critical to the scientific endeavor... 123 Recognize that science is a self- correcting process that eventually identifies misconceptions and experimental biases... 123 Recognize that an inquiring mind is at the heart of the scientific method and that doing science involves thinking critically about the evidence presented, the usefulness of models, and the limitations of theories... 123 Recognize that theories are judged by how well they explain observations and predict results and that when they represent new ideas that are counter to mainstream ideas they often encounter vigorous criticism... 124 Recognize that when observations, data, or experimental results do not agree, the unexpected results are not necessarily mistakes... 124 vi
Skill 2.1i. Know why curiosity, honesty, openness, and skepticism are so highly regarded in science and how they are incorporated into the way science is carried out... 125 COMPETENCY 2.2 SCIENTIFIC ETHICS Skill 2.2a. Skill 2.2b. Skill 2.2c. Understand that honesty is at the core of scientific ethics; first and foremost is the honest and accurate reporting of procedures used and data collected... 126 Know that all scientists are obligated to evaluate the safety of an investigation and ensure the safety of those performing the experiment127 Know the procedures for respectful treatment of all living organisms in experimentation and other investigations... 127 COMPETENCY 2.3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Skill 2.3a. Skill 2.3b. Skill 2.3c. Discuss the cumulative nature of scientific evidence as it relates to the development of models and theories... 128 Recognize that as knowledge in science evolves, when observations do not support an accepted scientific theory, the observations are reconsidered to determine if they are mistaken or fraudulent, or if the accepted theory is erroneous or incomplete... 129 Recognize and provide specific examples that scientific advances sometimes result in profound paradigm shifts in scientific theories... 130 SUBAREA III. SCIENCE AND SOCIETY COMPETENCY 3.1 SCIENCE LITERACY Skill 3.1a. Skill 3.1b. Skill 3.1c. Skill 3.1d. Skill 3.1e. Recognize that science attempts to make sense of how the natural and the designed world function... 131 Demonstrate the ability to apply critical and independent thinking to weigh alternative explanations of events... 131 Apply evidence, numbers, patterns, and logical arguments to solve problems... 131 Understand that, although much has been learned about the objects, events and phenomena in nature, there are many unanswered questions, i.e., science is a work in progress... 131 Know that the ability of science and technology to resolve societal problems depends on the scientific literacy of a society... 133 vii
COMPETENCY 3.2 DIVERSITY Skill 3.2a. Identify examples of women and men of various social and ethnic backgrounds with diverse interests, talents, qualities and motivations who are, or who have been, engaged in activities of science and related fields... 134 COMPETENCY 3.3 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Skill 3.3 a. Identify and evaluate the impact of scientific advances on society... 135 Skill 3.3 b. Recognize that scientific advances may challenge individuals to reevaluate their personal beliefs... 136 COMPETENCY 3.4 SAFETY Skill 3.4a. Choose appropriate safety equipment for a given activity... 137 Skill 3.4b. Discuss the safe use, storage, and disposal of commonly used chemicals and biological specimens... 137 Skill 3.4c. Assess the safety conditions needed to maintain a science laboratory. 138 Skill 3.4d. Skill 3.4e. Skill 3.4f. Read and decode MSDS/OSHA labels on laboratory supplies and equipment... 139 Discuss key issues in the disposal of hazardous materials in either the laboratory or the local community... 140 Be familiar with standard safety procedures such as those outlined in the Science Safety Handbook for California Schools (1999)... 140 Sample Test...141 Answer Key...160 Rigor Analysis Table...161 Rationales with Sample Questions... 162 viii