Wha is an Annna? Tim vaying chags caus adiaion bu NOT vyhing ha adias is an annna! No an annna + - Now his is an annna
Wha is an Annna? An annna is a dvic ha fficinly ansiions bwn ansmission lin o guidd wavs o/fom spac wavs. N
Wha popis dos a good annna hav? 1. I fficinly ansfs ngy fom guidd mods o f-spac mods ov h bandwidh of ins.. I snds ngy ou o collcs ngy in dsiabl locaions. 3. I has a dsiabl foopin i.. siz wigh and shap fo h applicaion.
Annna Typs: Wi Annnas Wi annnas a usd as xnsions of odinay cicuis & a mos ofn found in Low fquncy applicaions. Thy can opa wih wo minals in a Balancd configuaion lik h dipol o wih an Unbalancd configuaion using a Gound lan fo h oh half of h sucu.
Annna Typs: Apu Annnas Apu annnas adia fom an opning o fom a sufac ah han a lin and a found a High fquncis wh wavlnghs a Sho. Apu annnas ofn hav handfuls of Sq. Wavlnghs of aa & a vy sldom facions of a wavlngh.
Annna Typs: flco Annnas An annna flco is a dvic ha flcs lcomagnic wavs. I is ofn a pa of an annna assmbly. Th mos common flco yps a: 1. A passiv lmn slighly long han and locad bhind a adiaing dipol lmn ha absobs and -adias h signal in a dicional way as in a Yagi annna aay.. Con flco which flcs h incoming signal back o h dicion i cam fom 3. aabolic flco which focuss a bam signal ino on poin o dics a adiaing signal ino a bam
Fundamnal Annna aams 1. adiaion an An annna adiaion pan is dfind as a gaphical psnaion of h adiaion popis of h annna as a funcion of spac coodinas. In mos cass h adiaion pan is dmind in h fa-fild gion. adiaion popis includ adiaion innsiy fild sngh phas o polaizaion.
Coodina Sysm
Fild gions Fa-fild Faunhof gion 1 aciv na-fild gion 1 0. 6 3 λ adiaing na-fild Fsnl gion λ
opis of Annna adiaion in h Fa Fild 1. In h fa-fild h popagaion dicion of h adiaion is almos nily in h adial dicion.
opis of Annna adiaion in h Fa Fild 1. In h fa-fild h popagaion dicion of h adiaion is almos nily in h adial dicion.. Th lcic fild has h following fom: ~ E ~ E o jk f φ
opis of Annna adiaion in h Fa Fild 1. In h fa-fild h popagaion dicion of h adiaion is almos nily in h adial dicion.. Th lcic fild has h following fom: ~ ~ E E o jk f φ 3. I popagas lik a plan wav. So wha dos ha man?
opis of Annna adiaion in h Fa Fild 1. In h fa-fild h popagaion dicion of h adiaion is almos nily in h adial dicion.. Th lcic fild has h following fom: ~ ~ E E o f φ 3. I popagas lik a plan wav. So wha dos ha man? a. E and H a polaizd ohogonal o ach oh and ohogonal o h dicion of popagaion. b. E and H a in phas c. H is small han E by h impdanc jk
opis of Annna adiaion in h Fa Fild 1. Th lcic fild has h following fom:. I popagas lik a plan wav. So wha dos ha man? a. E and H a polaizd ohogonal o ach oh and ohogonal o h dicion of popagaion. b. E and H a in phas c. H is small han E by h impdanc ~ ~ φ f E E jk o φ φ η φ a f E H a f E E jk o jk o ˆ ~ ˆ ~ O φ φ η φ a f E H a f E E jk o jk o ˆ ~ ˆ ~ O a combinaion
Typs of adiaion ans ow an nomalizd pow vs. sphical coodina posiion in h fa fild Fild an nomalizd E o H vs. sphical coodina posiion in h fa fild ˆ ˆ ~ φ φ φ φ φ f E a f E a E jk jk + φ f { } * 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 η η E E E H E ad + φ f φ φ f φ f φ
Typs of adiaion ans Idalizd oin adiao Vical ipol ada ish Isoopic Omnidicional icional
1. E and H plans Annna pfomanc is ofn dscibd in ms of is pincipal E and H plan pans. E-plan h plan conaining h lcic fild vco and h dicion of maximum adiaion. H-plan h plan conaining h magnic fild vco and h dicion of maximum adiaion. incipal ans
adiaion an Lobs Main lob Full Null Bamwidh Bwn 1s NULLS Sid lobs Back lobs
adiaion an Lobs
adiaion Innsiy Asid on Solid Angls ρ 1.0 ad aclngh ρ Ω 1.0 s sufac aa oal cicumfanc adians oal sufac aa So Ω infinisimal aa of sufac of sph S o Ω s ds sin d dφ ds d Ω d dφ sin
adiaion Innsiy ~ av o ad o ad ~ ds S φ 0 0 av av av φ ˆ φ sin d dφ
adiaion Innsiy o ad ~ ds S av o ad av φ sin d dφ 0 0 U φ av φ dfin This assums w a in h fa fild and h pow vais as 1/^ U o ad av 0 0 0 0 U φ sin d dφ U φ dω o ad 0 0 U φ dω Th avag adiaion innsiy fo a givn annna psns h adiaion innsiy of a poin souc o isoopic annna ha poducs h sam amoun of adia pow as h acual annna.
adiaion Innsiy { } max * 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 U U U E E U E E E H E ad η η η + +
adiaion Innsiy Exampls 1.0 max U U U cons U o ad ad o ad ad 1. Isoopic adiao. Hzian ipol sin sin sin 1 1 0 sin max 0 0 0 β η β η η η β η β φ φ β + U U U li li E E U E li j E j j
iciv Gain 10log ] [ 1 10 max max db diciviy U U U U U o ad o o ad o ad av iciv in db
iciviy Exampls 1.0 1.0 o o ad o ad o U U U 1. Isoopic adiao. Hzian ipol 3 sin 3 3 8 sin sin sin 1 0 sin 0 0 0 0 0 Ω + o o ad o ad j U I l d d li d U li E E U E l j E β η φ β η β η η β η φ φ β
Annna Gain G U inpu IECTIVITY OWE ENSITY IN A CETAIN IECTION IVIE BY THE TOTAL OWE AIATE GAIN IF ANTENNA HAS OHMIC LOSS THEN GAIN < IECTIVITY OWE ENSITY IN A CETAIN IECTION IVIE BY THE TOTAL INUT OWE TO THE ANTENNA TEMINALS FEE OINTS
Annna Gain Soucs of Annna Sysm Loss 1. losss du o impdanc mismachs. losss du o h ansmission lin 3. conduciv and dilcic losss in h annna. losss du o polaizaion mismachs Accoding o IEEE sandads h annna gain dos no includ losss du o impdanc o polaizaion mismachs. Thfo h annna gain only accouns fo dilcic and conduciv losss found in h annna islf. Howv Balanis and ohs hav includd impdanc mismach as pa of h annna gain. Th annna gain las o h diciviy hough a cofficin calld h adiaion fficincy conducion losss dilcic losss impdanc mismach G olaizaion losss p c d 1
Ovall Annna Efficincy Th ovall annna fficincy is a cofficin ha accouns fo all h diffn losss psn in an annna sysm. p c d cd p c d p polaizaion mismachs flcion fficincy impdanc mismach conducion losss dilcic losss conduco & dilcic losss cd
flcion Efficincy Th flcion fficincy hough a flcion cofficin Γ a h inpu o fd o h annna. Γ Z Z 1 inpu Z Z oupu Γ inpu inpu Z + Z annna gnao gnao gnao inpu oupu impdanc Ω impdanc Ω
adiaion sisanc Th adiaion sisanc is on of h fw paams ha is laivly saigh fowad o calcula. o o oal ad ad I d U I Ω Exampl: Hzian ipol 0 0 3 3 8 3 8 3 8 sin sin Ω λ η β η β η β η φ β η l l I li li d d I l d U o o ad o o o ad
adiaion sisanc Exampl: Hzian ipol coninud 0.7 7.9 50 7.9 50 1 7.9 100 1 3 377 377 10 1 3 3 8 3 8 + Ω Ω ad o o ad and l l l l I li η λ λ η β η β η
Annna adiaion Efficincy Conducion and dilcic losss of an annna a vy difficul o spaa and a usually lumpd ogh o fom h cd fficincy. L cd psn h acual losss du o conducion and dilcic haing. Thn h fficincy is givn as cd ad oal ad + ad ohmic Fo wi annnas wihou insulaion h is no dilcic losss only conduco losss fom h mal annna. Fo hos cass w can appoxima cd by: cd l ωµ o b σ wh b is h adius of h wi ω is h angula fquncy σ is h conduciviy of h mal and l is h annna lngh cd + ad ad
Annna adiaion Efficincy Fo wi annnas wihou insulaion h is no dilcic losss only conduco losss fom h mal annna. Fo hos cass w can appoxima cd by: cd l ωµ o b σ wh b is h adius of h wi ω is h angula fquncy σ is h conduciviy of h mal and l is h annna lngh
Exampl oblm: A half-wavlngh dipol annna wih an inpu impdanc of 73Ω is o b conncd o a gnao and ansmission lin wih an oupu impdanc of 50Ω. Assum h annna is mad of copp wi.0 mm in diam and h opaing fquncy is 10.0 GHz. Assum h adiaion pan of h annna is U φ B Find h ovall gain of his annna o sin 3
Exampl oblm: A half-wavlngh dipol annna wih an inpu impdanc of 73Ω is o b conncd o a gnao and ansmission lin wih an oupu impdanc of 50Ω. Assum h annna is mad of copp wi.0 mm in diam and h opaing fquncy is 10.0 GHz. Assum h adiaion pan of h annna is U φ B Find h ovall gain of his annna sin 3 SOLUTION Fis dmin h diciviy of h annna. U o ad 3 Bo sin 3 B0 16 0 max 1.697 3 16 sin 3 3 o
Exampl oblm: Coninud SOLUTION Nx sp is o dmin h fficincis 0.965 50 73 50 73 1 1 + Γ cd ad cd ad cd + 0.96 0.9991 0.965 0.9991 0.068 73 73 0.068 10 5.7 10 10 10 0.001 0.015 7 7 9 + Ω cd cd o cd b l σ ωµ
Exampl oblm: Coninud SOLUTION Nx sp is o dmin h gain G G G G 0 0 G db cd 16 3 0.96 sin 3 16 0.96 1.636 3 10log 1.636.1dB max 10
Annna Typ Gain dbi Gain ov Isoopic Half Wavlngh ipol Cll hon Annna IFA Sandad Gain Hon Cll phon ow annna Lag flcing ish Small flcing ish 1.76 1.5x ow Lvls 3.0.0x 0.6 Was 15 31x 6 x 50 100000x 0 10000x
Effciv Apu load A physical plan wav incidn Qusion: load? A physical W inc
Effciv Apu load A physical plan wav incidn Qusion: load? A physical W inc Answ: Usually NOT A W A load ff inc ff W load inc
Effciv Apu load A physical plan wav incidn Qusion: load? A physical W inc Answ: Usually NOT A W A load ff inc ff W load inc iciviy and Maximum Effciv Apu no losss λ A ff o
Effciv Apu load A physical plan wav incidn A W A load ff inc ff W load inc iciviy and Maximum Effciv Apu wih losss A m λ * 1 ˆ ˆ cd Γ o ρw ρa conduco and dilcic losss flcion losss impdanc mismach polaizaion mismach
Fiis Tansmission Equaion no loss Annna #1 Annna # φ φ Goal is o dmin h pow civd by Annna #.
Fiis Tansmission Equaion no loss Annna #1 Annna # φ φ Th ansmid pow dnsiy supplid by Annna #1 a a disanc and dicion φ is givn by: W g
Fiis Tansmission Equaion no loss Annna #1 Annna # φ φ Th ansmid pow dnsiy supplid by Annna #1 a a disanc and dicion φ is givn by: W g W/m^ Th pow collcd civd by Annna # is givn by: g W A A Was
Fiis Tansmission Equaion no loss Annna #1 Annna # φ φ Th ansmid pow dnsiy supplid by Annna #1 a a disanc and dicion φ is givn by: W g W/m^ λ A ff o Th pow collcd civd by Annna # is givn by: g W A A g g λ Was
Fiis Tansmission Equaion no loss Annna # Annna #1 Th ansmid pow dnsiy supplid by Annna #1 a a disanc and dicion φ is givn by: W g φ φ Th pow collcd civd by Annna # is givn by: g g g g g A W A λ λ
Fiis Tansmission Equaion no loss Annna # Annna #1 φ φ g g λ If boh annnas a poining in h dicion of hi maximum adiaion pan: o o λ
Fiis Tansmission Equaion loss Annna #1 Annna # φ φ conduco and dilcic losss civing annna flcion losss in civing impdanc mismach f spac loss faco cd λ * 1 1 ˆ ˆ cd Γ Γ g φ g φ ρw ρa conduco and dilcic losss ansmiing annna flcion losss in ansmi impdanc mismach polaizaion mismach
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl #1 A ypical analog cll phon annna has a diciviy of 3 dbi a is opaing fquncy of 800.0 MHz. Th cll ow is 1 mil away and has an annna wih a diciviy of 6 dbi. Assuming ha h pow a h inpu minals of h ansmiing annna is 0.6 W and h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss.
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl #1 A ypical analog cll phon annna has a diciviy of 3 dbi a is opaing fquncy of 800.0 MHz. Th cll ow is 1 mil away and has an annna wih a diciviy of 6 dbi. Assuming ha h pow a h inpu minals of h ansmiing annna is 0.6 W and h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss. λ o o λ max max c f 38 0.375m 8006 10 10 3/10 6/10.0.0 0.375 0.6 was 1. 65nW 1609.3
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl #1 A ypical analog cll phon annna has a diciviy of 3 dbi a is opaing fquncy of 800.0 MHz. Th cll ow is 1 mil away and has an annna wih a diciviy of 6 dbi. Assuming ha h pow a h inpu minals of h ansmiing annna is 0.6 W and h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss. λ o o
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl #1 A ypical analog cll phon annna has a diciviy of 3 dbi a is opaing fquncy of 800.0 MHz. Th cll ow is 1 mil away and has an annna wih a diciviy of 6 dbi. Assuming ha h pow a h inpu minals of h ansmiing annna is 0.6 W and h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss. λ o o λ max max c f 38 8006 10 10 3/10 6/10 0.375m.0.0
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl #1 A ypical analog cll phon annna has a diciviy of 3 dbi a is opaing fquncy of 800.0 MHz. Th cll ow is 1 mil away and has an annna wih a diciviy of 6 dbi. Assuming ha h pow a h inpu minals of h ansmiing annna is 0.6 W and h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss. λ o o λ max max c f 38 0.375m 8006 10 10 3/10 6/10.0.0 0.375 0.6 was 1. 65nW 1609.3
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl # A half wavlngh dipol annna max gain.1 dbi is usd o communica fom an old salli phon o a low obiing Iidium communicaion salli in h L band ~ 1.6 GHz. Assum h communicaion salli has annna ha has a maximum diciviy of dbi and is obiing a a disanc of 781 km abov h ah. Assuming ha h pow a h inpu minals of h ansmiing annna is 1.0 W and h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss.
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl # A half wavlngh dipol annna max gain.1 dbi is usd o communica fom an old salli phon o a low obiing Iidium communicaion salli in h L band ~ 1.6 GHz. Assum h communicaion salli has annna ha has a maximum diciviy of dbi and is obiing a a disanc of 781 km abov h ah. Assuming ha h pow a h inpu minals of h ansmiing annna is 1.0 W and h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss. λ o o
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl # A half wavlngh dipol annna max gain.1 dbi is usd o communica fom an old salli phon o a low obiing Iidium communicaion salli in h L band ~ 1.6 GHz. Assum h communicaion salli has annna ha has a maximum diciviy of dbi and is obiing a a disanc of 781 km abov h ah. Assuming ha h pow a h inpu minals of h ansmiing annna is 1.0 W and h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss. λ max max c f λ 38 8006 10 10.1/10 /10 o 1.6 51.0 o 0.1875m
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl # A half wavlngh dipol annna max gain.1 dbi is usd o communica fom an old salli phon o a low obiing Iidium communicaion salli in h L band ~ 1.6 GHz. Assum h communicaion salli has annna ha has a maximum diciviy of dbi and is obiing a a disanc of 781 km abov h ah. Assuming ha h pow a h inpu minals of h ansmiing annna is 1.0 W and h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss. λ o o λ max max c f 38 8006 10 10.1/10 /10 0.1875m 1.6 51.0 0.1875 1.0 was 1.6 51 0. 15 781000 pw
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl #3 A oof-op dish annna max gain 0.0 dbi is usd o communica fom an old salli phon o a low obiing Iidium communicaion salli in h Ku band ~ 1 GHz. Assum h communicaion salli has annna ha has a maximum diciviy of 30 dbi and is obiing a a disanc of 36000 km abov h ah. How much ansmi pow is quid o civ 100 pw of pow a you hom. Assum h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss.
Fiis Tansmission Equaion: Exampl #3 A oof-op dish annna max gain 0.0 dbi is usd o communica fom an old salli phon o a low obiing Iidium communicaion salli in h Ku band ~ 1 GHz. Assum h communicaion salli has annna ha has a maximum diciviy of 30 dbi and is obiing a a disanc of 36000 km abov h ah. How much ansmi pow is quid o civ 100 pw of pow a you hom. Assum h annnas a alignd fo maximum adiaion bwn hm and h polaizaions a machd find h pow dlivd o h civ. Assum h wo annnas a wll machd wih a ngligibl amoun of loss. λ o o λ max max c f 38 0.05m 8006 10 10 0/10 30/10 10000 1000.0 1 100 10 was 8 0.05 10000 1000 36000000 W
ada ang Equaion finiion: ada coss scion o cho aa of a ag is dfind as h aa whn incping h sam amoun of pow which whn scad isoopically poducs a h civ h sam pow dnsiy as h acual ag. W s σw lim σ inc lim W W s inc m σ ada coss scion m disanc fom ag m W s scad pow dnsiy W/m W inc incidn pow dnsiy W/m
finiion: ada coss scion o cho aa of a ag is dfind as h aa whn incping h sam amoun of pow which whn scad isoopically poducs a h civ h sam pow dnsiy as h acual ag. ada Coss Scion CS W s σw lim σ inc lim W W s inc m σ lim / κ E / κ E sca inc m lim E E sca inc m σ σ Tansmi and civ no in h sam locaion bisaic CS Tansmi and civ in h sam locaion usually h sam annna calld mono-saic CS
ada Coss Scion CS CS Cusomay Noaion: Typical CS valus can span 10-5 m insc o 10 6 m ship. u o h lag dynamic ang a logaihmic pow scal is mos ofn usd. σ dbsm σ 10log σ σ 10log m dbm 10 10 f 100 m 0 dbsm 10 m 10 dbsm 1 m 0 dbsm 0.1 m -10 dbsm 0.01 m -0 dbsm σ m 1
ada ang Equaion no losss ow dnsiy incidn on h ag is a funcion of h ansmiing annna and h disanc bwn h ag and ansmi: W inc g
ada ang Equaion no losss ow dnsiy incidn on h ag is a funcion of h ansmiing annna and h disanc bwn h ag and ansmi: No ha in gnal: σ σ W inc g Th amoun of pow dnsiy scad by h ag in h dicion of h civ of h civ is hn givn by: Ws σ Winc
ada ang Equaion no losss ow dnsiy incidn on h ag is a funcion of h ansmiing annna and h disanc bwn h ag and ansmi: No ha in gnal: σ σ W inc g Th amoun of pow dnsiy scad by h ag in h dicion of h civ of h civ is hn givn by: Ws σ Winc Th amoun of pow dnsiy ha achs h dco is givn by: W W W σ s inc
ada ang Equaion no losss ow dnsiy incidn on h ag is a funcion of h ansmiing annna and h disanc bwn h ag and ansmi: No ha in gnal: σ σ W inc g Th amoun of pow dnsiy scad by h ag in h dicion of h civ of h civ is hn givn by: Ws σ Winc Th amoun of pow dnsiy ha achs h dco is givn by: W W σ inc g σ
ada ang Equaion no losss ow dnsiy incidn on h ag is a funcion of h ansmiing annna and h disanc bwn h ag and ansmi: No ha in gnal: σ σ λ A ff o W inc g Th amoun of pow dnsiy scad by h ag in h dicion of h civ of h civ is hn givn by: Ws σ Winc Th amoun of pow dnsiy ha achs h dco is givn by: W W σ inc g σ Th amoun of pow dlivd by h civ is hn givn by: g W A σ g λ
ada ang Equaion no losss ow dnsiy incidn on h ag is a funcion of h ansmiing annna and h disanc bwn h ag and ansmi: No ha in gnal: σ σ λ A ff o W inc g Th amoun of pow dnsiy scad by h ag in h dicion of h civ of h civ is hn givn by: Ws σ Winc Th amoun of pow dnsiy ha achs h dco is givn by: W W σ inc g σ Th amoun of pow dlivd by h civ is hn givn by: g W A σ g λ λ σ g g
ada ang Equaion no losss λ A ff o No ha in gnal: σ σ λ σ g g
ada ang Equaion losss * ˆ ˆ 1 1 a w g g cd cd ρ ρ λ σ Γ Γ