iex `ªbv _i weevn-fvebv I wzb Kb v m cö`vb mv` Kvgvjx

iex `ªbv _i weevn-fvebv I wzb Kb v m cö`vb mv` Kvgvjx P `ªbv_ emy GKRb fveyk Ávbevb cwêz gvbyl Zuvi ÔkKzš jvõ mgv jvpbvq iex `ªbv_ ÔAvðh cöwzfvi cwipqõ c qwq jb GB cwêz P `ªbv_ emy Ôwn `yczœxõ Ges Ôwn `yweev ni eqm I D Ïk Õ bv g `yõwu Av jvwpz cöeü j Lb D³ cöe Ü wn `yweev ni ÔAva vwz KZvÕ, Ôwn `ỳ úwzi GKxKiYZvÕ Ges Ôevj weevnõ m ^ Ü wzwb cö_v kv I ag g Zi m ½ GKgZ n qi wb Ri gz we Zfve j Lb ZLb K qkwu ÔKvM RI Awekªvš cöwzaÿwbzõ n Z _v K kªx P `ªbv_ emyi gz ÔL vzbvgv Yx I YÁ jlk kªxhy³õ A qkzgvi mikvii D³ cöeüø qi wkqy wkqy welq wb q P `ªbv_ eveyi cöksmv I wkqy mgv jvpbv K i cöeü j Lb gvby li kixi, gb I mgv Ri g½j m úwk Z cövq me wel qb AZ š ms e`bkxj iex `ªbv_ hgb eivei wb Ri gz cwi vi K i cökvk K ib, G- ÎI Zvi e wzµg NUj bv mgquv evsjv 1294 mb, mvqvý A v mvwm qkb n j iex `ªbv_ D³ cöeü `yõwu Aej ^b K i wn `yweevn, evj weevn m ú K mỳ xn cöeü cvv K ib P `ªbv_ eveyi ag, kv cö_v mgw_ Z g Zi wec iex `ªbv_ BwZnvm, hyw³, hy Mi cö qvrb I Kj vy we epbv mv c wb Ri gz Ôwn `yweevnõ bvgk cöe Ü AZ š Rv ii m ½ cökvk Ki Z m g nb Kv ji we epbvq iex `ªbv _i IB gz wqj mvnmx I AMÖeZ x Ôiex `ªbv _i weevnfvebv I wzb Kb v m cö`vbõ cöe Üi cö qvr b iex `ªbv _i Ôwn `yweevnõ _ K cö qvrbxq gzuzkz hvpvb K i `Lv n e ; mvgmöxkfv e wn `yweevn wel q P `ªbv_ eveyi g Zi c mvgvwrk mvov iex `ªbv_ K DØy K i wn `yweevn wel q wb Ri gz cökvk Kivq Ôe½mvwn Z i kxl vbxq ewjqv MY Õ KD KD Ges Ômvavi Yi kª vi cvîõ Kvb Kvb cwêzem I hlb wn `yweevn wb q Av jvpbv ïi K ib ZLb iex `ªbv _ii DwØMœ niqvi KviY N U, KviY Zuv `i Av jvpbvq kv m Z HwZnvwmKZv ev weávbm Z Dc hvwmzvi wel q e ov- GKUv-wKQy e jb bvb, Ô Kej m~²hyw³ I KweZ gq fvlv cö qvm Kwiqv wn `yweev ni cweîzv I Ava vwz KZv mcögvy Kwi Z Póv Kwiqv Qb wn `ymf Zvi BwZnv m µ g µ g wn `yweev ni we i iƒcvš i NwUqv Q Bnvi g a Kvb& mg qi weevn K h Zuvnviv wn `yweevn e jb Zvnv fv jviƒc wb ` k K ib bvb hw` e½ ` ki D Pe Y i g a cöpwjz ez gvb weevn K wn `yweevn e jb, Z e cövpxb kv nb Z Zvnvi cweîzv I Ava vwz KZv cögvy Kwievi Póv Kb... mkv ji kv vw³ GLb cö qvm Kwi j A bk mg q Pv L ayjv `Iqv nq wn `yweev ni cweîzv m ^ Ü hw` Kn ˆew`K epb D Z K ib Zvnvi Rvbv DwPZ h, ˆew`K Kv j xcyi li mvgvwrk I Mvn Ae v Avgv `i ez gvb Kv ji b vq wqj bv whwb wn `yweev ni c cyivy BwZnvm D Z K ib, wzwb GK gnvfviz mg cwoqv `wl j AK~j mgy `ª cwo eb gnvfvi Zi bvbv Kvwnbx Z weevn m ^Üxq bvbv wek Ljv ewy Z nbqv Q ; HwZnvwmK c wz-abymv i Zvnvi fv jviƒc mgv jvpbv I KvjvKvj wby q bv Kwiqv Kv bv K_v ejv DwPZ nq bv whwb gbymswnzvi `vnvb `b Zuvnvi cöwz Avgvi wukzk e³e Av Q... gbymswnzv h-mgv Ri mswnzv m-mgv Ri mwnz Avgv `i ez gvb mgv Ri g~jmz cö f` wk vi HK bvb A_P mgv Ri HK Av Q, Bnv cögvy Kwi Z emv weo ^bvõ (wn `yweevn, iex `ª-iPbvejx, lô LÊ, wek fvizx ˆekvL 1395, c ôv 657) mgvr ev cwiev ii g½jv _ Kv ji cö qvrb mv c kv i HwZnvwmKZv we epbv K i wn `yweev ni wbqgvejx wvk Kivi c iex `ªbv_ kv i cövpxb m ú~y Abymi Yi wec wzwb, P `ªbv_ evey hlb cövpxb kv i `vnvb w` q e jb, ÔcÖvPxb mgv R x jv Ki mwe kl mm vb wqjõ (H, c ôv 659) ZLb iex `ªbv_ `L Z cvb Ôkv x jv Ki Am v bii cögvy Av QÕ (H) wzwb e jb, ÔgbymswnZvq xwb `vevpk h-mkj k vk Av Q Zvnv D Z Kwi Z j¾v I Kó eva nqõ (H) AZtci iex `ªbv_ mswnzvi beg Aa v qi PZz` k, câ`k, lvok, mß`k I Aó` ki k vk cvv K i `L Z e jb, Ges wn `yweevn cöe Ü wzwb wkqy bwri wn m e cki K ib ïay mswnzv bq, gnvfvi Zi ^qs ag ivr hywawôi I fx ` ei xpwiî m ^ Ü Zzgyj wb `vi D j L K i e jb, ÔeZ gvb mgv R Zvnvi mgmö e ³ Kwievi hvm b nõ (H) wkš cwêzem, we kl K i cwêz kªxhy³ K òkgj fævpvh ÔfviZe l i ag cöyvjxõ cöe Ü hlb e jb, Ôgby cªf wz ag kv Kv iiv hvnv wkqy Dc `k Kwiqv Qb, mgvrb mmk ji K `ª vb, mgv Ri Kj vy j Kwiqv mb mkj e e vi m wó Kiv nbqv Q Õ mgv Ri g½j cö kœ wn `yweev ni wel q ZLb iex `ªbv _i gz AZ š hyw³c~y n q I V, Ômgv Ri g½j hw` weev ni cöavb D Ïk nq, cviwîk ev Ava vwz K D Ïk hw` Zvnvi bv _v K ev MŠYfv e _v K, Z e weevn mgv jvpbv Kwievi mgq mgv Ri g½ ji cöwzb we kl ` wó ivwl Z nb e Ges h nzz mgv Ri cwiez b nbqv Q Ges bvbv wel q Áv bi e w nb Z Q, AZGe mgv Ri g½jmvak Dcv qii Z`bymv i cwiez b Avek K nb Z Q cyivzb mgv Ri wbqg mkj mgq b~zb mgv Ri g½jrbk nq bv AZGe Avgv `i ez gvb mgv R weev ni mkj cövpxb wbqg wnzrbk bq wk bv Zvnv mgv jvp Õ (H, c ôv 677) eq mi mxgv m ú K gby h e e vcî w` qwq jb, P `ªbv_ evey Zvi c cöej IKvjwZ Ki ji iex `ªbv_ GKgZ n Z cv ib bv cyi li 24 n Z 30-Gi g a eqm-mxgv wzwb g b wb ji hšebc~e 8 n Z 12-i g a evwjkvweevni Zxeª mgv jvpbv K ib iex `ªbv_ `uvz IVv gvî Lye k³ wrwbm L Z `Iqv `uv Zi ^v i Rb B fv jv bq, ZgbB hšeb mâvi niqvgvî x-cyi l mš vb Rb `v b hvm n q I V bv G Î wzwb weáv bi gz I mgv Ri g½jwpš v K i e jb, ÔBnv ^xkvi Kwi ZB nb e h, AwfÁ ˆeÁvwbK gvb e w³my KviY `k vbqv 1

ewjqv _v Kb h, hšebvi nbevgvîb Ac Z vrcv`b x, cyi l Ges mš v bi kix ii c wzrbkõ (H, 667) weáv bi gzb iex `ªbv _i gz e jb, Ô eávwbk wel q eávwbk cwêz `i K_vq hw` KY cvz bv Kwi Z e mz m ^ Ü wkqy wkbviv Kiv `yn UÕ (H) wn `yweevn cöeü cvv mfvi mfvcwz Wv³vi g n `ªjvj mikvi gnvkqi weáv bi g Z Av v i L e³e `b Ges iex `ªbv_ Zuvi cöe Ü mfvcwzi g Zi cöwzaÿwb K ib GB wel q kª v ú` cwêz A qevey K D Z K ib, ÔAvmyb bv, mk j wgwjqv Avgiv evjkweev ni Kvh Z cöwzev` Kwi Kwi j evj ea e i cöwz iva Kiv nb e hvnvi weevn nq bvb m weaev nbqv Q G weo ^bv Avi `wl Z nb e bv... whwb hiƒc kv e vl v Ki b Kb vi eqmi evovb ZB nb e Õ ÔwK kvi evj Ki mwnz A cvmê evwjkvi weevn Ab vqõ A qeveyi GB g Zi g Zv iex `ªbv_I g b K ib, Z e wzwb A qeveyi ÔKvh Z cöwzev`õ ev ÔcÖwZ ivaõ-gi K_v e jb bv, e jb wfbœfv e wkqyuv wbæ ^ i mfvmwgwz K i KvM R wj L ev ejc~e K evj weevn DVv bv hv e bv, wzwb g b K ib, Ôhuvnviv AvBb Kwiqv Rei`w Kwiqv GB cö_v DVvB Z Pvb, Zuvnviv G cö_v K wbzvš ^Zš Kwiqv jbqv `yb GKwU djvdjgvî wepvi Kwiqv Qb, wn `ymgv Ri evj weev ni Avbylw½K Ab vb cö_v Zuvnviv ` Lb bvb mvgvwrk Ab vb mnkvix-wbq gi ga nb Z evj weevn ejc~e K DrcvUb Kwi j mgv R mg~n `yb xwz I wek Ljvi cöv`yf ve nb eõ (H, c ôv 677) AvBb K i evj weevn eü Kiv n j wk Dcv q mgv R Ômg~n `yb xwzõ, Ômgv Ri mg~n AwbóÕ I Ôwek Ljvi cöv`yf veõ n e m-wel q wzwb Ab cöm ½i g Zv e vl v K ibwb wk vi cöfv e ax i ax i hy Mi Dc hvwmzv m~ Î evj weevn eü n e e jb wzwb wek vm Ki Zb iex `ªbv _i GB fvl Yi eû c~ e B we` vmvmi gnvkq evj weev ni c i hyw³, iex `ªbv_ Kw_Z Ô`yb xwzõ wek Ljvi hyw³ LÊb K ib Ôevj weev ni `vlõ cöe Ü Awej ^ GB AbywPZ we q e Üi AvnŸvb Rvwb qwq jb we` vmvmi gnvkq evj cwiyq cö_vi AeZ gv b ÔevjKevwjKv `i `y g vm³õ nevi m vebv hw` N U Zv _ K D v ii c_ cwi vi eyws q `b, Ôhw` evj Kvjvewa we` vi Abykxj b me `v gb wbweó _v K, Zvnv nb j K`vwc `yw ŒqvcÖe wëi Dcw wzb nq bv KviY, we` v Øviv ag va g I m`mr K g cöe wë-wbe wë-wepvi R b Ges we ekkw³i cövlh e w nqõ (we` vmvmi ipbvejx, c ôv 684) P `ªbv_ emyi weevn m úwk Z g Zi mgv jvpbvq A bk cwêze M i gz D Z Ki ji iex `ªbv_ we` vmvmi K KL bv iy K ib bv hw`i iex `ªbv _i wn `yweevn cöe Üi AwaKvsk mywpwš Z g Zi m ½B we` vmvm iii wgj i q Q nq Zv GRb h, we` vmvmi cöpwjz weevnwbqg K h ` Ê `wêz Ki Z Pvb, iex `ªbv_ mlv b mgš^q mg SvZvi c_ Luv Rb ÔAbš i me ` k GB weev ni cö_v c~e c~e v c v DË ivëi DrK ó nbqv Avwm Z Q A Ï k DË ivëi DrK ó niqv `~ i _vkzk, eis GgZ wbk ó nbqv Q h, h_v_ we epbv Kwi j úó eva nb e, ez gvb weevnwbqgb A Ï ki me bv ki g~j KviYÕ (H, c t 680) iex `ªbv _i mgš^ qi c _ Ggb Ôh_v_ we epbvõ we ep nq bv wn `yweevn evj weevn wel q iex `ªbv _i GB gzcökvk n qwqj evsjv 1294 ev Bs iwr 1887 m b iex `ªbv_ ZLb 26 eq ii hyek Zuvi xi eqm ZL bv 14 nqwb KwecZœx g Yvwjbx `exi Rb 1874-Gi 1 gvp wn `yweevn cöe Ü iex `ªbv_ ÔkixiZË m ^ Ü g cwêzõ Wv³vi Kv c Èvi-Gi g Zv we kl Ái g Zi Ici Rvi w` q Ges mv x g b P `ªbv_ emyi DwPr mgv jvpbv K ib Wv³vi Kv c Èvi-Gi g Z 13 nb Z 16 erm ii g a x jvk `i hšebj Y cökvk nb Z Avi K i Ô hšebvi x-cyi li Rb bw `ªq mk ji wekvk j Y `Lv w`evgvî h eyws Z nb e h, D³ Bw `ªq mkj m ú~y e envi hvm nbqv Q Zvnv b n, Zvnv Kej c~e ez x Av qvrb gvî bibvix hlb me v½xy cwiùzuzv jvf K i wnmveg Z ZLbB Zvnviv RvwZi vi Rb Rbbkw³ cö qvm Kivi AwaKvixÕ (Wv³vi Kv c Èvi, wn `yweevn cöe Ü D Z) Kv c Èvi-Gi e³ e Av v i L iex `ªbv_ wb R gš e K ib, ÔZ e Avgv `i ` k 10/11 ermi eq mi h hšeb mâvi nbevi Dcµg `Lv hvq Zvnv evj weev ni A ^vfvwek dj ewj Z nb e Õ g Yvwjbx `ex K wzwb we q K ib 9 ww m ^i 1883 Zvwi L, g Yvwjbxi eqm ZLb gvî 9 eqi 9 gvm! Ôevj weev ni A ^vfvwek djõ ^iƒc g Yvwjbx cö_g mš vb Kb v gvayixjzv ( ejv)-i Rb `b gvî 12 eqi 8 gvm eq m, A_ vr 25 A ±vei 1886 Zvwi L 9 eq ii evwjkv K weevn Ges 12 eq ii evwjkvi M f mš vb Drcv`b m úbœ K ii ÔP `ªbv_ eveyi K_v fv jv Kwiqv mgv jvpbv Kiv wk ïay mvqvý A v mvwm qkb n ji cwikwíz AvbyôvwbK mfvbyk~j e³e? A qeveyi Kvh Ki cöwzev `i j wzwb wk vi cöfv ei K_v e jb, ZLb iex `ªmgv R ev iex `ªbv _i wk vi Afve wqj Ggb K_v wb `y KI gy L Zzj e bv hvb nvk, Rvovmuv Kvi evwo ZB mvgevi mü v 6Uv 2 wgwb U gvayixjzvi Rb cö_g mš v bi Ac~e kªxiƒc ` L bexb-wczv Kwe iex `ªbv_ AfvweZ cyjk Abyfe K ib A`g Drmv n cö_g mš v bi jvjb-cvjb wk v Z_v me v½xy my `i K i M o Zzj Z Kv bv Î wu K ibwb ; fwmœ wb ew`zvi civg k gvayixjzv mn ciez x AviI `ywu 2

Kb vi I `ywu cy Îi wk vi e e v K ib iex `ªbv_ _ KI eq m eo Ges QvU VvKzi evwoi A bk g q ed bvzbx, GgbwK weaeviv ` k we ` k bvg-kiv z j K j R co ji iex `ªbv_ Zuvi mš vb `i z j fwz Kivbwb evwo ZB Bs iwr, ms Z, evsjv mn nv Zi Kv Ri Rb GKvwaK we `wk `wk wk K wkw Kv wb qvm K i Qb wb R cwo q Qb evwjkv x g Yvwjbx KI wzwb wbqwgz z j `bwb wewkó cwê Zi Kv Q wzwb ms Z fvlv mvwnz wk vi i Z w` q Qb wewkó iex `ª M elk, msmövnk, Aa vck c~y vb ` P Ævcva vq e jb, Ôms Z klv bvi Dc ib we kl i Z w` q Qb wzwb Zvi `vwqz wb q Qb cwêz wkeab we` vy e, huvi weï ms Z D PviY gy» K iwqj gnwl ` e `ªbv_ I cwêz ngp `ª fævpvh KÕ (iex `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_, c ôv 371) cö_vmz wk vc wz Ges bvixwk v wel q Zuvi wbr ^ gz _vk ji Rxe bi AwaKvsk mg q h-me mvgvwrk Dbœqb Kv R wb qvwrz i LwQ jb Zvi g a iex `ªbv_ we klfv e mdj nb we` vqzb cöwzôvq Av jvwkz VvKzi cwiev ii me vwak D¾ j R vwz iex `ªbv_ Q j- g q `i Ávb weávb GgbwK KvwiMwi wk vq wkw Z Kivi cöqv m AZ š m PZb wq jb, ZeyI wb Ri g q `i Ges g Yvwjbx `ex K Kb wbqwgz z j h Z w` jb bv VvKzi evwoi Ab Q j g q ed `i g Zv Zvi DËi iex `ªRxebxKvi `i KvQ _ KI g j bv hw`i Ô xwk võ GB cöe Üi Av jvp welq bq, Zey ex i `ªbv_ VvKz ii Q j e j `ªbv _i weaev mvnvbv `exi (weevnc~e bvg mykxjzv) wk v welqk GKwU QvU NUbv D j L Kiv h Z cv i kvïwo cödzj gqx evwjkv weaev mvnvbv K z j fwz K i w` qwq jb z ji cov k l wzwb wupvm Uªwbs bevi R b we j ZI wm qwq jb mvnvbv GK mg q weávb co Z P qwq jb kvwš wb KZ b wpwv wj LwQ jb iex `ªbv_ K, Kwei K_v ZB wzwb (wcîvjq _ K) P j G mwq jb Rvovmuv Kvq, g b KvbI wøav bv i L wkš G-mgq iex `ªbv_ Zuv K G Kev ib Drmvn bv w` q wjl jb, ÔAvgv `i we` vj q science covbevi myweav Av Q e U wkš laboratory- Z Zvgv K wk v w` Z M j mk ji mvg b Zvgv K evwni nb Z nb e m wk m e nb e? G-K_vi A_ eys Z ixwzgz Kó nqõ (VvKzievwoi A `ignj, wpîv `e, c ôv 146) iex `ªbv _i GB jvkmgv Ri fq wøavi KviY GI n Z cv i h, evwjkv mvnvbvi AKvj ˆeae N U M j Zvi wczv-gvzv Gjvnvev ` wdwi q wb q h q weaev mvnvbvi cybivq we qi Av qvrb KiwQ jb, wn `y eªvþ e j cwiwpz Avw` eªvþmgv Ri cöavb gnwl VvKzievwoi weaevi GB we q g b wb Z cviwq jb bv wø R `ª m Z `ª R vwz `ª gnwl i K_v gvb K i weaevi we q VKv Z hvbwb, wkš iex `ªbv_ gnwl wczvi K_vq Gjvnvev` h q wczv-gvzv mvnvbv `ex K eyws q we q eü K i evwjkv weaev mvnvbv K Rvovmuv Kvq wdwi q G bwq jb GB NUbv ZLb A b KB Rvb Zb ZvB kvwš wb KZ b mvnvbv `ex co Z G j Zv K ` L g b co eb h iex `ªbv_ evwjkv weaev g qwui we q eü K i w` qwq jb, GB wøav _ KB n Z cv i wzwb mvnvbv `ex K ZviB we` vj q jv Ki mvg b nvwri Ki Z Pvbwb Z e x-wk vi c we` vmvmi ciez x iex `ªbv_ cöe Ü cöe Ü hyw³ ZK K i Qb cöpzi nq Zv Zvi c wz I wk vcöyvjx wqj m ú~y Zuvi g Zv K i, g qiv KvÈ n Mj co ji wkï `i øn Ges cyi l `i `~iqvb e j D c v Ki e bv weavzv Zv `i ü`qcöve j Kv bv Kvc Y iv Lbwb wzwb g b K ib, ÔevmywKi gv_vi Dci c w_ex bvb GB LeiUv cvb j g q `i g qwjfve bó nb eõ bv Ô xwk võ (wewpîv, c ôv 224) cöe Ü wzwb wk vcöyvjx Z g q `i g q nb Z e envwik wk vi Dci Rvi `b ÔZvB ewjqv wk vcöyvjx Z g q-cyi l Kv_vI Kv bv f` _vwk e bv, G-K_v ewj j weavzv K Agvb Kiv nq we` vi `y Uv wefvm Av Q weï Áv bi, GKUv e env ii hlv b weï Ávb mlv b g q cyi l cv_ K bvb, wkš hlv b e envi mlv b cv_ K Av QB g q `i gvbyl nb Z wklvbevi Rb weï Áv bi wk v PvB, wkš Zvi Dc i g q `i g q nb Z wklvbevi Rb h e envwik wk v Zvi GKUv we klz & Av Q G-K_v gvwb Z `vl Kx?Õ iex `ªbv_ Kb v `i Kb cy ÎiI weï Áv bi m ½ e envwik wk v`vbi K i Qb weï Áv bi R b B wzwb ms Z wk v I Dcwbl`, mvwnz cyivy cv V AwaK g bv hvmx wq jb, Bs iwr wk vi Rb wzwb GKvwaK k Zv½ M nwk KI i L Qb Avevi Zuvi wek vm wqj ivgvqy gnvfviz cšivwyk Kvwnbxi m ½ cwipq e wz i K wk vi m ú~y Zv nq bvõ (iex `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_, c ôv 393) Ab w` K wk vqz b c wzmz Ôweï wk võ Ges weávb wk vi Zgb cö qvrb g b K ibwb Zuvi Kb v `i Rb we` vj q bv M ji gvayixjzv ms Z, Bs iwr, evsjvq fv jv wk v jvf K iwq jb ïay bq, fv jv Mí I M` I wj L Qb cöpzi gvayixjzvi eqm hlb 14- I nqwb, g 1900 mv ji K_v, Kwei `yb eüz kªxkp `ªi I Kwe ` e `ªbv_ m bi gvayixjzvi mgeqmx Kb v `i we qi Le i iex `ªbv_ cö_g Av` ii ejv gvayixjzvi we qi K_v fve Z ïi K ib ; KviY Ô ejvi Lye g n q Q Õ ïi nq cvî LuvRv mb Kv ji we epbvq ejvi nq Zv eqm n q Q, wkš Kej hšeb cövi i GB eq m we qi wec B Zv wzwb Rvivj e³e w` q Qb wkqy c~ e! ejvi eqm 3

we epbv QvovI VvKzievwoi GKwU cö_vi iex `ªbv _i wpš vq KvR K i Q e j Zuvi me RxebxKviB hv g b K ib Zv n jv, Ôgnwl i RxeÏkvq VvKzi cwiev ii cö_vbyhvqx we qi hvezxq Zuv `i mikvwi Znwej _ KB LiP guv bv nz... Abygvb, cvwievwik GB e e vi R b B PŠÏ c~y niqvi Av MB ejvi we q w` Z P q Qb iex `ªbv_ AcÖvßeq Kb vi weev ni R b Zuv K D ` vmx n Z ` L A b KB wew Z n q QbÕ (c~y vb ` P Ævcva vq, iex `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_, c t 373) wb Ri wjwlz gzvgz cökv ki ci Ôe w³ ^v _ Õ f~wgkv we i Y wkwâr A ^w cökvk K ib iexrxebxkvi cökvš Kzgvi cvj, KviY Ôwn `yweevnõ ÔAKvj weevnõ cöf wz cöe Ü I P `ªbv_ emyi m ½ wez K wzwb evj weevn iv a mfvmwgwz, KvM R KvM R jlv ev AvBb-cÖYq bi hšw³kzv ^xkvi bv Ki ji Zuvi úó mg_ b wqj hšeb weev ni cöwz m Î kªxkp ` gryg`vi, ` e `ªbv_ mb, GgbwK mz cömv` M ½vcva vq Zuv `i cövßeq v Kb v `i weevn w` Z e n ji Zuv `i m ½ iex `ªbv _i Ae v bi cv_ K wqj Kej Kwe bq, evovwj mgv R Zuvi f~wgkv wqj wpš vbvq Ki ZvB e w³ ^v _ Zuvi mvgvwrk f~wgkv we i Yi BwZe ËwU wkwâr A ^w KiÕ (iexrxebx 4_ LÊ) Z e Kwe iex `ªbv _i mvgvwrk f~wgkv Ges Zvi Ici ÔwPš vbvqkõ-gi `vqfvi Pvcv bv wk wvk! evsjvi miv Kwe e w³ Z i RxebxKv ii GB A ^w I Lye ^w Ki bq ïay eqm Zv bq, wzb Kb vi m cö`v b iex `ªbv_ K wbtm ¼v P hšzzk cö`vb Ges MvÎ ey wgjv Z hfv e f~wgkv ivl Z nq Zv ZI Zuvi A ^w niqvi K_v Avi AcÖvßeq g q `i K_v Kb, P `ªbv_ emyi cö_v wek vmhy³ g Zi wei DwPr Reve wzwb `b Ab w` K ev iv eqi c~y nqwb Ggb evwjkv ea~ g Yvwjbx ZLb Mf ezx nb GB ^we ivaxzvi cökvš evey ` L Qb, ZvwiL NUbv D j L K i Qb, wkš A ^w cökvk K ibwb wn `yweevn cöe Üi mgq iex `ªbv_ ga Kzwoi hyek, cvwievwik cö_v I MvÎ wgwj q m e we q K i Qb `w YwWwn-dzjZjv MÖv gi ïk ` ei eskai, VvKzi G Ui Kg Pvix eyxgvag ivq PŠayixi Kb v I cö_g mš vb fezvwiyx ev dywj ev weev nvëi bvg g Yvwjbx `ex K, gv_vi Ici cöli e w³z evb wczv gnwl c i, cwiyz eq m, hlb g Yvwjbx MZ n q Qb, gnwl I Avi bb, mgq 1925 Rvg vb gbxlx KvDÈ KvBmviwjO ez gvb mf mgv Ri weevn I Zrmsµvš mgm vi wel q GKwU MÖš m úv`b cö qvr b fvizxq weevn msµvš GKwU cªe Üi Rb iex `ªbv_ K Aby iva K ib iex `ªbv_ Aby iva i v K i Avi GKwU `xn cöeü j Lb, ÔfviZel xq weevnõ ÔcÖevmxÕi 1332 kªvey msl vq evsjvq cöeüwu cökvwkz nq Aek wzwb evsjv ZB cö_g wj LwQ jb, KviY ÔKvDÈ KvBmviwjO fvizxq weevn m ^ Ü Avgvi Kv Q GKUv jlv P qwq jb Bs iwr Z `wi n e fq K i evsjvq wj LwP c i ZR gv K i Zuv K cvvv Z n eõ (iex `ªbv _i wpš vrmr, mgvrwpš v, c ôv 218) fvizel xq weevn cöe Ü wzwb fvizxq mgv Ri mvs wzk HwZn, cö_v, ms vi, g~j eva Ges bvix-cyi li m úk I Zv `i HwZn MZ mvgvwrk Ae v bi wfzi fvizxq weevn K ` L Qb Ôwn `yweevnõ cöe Üi g Zv bq, GLv b Zuvi KÉ `vk wbk Mfxi, ˆbe w³k Ges wkqy weg~z I cðvzc U Av Q cwðgv mgv Ri weevn I bvix-cyi li m ú K i Bw½Z cöpwjz cö_v ms vi I g~j ev ai K_v wzwb GB cöe Ü msmz Kvi YB mgv jvpbv K ib bv, wb Ri gzi Avjv`v K i cökvk K ib bv, fvizel xq cöpwjz weevn cö_v KB wzwb gwngvwš^z K i Qb fvizxq `k bi Av jv K cö_v wek vm ms vi wel q cöp ji evb i Zuvi e³e bv _vk ji bvix-cyi li m úk I Zv `i mvgvwrk Ae vb, f~wgkv wel q Zuvi gz we Zfv e cybivq j Lb ; GB aviyv jv wzwb Ôbvix cöm½õ (1923), ÔbvixÕ, ÔcwðghvÎxi WvqvwiÕ (1924) BZ vw` M ` I wj L Qb bzzb mg q bibvixi m ú K i cyi bv aib SuywKc~Y n q DV j weevn cö_vi cyivzb AvaviwUi wek wz N U, d j fvizxq weev ni g~jfve mewkqyi m ½ gvbvbmb n Z cvi Q bv weávb, AwfÁZv Avi cvwicvwk KZvi m ½ wgj i L bzzb K i fveevi K_vI wzwb e jb GKevi ÔGKw`b fvizxq mgv Ri h-avav ii Dc i Zvi weevncö_v cöwzwôz wqj, mb Avav ii wek wz niqv Z weev ni g~jmz fve mkj I Zvi e envi mkj wkqyi m ½ wvkgz Lvc Lv Q bv mz hy Mi R b GK`j Av c Ki Q, m Av ci Wv K mz hym mvov w` Q bv GLb mgq G m Q b~zb K i wepvi Kievi, weávb K mnvq Kievi, wek jv Ki m ½ wpš vi I AwfÁZvi wgj K i fveeviõ (H, c t 213) bzzb K i A b KB fve Qb, iex `ªhyM _ KB, wkš ^qs iex `ªbv_ bvixmëvi wfzi h `vk wbk Aš^q Avwe vi K i Qb Zvi m ½ weávb Avi Zvi bzzb hy Mi gjv bv KwVb weevnkv h bvix cyi lb Ab Zg cöavb welq KvBmviwjO mv ne K wzwb Rvbvb, ÔfviZxq weev ni wepvi Ki Z nv j GK_v Rvbv PvB h G-weev n x cyi li AwaKv ii mvg bb GLv b AwaKvi ej Z Avwg evn AwaKv ii K_v ejwq b GB Amv g i Øviv x jv Ki Pwi Î nxbzv NU Z cviz Zv h N Uwb Zvi KviY, ^vgx Zvi c AvBwWqv e w³i Kv Q cvkee j m bz nq bv, AvBwWqvi Kv Q ag e j m AvZ mgc Y K iõ (H, c t 211) Amvg wzwb ` Lb wvkb, wkš G hb Kvg, GB Amvg a g ib ei! GB Amv g i A MŠie K wzwb gwngvwš^z Ki Z Pvb ag e j AvBwWqvj ^vgxi Kv Q 4

AvZ mgc Yi wfzi w` q wvk GiKg e³e B fvizel xq weevn wjlevi c~ e 1889 m b wzwb wj LwQ jb mlv b mz hy Mi Rb ZviB Av c cökvk Ki Z nq hlb wzwb ` Lb ÔbZzb mg q bvixiv cyi lvkª qi wei h GKUv Kvjvnj D V Q, muv Avgvi AmsMZ Ges Ag½jRbK g b nq c~e Kv j g qiv cyi li AaxbZvMÖnY K GKUv ag g b KiZ ; Zv Z GB nz h, Pwi Îi Dc i AaxbZvi Kzdj dj Z cviz bv,... AaxbZv ZB Pwi Îi gnë m úv`b KiZ... mvaÿx xi cöwz hw` Kv bv ^vgx cvke e envi K i, Z e m e env ii Øviv xi A avmwz nq bv, eis gnë B ev oõ (igvevb qi e³ Zv Dcj, cî) bvix ev xi GB AaxbZv iex `ªbv _i Kv Q AbwZµg ÔAek vex AaxbZv Õ A_ vr P `ªbv_ eveyi Zzgyj we ivaxzvi ci mvqvý A v mvwm qkb n ji mfvi mfvcwz Wvt g n `ªjvj mikv ii weávb-wbf i wpš vi m ½ kzfvm GKB gzcökvk Kivi `yb eqi ci wzwb GB cî j Lb ÔfviZel xq weevnõ cöe Ü IB GKevi hgb bzzb K i wepvi Kievi, weávb K mnvq Kievi K_v ej Qb, Zgb wzwb Zv P `ªbv_ emyi cöeü mgv jvpbv-kvjxbi e jwq jb, e jwq jb Rvi w` q, wb R ev Kb v `i ejvq Zgb fveevi cö qvrb g b bv Ki ji GLv b Rvi Aek bzzb Kv ji Dci bq, eis Av c cökvk K ib fvizxq weevncö_v Ô h Avav ii DciÕ cöwzwôz wqj Ô mb Avav ii wek wz niqv ZÕ bzzb Kv j cyi l I bvix mëvi bzzb Kv ji aviyvq Mov mf Zvm wói Kv R GLb bvixi f~wgkv Kv bv bvix Ges cyi li g b K i bv ^ícö qvrbxq iex `ªbv_ fvizxq weevn fvebvqi fve Qb, mf Zvm wókv j bvixi GB ^ícö qvrbxqzvi A MŠie AvRI j M Av Q Õ KviY bvixi cök wzi g a ü`qe wëi h cöejzv Zv Ô ^fvezb Pjevi w` K cögyl bq, AuuvKovevi w` KB Zvi SuvK GB R b myw wzi g a h m ú`, bvix ZviB mvabv Ki j mv_ KZv jvf Ki e Õ Zv ÔbZzb Kvj we epbviõ K_vwU K_vi K_vB Gi c Zuvi wpš v I hyw³ we vi K ib bv, eis igvevb qi e³ Zv Dcj cî ev cwðghvîxi Wv qwi Z cökvwkz bvix fvebvib cybicökvk K ib ÔfviZel xq weevnõ cöe Ü wzwb hzuv Ôwn `yweevn cöeüõ-gi m ½ `~iz ˆZwi K ib, ZZUvB HK vwcz K ib P `ªbv_ emyi cöe Üi g~jfv ei m ½ gvayixjzv Ges Ab Kb v `i we q cöm ½ wd i Avmv hvk iex `ªbv _i Nwbô, Kwe wenvixjvj PµeZ xi Z Zxq cyî KjKvZv wek we` vj qi K ZxQvÎ kirkzgvi cvî wn m e wbe vwpz n jb Kwei eüz wcöqbv_ m bi mn hvwmzvq kirkzgvi Ô cöwm WwÝ K jr _ K Bs iwr I `k b Abv m cö_g kªyx Z cö_g vb c q Ckvb-e wë, ngš Kzgvi gwvj I KkeP `ª mb gwvjõ cövß Ges 1895-G Ô guvj A vê gi vj mv qýõ-g Gg.G. Aek B cö_g kªyx Z cö_g, 1896-G we. Gj. wwwmöi ci grtdicyi AvBb e emvq ïi K ib Zv gavex I mycöwzwôz GB cv Îi Rb iex `ªbv_ K h _ó weow ^Z I Av cvkx n Z nq Kwe wenvixjvj AwZ NwbôRb n ji Zuvi cwievi _ K cvî-cy PvIqv nq KzwonvRvi UvKv iex `ªbv_ me cash LuvR wb q ` Lb `knvrvi UvKvi ewk wkqy ZB wzwb e e v Ki Z cvi eb bv, ZvI nq Zv wkqy UvKv w` Z n e wkw Z eüz wcöqbv_ mb K wjl Qb, Ô ejvi hšzzk m ^ Ü wkqy ejv k³ gv Ui Dci 10,000 ch š Avwg Póv Ki Z cvwi mi KZK bm` Ges KZK instalment-gõ (c~y vb ` P Ævcva vq, iex `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_, c ôv 374) wkš cvîc mn R ivrx bq iex `ªbv _i c eo`v`v wø R `ªbv_ VvKz ii eüz K òkgj fævpvh Ges Kwe wenvixjvj Rvwgb`vi n q c Yi UvKv kl ch š 12,000 UvKvq mgvav K ib wkš eo Mvjgvj ev a Av MB cvîc we qi wzbw`b Av M hšzz Ki UvKv cwi kva Ki Z ej j gnwl ` e `ªbv_ VvKzi zä nb iex `ªbv _i Dci, ÔeiKb vi Avkxe v` ^iƒ cb hšzzk w` Z nq, wkš weev ni c~ e B hšzzk Pvwnevi wk KviY? Avgvi cöwz wk wek vm bvb? Ac` -AcÖ Z iex `ªbv_ Kv bv m`yëi w` Z cv ibwbõ (H) Z e wzwb ney RvgvZv kirkzgvi K Zuvi GB Ae vi K_v wpwv wj L Rvwb qwq jb Gici cvîc wbqgbxwzi evb i AviI GKwU Avãvi K i em j iex `ªbv_ Am vbrbk mb Avãvi cö_ g guv Z ivwr nb Zv n jv, we qi Kb v wcöq ejv K A b i evwo Z wb q cvîc K `Lv Z n e wkóvpvi ewnf ~Z GBai bi `vwe guv bv Am e Ges G Z cwiev ii Acgvb n e e j g Yvwjbx `ex iex `ªbv_ K mzk K i w` j wzwb msmvi AbwfÁZvi `vq wb Ri Kuv a wb q c i GB cö ve e`jv Z cvîc K Aby iva K ib wcöqbv _i gva g me k l we q nq 1308 mv ji 1 Avlvp ivz bquvi mgq Z e we qi Av M kirkzgvi K eªvþa g `xw Z n Z nq D j L, we qi me LiPB gnwl i cvwievwik Znwej _ KB wbe vn Kiv n qwqj wkw Z cöwzwôz kirkzgvi ev Zvi cwievi _ K G Ki ci GK iex `ªbv _i Rb Am vbrbk `vex`viqv Ki ji iex `ªbv_ Ggb RvgvZv c q Lye Lywk eüz weávbx RM`xk evey K wjl Qb, ÔAvgvi RvgvZvwU g bi gz n q Q mvaviy evovwj Q ji gz bq FRy ^fve, webqx A_P ` ppwiî...õ (&H) hšzzk wb q `iv`wi, Av MB UvKv cwi kv ai `vwe, A b i evwo Z ejv K `Lvi cö ve BZ vw` wel q cwiev ii m ½ GKgZ niqv m Ë I GB cöksmv ev webqx, ` ppwiî, FRy ^fv ei K_v wzwb ej Qb nq Zv gnr ü`q Avi Kwei mvi j, Ges hšzzk cö`v b Zuvi Kv bv wøavi wqj bv e j Ab w` K ejvi eqmi wzwb Zuvi mywpwš Z cöe Üi g Zv wpš v K i ` Lbwb ciez x Kv j ejvi mvsmvwik Rxe b Pig Akvwš, iex `ªbv _i m ½ kirkzgv ii m ú K i gvivz K AebwZ, k l ejvi 5

AKvj g Zz (1325) iexrxe b Dch ycwi kv Ki, K ói I cig `yt Li AviI GKwU Aa vq n q I V bvg Rb weevn RvgvZv hšzzk* g Zz g Yvwjbx `yb cyî wzb Kb v gvayixjzv wbtmš vb iyykv wbtmš vb AZmxjZv** GK cyî GK Kb v 1 gvp 1874 25 A ±vei 1886 23 Rvbyqvwi 1891 13 Rvbyqvwi 1894 9 ww m ^i 1883 15 Ryb 1901 9 AvM 1901 7 Ryb 1907 iex `ªbv_ 23 b f ^i 1902 kirkzgvi PµeZ x m Z `ªbv_ fævpvh b M `ªbv_ M ½vcva vq 12,000 UvKv 13 g 1918 we jz cöev mi hvezxq LiP Av gwikv cöev m jlvcovmn hvezxq LiP 19 m Þ ^i 1903 15 gvp 1969 * RvgvZv `i Bsj vê-av gwikvq wk vkv j Ges ` k divi cii iex `ªbv_ gv mvnviv w` q Qb ** cyî, Kb v Ges we Q`cÖvß ^vgx AZmxjZvi RxeÏkv ZB cöqvz nb *** iexrxebxkvi, M elk Ges Z_ msmövnk `i ipbvq Rb -g Zz BZ vw`i Zvwi L wkqy Awgj `Lv hvq ez gvb cöe Ü cöfvzkzgvi gy Lvcva v qi cö`ë ZvwiL e envi Kiv n jv wøzxq Kb v Ges Z Zxq mš vb iyykvi Rb 1297, 11 gvn Zvwi L KjKvZvi Rvovmuv Kv evwo Z iex `ªbv_ ZLb Rwg`vwi `L Z c~e e ½i cwzmi wq jb iyykvi WvK bvg ivyx ÔcuvP eq ii eow`w` gvayixjzv I wzbeq ii eo`v`v i_x `ªbv _i m ½ Zuvi ˆkke Kv UÕ KL bv KjKvZvq, KL bv wkjvb` n, KL bv Rbweij kvwš wb KZ b w`w` `v`vi g ZvB iex `ªbv _i ZË veav b M n wk Ki Kv Q iyykvi wk v ïi nq ^fv e AZ š fvecöey, Awfgvbx, GK ivlv, mvr Mv R D`vmxb Ges Pzj euva ZI wei³ n Zb iyykv RVZz Zv `v`v bxzx `ªbv_ ivyxi ÔbvÏvÕ GKevi Rb w` b wel vz `vkvb Ô nvqvbu A vê nji q jw&jõ _ K `vgx d«k Dcnvi `b iyykv ev ivyx K ivyxi m Rvgv cq ` nq bv, jm wd«j wqu o RvgvwU Mv _ K Ly j d j w` j gv g Yvwjbx `exi AcÖ Z n q Rvb Z Pvb, Kb ZzB Gme Kiwj? ÔAvwg Gme fv jvevwm b, Avgvi Kó nq Gme ci Z, Zey Kb Avgv K Rvi K i civ bv nqõ (&H, c ôv 394) iex `ªbv_ gvayixjzvi we qi GKgvm h Z bv h ZB `keq ii bvevwjkv iyykv K we q `qvi Rb e n q I Vb GB mgquvq iex `ªbv_ Lye e eªþevüe Dcva v qi m ½ kvwš wb KZ b we` vjq vc bi Rb Av jvpbv Ki Qb, e½xq mvwnz cwil `i mßg-evwl K Awa ek b e vkiy-ipbv cöm ½ fvly w` q Qb, e³ Zv Ki Qb mb weaev weevn, x-wk v, eûweevn I evj weevn e Üi msmvk, D ` v³v we` vmvm ii g Zz -evwl Kx Dcj Gi gv SB `k eq ii iyykvi we qi e e v wb q Zrci n Qb Awfgvbx GK ivlv iyykvi ^fve wb q iex `ªbv_ nq Zv wpwš Z wq jb, wkš GB bvevwjkvi Awfgvbx AeyS gb Kb we q Z kvš n e! eis Zuvi Awfgvb AviI e owqj ; m-k_vi Av M g Yvwjbxi Kv Q iex `ªbv _i jlv GKwU wpwv c o bqv hvk we qi ci gvayixjzv K grtdicyi ^vgx kirkzgv ii M n i L G m czœx K GB wpwv wjl Qb, Ô... ivyxi hw` weevn K i `~ i hvq Zvn j Ii fv jvb n e Aek cö_g eqi-`yb Avgv `i Kv Q _vk e, wkš Zvi c i eqm n jb (A_ vr evi eqi eq m) I K m ú~y fv eb `~ i ( ^vgxi M n) cvvvb Ii g½ ji R b B `ikvi n e Avgv `i cwiev ii wk v i wp Af vm fvlv I fve Ab mg evovwj cwievi _ K ^Zš mbr b B weev ni ci Avgv `i g q `i GKUz `~ i hviqv we kl `ikvi bb j b~zb Ae vi cö Z K QvULvU LyuwUbvwU Aí Aí cxob K i, ^vgxi cöwz GKvš kª v I wbf i K wkw_j K i w` Z cv i ivyxi hikg cök wz, ev ci evwo _ K wew Qbœ n q M jb I ïa i hv e... Õ ^vgxi cöwz GKvš kª v I wbf izv hb zyœ bv nq mrb iex `ªbv_ m PZb, ^vgxi m ½ fv jvevmvi m úk M o IVvi K_v wzwb fve Qb bv `k ev iv eq ii GKwU evwjkvi m ½ cöwzwôz wkw Z hye Ki mb m úk niqvi my hvm Kv_vq? we` vmvmi i Y iex `ªbv_ h `xn wjwlz fvly cvv K i bvbvwea we kl Y we` vmvm ii gnë I cši li RqMvb K i Qb mb we` vmvmi gnvkq Ôevj weev ni `vlõ cöe Ü AbvKvw Z GB we qi d j bvbvwea `yn Ui K_v Pv L AvOyj w` q `wl q e jb, ÔA Ïkx qiv f~gêjw Z cövq me RvwZ A c v fxi, xy, `ye j ^fve Ges Aíeq mb wei`kvcê nbqv Aembœ nq, h` wc GZwØl q Ab vb mvgvb KviY A š^ly Kwi j cövß niqv hvq e U, wkš we kl AbymÜvb Kwi j BnvB cözxwz nb e h, evj weevnb G-mgỳ v qi gyl KviY nbqv QÕ (we` vmvmi ipbvejx, c t 681) cöe Üi k l wzwb wkw Z f`ª Ô ^ `kxq `iõ Kv Q Av e`b Rvbvb, ÔmyZivs evj Kv j weevn `Iqv AwZkq wb` q I b ks mi Kg AZGe Avgiv webqep b ^ `kxq f`ª gnvkqw` Mi mwbœav b wb e`b Kwi ZwQ, hvnv Z GB evj cwiyqiƒc `yb q A Ïk nb Z AcbxZ nq, mk j GKgZ nbqv mzz GgZ hzœevb ndbõ (H, c t 685) Zv iex `ªbv_ `k eq ii evwjkv ivyx K we q `qvi ZrciZv ev m-mg q evjk-evwjkv `i Ggb AcwiYZ eq m we qi Av qvrb ` L ` L we` vmvmi gnvkq Ôb ksmõ Ôwb` qõ Kg wu e Üi AvnŸvb Rvwb qwq jb wn `yweevn cöe Ü hgb wzwb f ewq jb, wk vi cöfv e ax i ax i evj weevn-cö_v eü n e, GKB cöfv e AKj vyki ms vii Ny P hviqvi K_v, GgbwK 6

gbyi k vk ewy Z Zgb evyxi jv K cweî Áv b MÖvn Ki e bv iex `ªbv _i c~ e B we` vmvmimn cwêz A qkzgvi evey, Wvt g n `ªjvj mikvi Ges iex `ªbv_ D Ë kixiz Ë i we klá Wvt Kv c Èvi evj weev ni `vlî wu `wl q cöpwjz mvgvwrk AvPvi K cö kœi m ylxb K i Qb hšebc~e weev ni mg_ K iex `ªbv_I bb Ggb cözxwz Zuvi wkqy e³ e i mv c R b I wkš wzwb evj weev ni `vl gvp b Kvh Ki f~wgkv cvjb bv K i wk vi cöfv ei Ici Q o w` Z Pvb h `yb xwz I wek Ljvi f q mb cwiw wz kv i bxwz- bwzkzv-ms v ii AeZ gv bi AviI NU Z cv i Zuvi Kw_Z ÔAvgv `i ez gvb mgv RiÕ Ôb~Zb mgv RiÕ A_ vr iex `ªmgKvjxb mg q g½j weavq hw` kv i AcÖ qvrbxq Ag½j weav bi bvmcvk KvwU q IVv Awbevh n q I V, Z e Ô wzkv cöwzcvw`z KwíZÕ (we` vmvmi) weav bi Lvovq evjk evwjkvi ÔcvwYcxo bi cö_võ wb` q cö_v eü Kivi Rb mfvmwgwzi Av qvrb, KvM R jlv ev cö qvr b AvB bi eva Zv m wó Kiv hv e bv Kb! iex `ªbv _i Ôwn `yweevnõ cöe ÜB evjweev ni A bk Kzd ji D j L Av Q cwêz I we kl Ái eivz w` q ^qs iex `ªbv _i cwiev ib x g Yvwjbxmn wcöqr bi Rxe b NUv wech q, Awbe vwcz AKvj kvk wk e q Av bwb! eû eqi e vwc `wk we `wk wk vq Av jvwkz, D Pgv M i wkí-ms wz-mvwnz mvavbeªz iex `ªbv _i cwiev ib wk Kvw Z wk vi cöfve c owqj, hvi cöfv e evj weev ni `vl K U hv e! D j L Ôwe` vmvmi PwiZÕ bv g `yõwu wbe Ü hv iymfvi Rb wjwlz n ji iex `ªbv_ we` vmvm ii gn Ë i AbM j cökw Ki ji Zuvi Ôevj weev ni `vlõ cöwz iv ai Kg D ` v Mi K_v D j L K ib bv Ab w` K wzwb Ôwkï xweevnõ, evj ev ˆkkeweev ni memgq wb `v KivI mgxpxb g b K ib bv hw` Av Mi g Zv GKvbœeZ x cwiev ii ÔmvsmvwiK Ae võ Ges Av Mi g Zv Ôwk võ _v K Z e Ô kkeweev ni h wb `vb Kwi Z nb e Ggb Zv Kv bv K_v bvb Ae vwe k l Zvnvi Dc hvwmzv KnB A ^xkvi Kwi Z cvwi e bv hw` xwk v bv _v K Ges GKvbœeZ x cwievi _v K Z e wkï xweevn mgvri vi Rb Avek KÕ (wn `yweevn) Av Mi g Zv h wk vi K_v Ôhw`Õ k Z ej Qb Zv Zvn j xwk v bq, KviY wk vwenxb wkï g qwui we qi ÔDc hvwmzvõi K_vB ej Qb Ôwn `yweevnõ cöe Ü Gi c ii e K cyi li wk vi K_v wzwb j Lb cöpwjz mgvr e e vq ïay wk vi cöfv eb Kv bv GKwU cyivzb cö_v `~i n q hv e! Kv bv e w³i Î GB cöfve mz n ji mgv Ri wfzi _ K Zvi jvc NU e bv fvize l evj weev ni `y f vm GL bv Pj Q ez gvbkv ji mikvi eva n q AvBb m wó K i bvix cyi li we qi me wbæ eqm wvk K i w` q Qb hv Wvt Kv c wèqvi-gi e³ ei Abyiƒc Ab w` K, we` vmvmi Ges A qevey `i g Zv A b Ki g a ey R vqv ms wzi wekvk jvf K i KviY Zuviv mvgš wq jb bv, kªyx Z Zuviv ga weë n ji Rxeb I gvbe m ú K evsvi Î BD iv c Ebwesk kzvwã Z m wó niqv gvbwek ev ai Ges Áv bi Av jv K ey R vqv wq jb Rvovmuv Kv VvKzi cwievi Ávb weávb I wkí ˆPZ b BD ivcxq ey R vqv ms wzi kªquzkz AvZ K iwq jb wb R `i mvgš Pwi Îi cuf~wg Z mvgš a vb aviyv A bk Î A yyœ i LI ey R vqv eyw e wëk PP v K i M Qb m Kvi Y eªvþ KkeP `ª Ms cövpxb a g i ms vi _ K ewi q h Z cvi ji ` e `ªbv_- iex `ªbv_ mfv e cv ib bv ^vgxi cöwz kª v I wbf izv K iex `ªbv_ g b K ib xrvwzi ag hgb QvU evj Ki c wczvgvzv K j Nb K i Pjv Am e I cök wz-wei, wczvgvzvi ek Zv ^xkvi KivB ag evwjkvea~i Kv Q wkw Z cöwzwôz hyek Zv wcz Zzj B n eb A_ vr wzwb evj weev ni c wb Ri Ae vb K Ab cöeü ev e w³mz Rxe bi mg_ b K i hv Qb igvevb qi e³ Zv Dcj ÔwPwVÕ wbe Ü Zuvi gz c o `Lv hvk, Ô KD KD nq Zv ej e, cyi li Avkªq Aej ^bb h x jv Ki ag GUv wek vm Kiv mk ji c m e bq, Kbbv GUv GKUv Kzms vi m m ^ Ü GB e³e, cök wzi hv Aek vex g½j wbqg Zv ^vaxbfv e MÖnY Ges cvjb Kiv ag Õ iex `ªbv _i Ô wykvõ Kv e i gỳ ªK cög Zvl emyi NUKvwj Z gvaywijzvi we qi gvî GKgvm PweŸk w`b ci 24 kªvey 1308 Zvwi L Gj.Gg.Gd. Wv³vi m Z `ªbv_ fævpv h i m ½ evwjkv iyykvi we q m úbœ nq AZ š Abvo ^i Abyôv bi gva g AvRb Awfgvbx GB we qi Av qvr b iyykv ÔLywk nbwb gv UBÕ e j iexrxebxkvi (c~y vb ` P Ævcva vq) Rvwb qwqb we qi hšzzk ev kz Abyhvqx m Z `ªbv _i we j Z hvzvqv Zi I D Pwk vi LiP, gv mvnvivmn m ½ m Z `ªbv _i gvõ KI gv mvnviv cvwv q Qb iex `ªbv_ we j Z wwwmö Am ú~y i LB eqi `yb qi Av M wd i G j fxly Amȳ g Yvwjbx `ex iyykvi evmikh vi Av qvrb K ib iyykvi eqm ZLb 11 eqi 8 gvm Avi Wv³vi RvgvZvi wwm& cb&mvwi Lvjvi Rb AvmevecÎ wk b w` q Qb iex `ªbv_, mb m ½ 150 UvKv gv mvnvivi RywM q Qb kirkzgv ii we jzevm Kv ji wzwb gv mvnviv cvwv q Qb we jz _ K AK ZKvh n q div, evevi AvbyK~ j msmviwbe vn BZ vw` Awfgvbx iyykvi gvbwmk Akvwš Avi kvixwik `ye jzv e o dzjkh vi Aí wkqyw`b cib g Zz c_hvîx g Yvwjbx `exi m ½ m ½ ivmkh vq c ob xi wpwkrmvi g Zv iyykvi ejv ZI iex `ªbv_ nvwgic vw_õi e e v K ib iyykv K ivmkh vq i L gyyvwjbx `ex gvî 29 eqi eq m g Zz eiy K ib 7

iyykvi Amȳ Zv w`b w`b e w cvq iex `ªbv_ GKvwaK RvqMvq evqye`j wpwkrmve`j K ii Kv bv DbœwZ NUv Z cv ib bv w` b w` bb Avk¼vRbK n q DV Q Ggb wecbœ Ae vq iex `ªbv_ Rvb Z cv ib Zuvi GKvš cq `i RvgvZv m Z `ªbv_ bv Rvwb q cväv e eov Z M Qb ïay ZvB bq, mlvb _ K UvKv P q cvwv q Qb iex `ªbv_ AZ š wei³ n ji wbi cvq n q mb UvKv cvwv q QbI Zuv K GB RvgvZv KB iex `ªbv_ 7 cšl 1308 ev 22 ww m ^i 1901 mv j ÔcuvPRb QvÎ wb q kvwš wb KZ b vwcz eªþph vkªgõ cwikwíz we` vj qi Aa i fvi w` Z P qwq jb GBme gvbwmk Akvwš iyykvi Amȳ Zv wec`rbk K i Zv j, kl gl eû Póv e _ K i 1903 14 m Þ ^i gvî 12 eqi 7 gvm 22 w`b eq m Awfgvbx R`x iyykv wpiwe`vq Rvbv jb ÔIu wczv bvn&wmõ iex `ªbv_ K, GB c w_ex KI g Yvwjbx K jlv iex `ªbv _i wpwv fvl g Z iyykv wczv ev evevi evwo _ K wew Qbœ n q ^vgxi cöwz GKvš kª v I wbf izv K Avkªq Ki Z cv ibwb g Zz i mgq, evevi nvz a i Ôg Zz i wvk c~e gyn~ Z Avgv K e j, evev, Iu wczv bvnwm e jv Avwg gš wu D PviY Kivi m ½ m ½ Zvi kl wbk vm coj Zvi Rxe bi Pig gyn~ Z Kb m wczv bvnwm iy Kij Zvi wvk gv buv Avwg eys Z cvijyg bv Õ me gv b, Rxe bi KZ M~p A_ gnv gwblx n jb wk memgq evsv hvq! `k eq ii evwjkvi Kv Q wkfv e wczv gvzvi Avkªq Ges wbf izvi cwie Z A Pbv GK f`ª jv Ki Ici wbf izv wkfv e ˆZwi n e GI wk iex `ªbv_ iyykvi we qi mgq eys Z P qwq jb? AZmxjZv ev gxiv iex `ªbv _i Z Zxq Kb v 29 cšl 1300 ev 13 Rvbyqvwi 1894 Zvwi L Kwbôv gxivi Rb KjKvZvi Rvovmuv Kv evwo Z gxivi RxebI myl, Av`i fv jvevmvi ˆkke mgvwßi Av MB wbe vwcz n q Zuv K `yt Li mvm i wb q d j ˆkk e gv qi Afve `yb w`w` `v`v Ges wczv iex `ªbv_ fywj q w` qwq jb mš vb `i cöwz iex `ªbv _i øn evrmj wkse`wš Zzj weï I e envwik wk v QvovI Zuv `i fwel r wb q iex `ªbv_ ^cœ ` L h Zb `v`v w`w` `i g Zv gxivi cov jlvi Avi M nwk Ki nv Z wkš m Avi KZw`b, ejv Ges ivyxi g Zv gxivi we q wb q e n q DV jb gxivi eqm ZLb 11 eqii nqwb wczv ` e `ªbv _i eqm n q Q, gnwl i RxeÏkvq Kb v K we q w` Z cvi j Avw_ K myweav cv eb cvî LuvRv Ae vnz _vk ji kl ch š Avi gnwl i ez gv b we qi e e v nq bv nq bv KviY, wzwb ZLb AwfÁZv _ K wm vš wb q Qb, D P wk vi Rb Ô Kv bv cvî K Avwg we j Z cvvv Z PvBI bv, cviei bv Õ gvwnzp `ª mb K jlv wpwv Z wzwb G-K_v Rvbvb bvn j A bk cv Îi m ½ hvmv hvm Zv n qb wqj hgb b Z wkíx D`qk¼ ii wczv k¼i cwêz jv nv ii GK cv Îi LuvR w` qwq jb we jz cvvv Z ivwr bq e j K_v G Mv jv bv iex `ªbv _i we kl eüz weávbx RM`xkP `ª emyi AZ š ø ni cvîx wq jb GB gxiv gxiv K wzwb WvK Zb Ô z`ª eüzõ e j z`ª eüzwu K RM`xkP `ª wb Ri cyîcöwzg fvwm bq eªþ we` vj qi QvÎ Aiwe ` gvn bi fvex-ea~ wn m e f ewq jb G wb q iex `ªbv_ I g Yvwjbxi m ½ iwmkzvi n Zv nvvr K ib iex `ªbv_ iyykvi we q w` q w` qwq jb ZvB eüz RM`xkP `ªi Awfjvl Bw½Z K i wj L Qb, Ôfq bvb Zvgvi eüzwu K Zvgvi cözx vq ivwle dm Kwiqv n vš i Kwie bv Õ Avevi RM`xkP `ª K jlv wpwv Z Rvbv hvq, ÔAvkªg we` vj q i cö_g we `wk QvÎ Rvcvb _ K AvMZ nvwi- K cöwzw`b cqvjvfiv dzj Dcnvi w` q Avcb K i wb q Qb evwjkv gxivõ (iex `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_, c ôv 413) Ôwejv mi duvmõ cöe Ü AwfÁZv _ K cycö_vi wei vf cökvk Ki ji, hšzzk wn m e we jz cvvv bv GKmgq we ivwazv Ki ji, kl ch š mb k Z B wzwb ivrx n jb gxiv eow`w` ejvi Kv Q grtdicyi evmkv jb ewikv ji mvaviy eªvþ mgv Ri mf evgb`vm M ½vcva v qi wøzxq cyî b M `ªbv _i m ½ we qi K_v cvkv K i d jb we qi ci Av gwikv cvvv e cöwzkö wz w` j b M `ªbv_ Avw` eªvþmgv Ri c wz g Z weev n m Z nb P `ªbv_ eveyi we qi e vcv i kv i Rvivj mg_ bi wb `v Ki ji iex `ªbv_ Zuvi wzb Kb v KB Zuvi cwievi Abym Z Avw` eªvþmgv Ri ixwz ZB we qi Abyôvb m úbœ K i Qb, cö qvr b cvîc K GB k Z ivrx Kwi q wb q Qb gxivi we qi ZvwiL wvk nq 23 ˆR ô 1314, Ryb 1907 Zvwi L iex `ªbv_ we` vj qi cöv³b wk K g bviäb e ` vcva vq K GK wpwv Z wjl Qb, ÔAvMvgx 23 ˆR ô gxivi weevn w i vb kvwš wb KZb cvî kªxgvb b M `ªbv_ M ½vcva vq... b M `ª K weev ni ci Av gwikvq i_x `i Kv Q K wlwe` v wkwl ZB cvvvbe wdwiqv Avwm j i_x `ªi m ½ Kv R hvm w` Z cvwi eõ (iex `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_, c ôv 412) 23 ˆR ô we qi Av M 6 ev 7 ˆR ô kvwš wb KZb gw ` i iex `ªbv_ ^qs b M `ªbv_ K Avw`-eªvþmgvR g Z `x v `b Zvici Zuv K GK wpwv Z wzwb j Lb, Ô Zvgv K `x v w`qv Aewa Avgvi gb GB berxeb eª Zi cöwz Avweó nbqv Av Q... Zvgvi msmv ii c _ mg myl`ytl, mg jvf wz g½ ji c_ cö`k K nbqv Zvgv K hb Ck ii w` KB jbqv hvqõ (H) Z e iex `ªbv _i gb hz Avweó nvk, Ck ii `iev i RvgvZvi Rb Avkxe v` hzb Ki b, RvgvZv 8

b M `ª GB Avw` eªvþ mgv Ri wbqg KZUv g b wb jb, iex `ªbv _i ønc~y Avkxe v ` Zvi g b KZUv g½j R b wqj Zv Rvbv hvq gvayixjzv Avi ivrj²x `exi hym fv e jlv wpwv Z, b M `ªbv _i Wv qwi _ K Ges gxiv-b M `ªbv _i cwiez x msmvi Rxe bi NUbv cöev n Av gwikvq i_x `ªbv_ K jlv wpwv Z b M `ªbv _i J Z c~y I A ~Z KZ KŠZzKc~Y AvPi Yi K_v Rvbv hvq Ôiex `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_Õ MÖ š c~y vb ` P Ævcva vq m ú~y wpwvwu Ges Avbylw½K Z_ cwi ekb K ib w`w` I w`w`gv (gvayixjzv I ivrj²x) `xn wpwv Z we qi mkj weeiy Rvbvb, wjl Qb Ô23 ˆR ô ïfw` b, ïf Y, ïfgyn~ Z, ïf hv M, ïf Mva~wjj Mœ weevn ïfj Mœi K_v c i, Av M ˆcZvi K_v kªey Ki... mkvj ejvq mk j ewmqv dzjnvi ipbv Kwi ZwQ GgZ mgq eo ešvvb cögylvr ïwbjvg kªxgvb b M `ª h ÁvcexZ aviy Kwiqv wør Rb jvf Kwi eb mw`b wzwb eªvþy nb eb Pwji hvo cwiqv bmœc ` mkjkvi mwnz gw `i Mgb Kwi jb hz Y mkj Av qvrb Pwj ZwQj GB Amf mv R j¾vq A ave`b RvgvZv gw ` ii evwn i c`pviyv Kwi Z jvwm jb bwuf `i gz Lvwj cv q _vk Z evakwi ZLb Zuvnvi gv_v KvUv hvb ZwQj c i h_vkv h ÁvcexZ aviy mgvß nbj evev bvbvcökvi Dc `k w` jb hvnv Z G welq b M `ªi h mkj Kzms vi wqj m wj `~ixf~z nq, wkqy evsvb Z evwk iv Lb bvb b M `ª wk h eywsj fmevb Rv bb, wdwiqv AvwmqvB evevi ^n `Ë ˆcZv dwjqv w`j... b M `ª j vrwu Avmevi mgq evwo Z i L G mwqj e U, wkš e envi m ½ G bwqj Kv R jvdvwb Suvcvwb Ki Z KvbiKg Kmyi K iwb... hb gv_vi Uvci emv Z hvw Q Agwb nvz _ K UvciLvbv K o wb q `ylvbv K i wqu o d j w`j m-mgq wk eje i_x, VvÆv bq, e ii Amf Zvq Avgv `i ch š j¾v eva n qwqj Õ GB b M `ªi nv Z iex `ªbv_ wb RB gxiv K m úà vb Ki jb AvZ xqe M i m ½ A mšrb AvPiY QvovI gxiv `exi m ½ Zvi AvPiY wqj A ~Z, Dcnvm Zvw Q j fiv evmin ii wkqy AvbyôvwbKZvi c e b M `ªbv _i e envi ejvi g Zv, ejvi wpwv, Ôevm ii hv KvR dz ji gvjve`j, AvZi gvlv bv, cvb m `k LvIqv bv mmei hb GKUv AvR we KvÊ nj gvjv e` j wk Av Q Rvwb bv, ei Zv mb cvm ji g Zv gvjvuv Qy o Kvb MwZ K Ii (gxiv) Mjvq cwi q w` j m `k LvIqv e, ZvI gxivi Mjv GK nv Z P c a i GK nu vpkv w` q Ii gyl mvrv K i bv K w` j bv gy L w` j Zvi wvk bb G mý gxivi Mv q ûoûo K i LvwbK X j c i Avgv `i Mv q X j w`j Õ b M `ªbv _i Ggb A ^vfvwek I Am vbrbk AvPi Yi wcq b Zuvi gvbwmk Akvwš I f~wgkv i LwQj e j iexrxebxkvi cökvš evey g b K ib Av gwikvq wk v, hvzvqvz I Avbylw½K LiP cviqvi wewbg q cö_ve Avw` mgv Ri `x vmön Yi k Z gxiv K we q Kivi cö ve MÖnY K i h cxov eva K ib, 14 m Þ ^i jlv Wv qwi Z Zvi D j L Av Q Av gwikvq hviqvi Rb GB we qi c~ e _ KB wzwb wewfbœr bi Kv Q Avw_ K mvnvh P q Kv_vI Kv_vI AcgvwbZ nw Q jb Avw` eªvþ mgvr _ K b M `ªbv_ `i eªvþ mgvr wn `y a g i A bk ms vigy³ kªyx ev e Y i vik eªvþ Yi ˆcZvmn A bk AvPvi-Abyôvb er b K iwq jb b M `ªi g Zv m Zi AvVvi eq ii hye Ki Kv Q Gme ms vi cömwzkxjzvi j Y we epbvq D¾xweZ K i Zzj Z cv i Avw`eªvþmgv Ri `x vmön Yi k Z weev n ivwr niqvi ci wzwb Wv qwi Z wjl Qb,... Ôjv fi wnmvb MYbv Kwi bvb eis wzb ^xkvi KwiqvwQ H h weevnc wzi Rb Avgvi gz I wek vm K Lv Uv Kwi Z nbqv Q, hvnv Avwg Kzms vi I Abvek K ewjqv g b Kwi, Zvnv Kwi Z ^xk Z nbqvwq BnvB wk GK wnmv e Avgvi c wzki bq?õ (&H) Z e b M `ªÕi AvPiY ïay GB gvbwmk Ø Øi Rb B bq, cök ZB wzwb D Z ^fv ei wq jb iex `ªRxebxKvi cökvš Kzgvi cvj iex `ªbv _i wpwvi wfwë Z ` L Qb h b M `ªbv _i ^fve wzwb A bkuvb eys Z cvi ji ÔKb v`vq _ K gy³ nevi AvMÖ n wzwb Zv D c v K ib wb Ri GB Ab vq m ú K wzwb µ gb m PZb n q Qb b M bi Rb AvwgB `vqx, G-K_v Z Kv bvw`b Avwg fyj Z cvie bv GB evk Zuvi wpwv ZB Av QÕ (iexrxebx 5g LÊ, c t 364) gxivi cöwz Zuvi AvPiY ax i Ggb Ae vq cuš QwQj h, iex `ªbv_I Lye wepwjz eva KiwQ jb gxivi m ½ we qi K_vevZ v PjvKv jb wzwb b M `ªbv_ K GK `xn wpwv Z Ôwn `ycö_võ ms vi wel q wb Ri gz j Lb wmù yi bv civq `wk g qwj Z i Afv e Avgv `i gb K AvNvZ `q, e ji wzwb Rvbvb ei K eiy, Mv q njy `i Abyôvb m ú K I wzwb b M `ª K Zuvi gz e jb, Ô... GB Abyôvb wji Øviv Avgiv ` ki me mvavi Yi Ges ` ki cövpxbkv ji mwnz hy³ G wj K AeÁv Kwiqv cwiz vm Kwi Z Avgv `i ü` q e`bv eva nq Avgiv wvk wkfv e Avgv `i wn `ycö_v K `wl Ges cö gi mwnz ivwl Z PvB ZvnvB Zvgv K RvbvBjvg Õ mvaviy eªvþ mgv Ri mf b M `ªÕi Ôwn `ycö_võ ev Avw`eªvþ mgv R Abym Z D³ cö_v m ú K aviyv GgbwK b M `ªÕi Ab fvb `i ` wófw½i iex `ªbv_ AeMZ wq jb e j G-me K_v Zuv K wjl Z nq, wkš wzwb fve Z cv ibwb c i GB bexb hye Ki i vwwk vj 9

Ae vb m ú K i Î m¼u ˆZwi Ki Z cv i mvaviy eªvþ b M `ª eªvþ Yi c h ˆcZv aviy Awbevh Zv aviy Ki Z A ^xk Z nb weevnmfvq gw ` ii g a ÔMj ` k hám~î w`evi Póv Kiv nb j wzwb Zvnv jbqv `~ i wb c K ibõ (&H) gvî GB NUbvwUB b M `ª K evsvi c h _ó ZeyI eys Z AviI wkqy evwk wqj iex `ªbv_ Avev iv f ewq jb, Zuvi fvebv g Zv wkqy bv n Z PvB ji, f ewq jb Dchy³ PvKwi, Avq DcvR bi e e v n j g q-rvgvzvi Ôg bvgvwjb Õ NyP e iex `ªbv _i mkj cöfve LvwU q D Pc` eüzmn mikv ii wefv MI PvKwii mycvwik K i Qb, A bk Póv ZI nq bv wei³ n q b M `ª K j Lb, Ô... GKmg qi Awk bxeveyi (ewikv ji wel vz ^vaxbzv-msmövgx) ` j Zzwg ^ `kx Av `vj b hvm w` qwq j Avgvi Z evanq mbr b Me g Èi KvQ _ K Kv bv g ZB Zzwg support cv Q bv Zv bv n j wbðqb iv v mnr nzõ (H) kvwš wb KZ b iw Z b M `ª K jlv gxiv `exi 15wU wpwvi g a klw` Ki wpwv wj wz³zvq fiv b M `ªbv _i ÔAvPiY RxebhvÎv cvwievwik Rxe b W K G b Q Akvwš, weåvwš Aw Zv I AwgZe wqzv-`ỳ g- ^fveõ kvwš f ½i KviY evb i PvKwi ms v bi Rb cöej Póvi Av M iex `ªbv_ Póv K i Qb Zuvi cwikwíz cj xmsmvb, wk vms vi, we kl K i Av gwikv _ K K wli Ici D PZi cov jlv Kwi q Avbvi ci K wl Dbœq b f~wgkv ivl Z, wkš b M `ª Gme Î m ú~y e _ nb 1912 mv j we ` k hviqvi Av MB iex `ªbv_ b M `ªbv _i AwgZe wqzvq Ô zäõ nb we ` k iex `ªbv_ K wpwv Z Rvbv bv nq b M `ªbv _i Ô gzvwcöqzvõ, ÔAnwgKviÕ K_v Avevi Ab w` K iex `ªbv_ kvwš wb KZb we` vj qi `vwqz _ K ïi K i Rwg`vwi, Rvovmuv Kv evwo, Avw` eªvþmgvr, ZË evwabx cwîkv I wb Ri ÔRxeb wzõ MÖš Ges ÔwQbœcÎÕ cökv ki b M `ªi Ici wbf i K iwq jb, `vwqz w` qwq jb Gme ÎI m wó K i Qb RwUjZv, n q Qb e _, GgbwK Rvovmuv Kv evwo Z emevmkvjxb b M `ª gvayixjzv-kirkzgv ii m ½ weev` evwa qwq jb gvayixjzv c i Rvovmuv Kv evwo Q o Ab Î _v Kb Ges GB NUbvq eo g q-rvgvzv iex `ªbv _i Ici K ib cöej Awfgvb b M `ªi Ici iex `ªbv _i GZwKQyi cii wbf izv ` L nq Zv eo g q RvgvB K Awfgvbx K i Zz jwqj Zuvi Ri wzwb enb K i Qb gvayixi g Zz ch š kirkzgvi iex `ªbv_ K K i Qb P~ovš ik gi AeÁv, g q gvayixjzvi evevi m ½ m úk ivl Z KzwÉZ wq jb, GgbwK bv ej-dëi m ^a bvq Zuvi me P q Av` ii g q ejv I kir-gi Abycw wz Zuv K cöpê Kó w` qwqj, hw`i b M `ª-gxiv Abycw Z _v Kbwb hvb nvk, ch vqµ g ^vgxi e _ Zv, Afe AvPiY, AKg Y Zv I Amn hvwmzv gxivi Rb Acwimxg j¾v I gbtk ói KviY n q I V gxivi gvbwmk hš Yvi meb iex `ªbv_ AeMZ wq jb Av gwikvq i_x `ªbv_ K jlv GK wpwv Z gxivi Rb Zuvi Kó Av ci K_v Av Q, Ô... Ii (gxiv) Rxe bi cö_g `Ê Z Avwg I K w` qwp fv jv K i bv f e bv ey S AvwgB Ii we q w` qwq hlb w`w Qjyg ZLb g b g b Lye GKUv D ØM G mwqj... we qi iv Î gxiv hlb bvevi N i XyKwQj ZLb GKUv MvL& iv mvc dm& K i dyv a i D VwQj AvR Avgvi g b nq m mvc hw` ZLwb I K KvU Z Zvn j I cwiîvy czõ (H) KZUv gvbwmk hš Yv fvm Ki j wcöq mš v bi Ggb fweze g n~ Z i Rb I fve Z cv i gvbyl! iex `ªbv _i wbijm Póvq kl ch š ïfvbya vqx m vi Avï Zvl gy Lvcva vq b M `ªbv_ K ÒKjKvZv wek we` vj q Lqiv-dv Êi UvKvi Ô i cömv` wmsn Aa vckõ c ` wbhy³ K i `vwqz w` jb wek we` vj q K wlwk v I M elyvi wefvmwu M o Zvjvi GB wb qv Mi e vcv i Avï Zvl K eû KvVLo cvov Z n qwqj Ó GB cöm ½i D j L Av Q `k 1404 kvi`xq msl vq Ôiex `ªbv_, b M `ªbv_ I KjKvZv wek we` vjqõ cöe Ü GB vqx I m vbrbk Kg ms v bi gxiv-b M `ª m ú K i Kv bv DbœwZ nqwb gxiv iex `ªbv _i mn hvwmzvq Avjv`vfv e emevm Ki Z ïi K ib KjKvZv wek we` vj qi kz Abyhvqx b M `ª K Avevi we j Z co Z h Z n j iex `ªbv_ wegvb fvov wn m e Zv K 580 UvKv `b b M `ª K 1923 m bi GwcÖ j we jz h Z nq Ab w` K 1922 ev 23 _ KB iex `ªbv_ gxiv K ^Zš msmvi cvzvq mvnvh Ki Z _v Kb gxiv `ex K wjl Qb Ô ^Zš M n jx Ki Z Zvi KZ LiP jvm e gv m `y kv n j wk Pj e? Av iv hw` `ikvi nq Avwg `e... ZzB hv Z ^vaxb, ^Zš I vqxfv e Avcb msmv ii fvi wb Z cvwim GB Avgvi B Qv, bb j Avgvi gb wbwðš n Z cvi Q bv Õ cªkvš eveyi iexrebxi wfwë Z c~y bv ` P Ævcva vqi Gme LuvR Zuvi iex `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_ MÖ š D Z K ib kvwš wb KZ b wzwb gxivi Rb ˆZwi K ib ÔgvjÂÕ evwowu Rxe bi kl ch š gxiv GB evwo ZB emevm K i Qb b M `ª we jz _ K wd i gxiv K wdwi q bqvi Póv Ki ji gxivi Ag Z iex `ªbv_ Kv bv cöfve we vi K ibwb b M `ª hlb KjKvZv wek we` vj qi PvKwi wb q evwjm Äi weávb K j Ri K wl wefv M hvm `b ZLb wkqyw`b b M `ªi m ½ emevm Ki ji g bi Awgj, bvbv AvPi Yi AZ vpv i, gxiv evevi Kv QB ewk _vk Zb b M `ª iex `ªbv_ K Aby iva K ib, hb wzwb eyws q gxiv K evwjm Ä cvvv bvi e e v K ib iex `ªbv_ b M `ª K wj L Rvbvb, Ôgxivi m ½ Zvgvi jkgvî we Q` nq G Avgvi wkqy ZB B Qvm Z bq, Gi `vwqz I Avgvi c KwVb ZeyI Avgv K cig `yt L GUv ^xkvi Ki Z n Q! Gevi gv`ªv R hlb `Ljyg gxiv Zvgv K fq K i, Zvgvi nvz _ K cökvk Acgv bi m ¼v P GKvš m¼zwpz nq, ZLb úó `L Z cjyg Zvgv `i `yr bi cök wzi g~j my i wgj 10

bb Zvgvi A ah AmwnòzZv, Zvgvi AvZ msei Y Amva Zv, Zvgvi `ỳ vš µva Ges AvNvZ Kievi wnsmª B Qv mvsmvwik w`k _ K Avgv K A bkmgq KwVb cxov w` q Q Õ BwZg a gxiv-b M `ªi GK Q j bxzx `ªbv_, Kb v bw `Zvi Rb n q Q AvRb `ytlx gxivi Q j cökvkbv wk íi KvwiMwi Áv bi Rb Rvg vwb Z hvb, Ges gvî 20 eqi eq m h²v iv M g Zz eiy K ib g q bw `ZvI cov jlv kl K i K òk cvwjbxi m ½ w`j x Z my L msmvi Ki Z Ki Z wbtmš vb Ae vq AKv j g Zz eiy K ib 75 eqi eq m KjKvZvq 1973 mv j g Zz eiy Kivi Av M gxivi hgb KD Avi Aewkó wqj bv, Zgb, gxivi g Zz i ga w` q iex `ªbv _i es ki klwpý gnvkv j wgwj q Mj gxiv `exi m ½ b M `ªbv _i Av`vj Zi gva g AvBbm½Zfv e weevn we Q` N U 1929 mv j iex `ª-gxiv-b M `ªi ïfvkv xmy A bk Póv K i Qb GB we Q` Gov Z, b M `ª P q Qb gxiv K wb q msmvi cybtcöwzôv Ki Z wkš iex `ªbv_, h D` g Aí eq mb g q `i we qi Rb AwZ Drmvnx n q hšzzk I bvbv kz g b gxivmn mk ji we q Abyôv b Zrci n qwq jb, Zgwb g q `i msmvirxe b myl kvwš cöwzôvi Rb wbijm Póv K i ïay KóB c q Qb, Kvw Z myl g q `i msmv i d iwb kl ch š gxivi weevn we Q` NUbvq gxivi my Li R b B we Q` m úbœ niqvi c gz w` q Qb b M `ªi Aby iv a Dëv wj L Qb,... ÔGiKg m ^ Üi g a GKUzI Rvi LvUv bvuv Avwg Kv bvg ZB DwPr g b Kwi b Ggb Ae vq Zvgv `i wb wz `evi c Avgvi Øviv hv Kiv m e Avwg Zv Ki Z eva wkikgfv e wpwvcî `Iqv `ikvi Zvgiv civgk K i Avgv K Rvwb qvõ (H) iex `ªcwiev i cö_g Ges GKgvÎ AvBwb weevn we Q`I N U iex `ªbv _i mn hvwmzvq gxiv `exi B Qv I gvbywlk kvwš i Rb GB mn hvwmzv n ji iex `ªbv _i weevn fvebv... cöe Ü Q j i_x `ªbv _i (1888-1961) we qi K_v wekl K i GB cöm ½ weaev we qi cö kœ iex `ªbv _i Ae vb cövmw½k n q I V GB welq wfbœ GKwU cöeü `vwe Ki ji wkqy welq AeZviYvi Awbevh Zv Gov bv hvq bv i_x `ªbv _i x cöwzgv `ex (1893-1969) VvKzi evwoib g q iex `ªbv _i wcöq Aebx `ªbv_ VvKz ii evb webwqbxi g q Aciƒc my `igylkªxi cöwzgv K g Yvwjbx wkï eq mb Q j i_x `ªi ed K i N i Avbevi K_v e jwq jb cöwzgvi evev gv Ab ivi Zv ÁvZ wq jb i_x `ª we qi eq m cušq Z cušq Z cöwzgvi `k eqi n q M j Zuvi evev-gv Ab Î we qi Av qvrb K ib iex `ªiv_ wk kvi cy Îi we q Av qvr b ZLb m Z wq jb bv cöwzgvi 11 eqi Kq m M Y `ªbv _i QvU evb Kzgyw`bxi QvU bvwz bxjvbv _i m ½ we q n q hvq j Yxq, iex `ªbv _i Kw_Z wk vi cöfv e evj weev ni `vl wkš KvU QB bv cöwzgvi gvz wcz Kzj ZLb wkí ms wz wk vi Av jvq Av jvwkz fvi Zi miv cwievi hvb nvk evwjkv cöwzgvi wbqwz Ab Î jlv wqj M½vq muvzvi KvU Z h q we qi `yb gv mi g a bxjvbv _i g Zz n j weaev cöwzgv VvKzievwo wd i Av mb Gi cuvp eqi ci i_x `ª Av gwikv _ K cvv k l wd i G j iex `ªbv_ cöqvz x g Yvwjbxi cq `i cöwzgv `exi m ½B i_x `ªbv _i we qi cö ve `b weaev cöwzgv VvKzievwoB g q Ges g Yvwjbxi cq `i cyî K weaevi m ½ weev ni Av qvr b g Yvwjbxi AvMÖn i welqwu iex `ªbv_ K cöfvwez K iwqj c~ e mvnvbv `exi cöm ½i D j L Av Q evwjkv weaev mvnvbvi we qi Av qvrb gnwl i K_vq iex `ªbv_ NU Z `bwb mb Aciva ev ai _ KI wk cöwzgv K wbe vpb! wczv gnwl ` e `ªbv _i wek vm Ava vwz KZv Øviv we klfv e cöfvwez wq jb iex `ªbv_ iex `ª M elk msmövnk AwgZvf PŠayix ØviKbv_ VvKz ii KxwZ, cöwzfv, mvsmvwbk kw³ Ges Pjgvb mvgvwrk ms vi hgb mzx`vn cö_v i`, weaev weev ni mg_ b, we` vjq cöwzôvi mvd j i K_v D j L K i ÔAcÖKvwkZ ØviKbv_Õ cöe Ü Avc kvm K i e jb, Ô... GB KxwZ gvb evovwj h KZ cöwzfvai, KZw` K Zuvi mvsmvwbk kw³, Zv Avgiv AvRI fv jvfv e wepvi Kwiwb A b i K_v ev` w`b, Zuvi cšî ^qs iex `ªbv_I wczvgn m ú K `ypvi U iwmkzv Qvov we kl wkqy e jbwb ev j Lbwb wzwb mvivrxeb ïay wczvi ( ` e `ªbv_ VvKzi) Ycbvi K_v wj L M Qb... wczvi cöfve Kwei Rxe b me vwakõ (GK Î iex `ªbv_, c ôv 479) me vwak cöfvewe vwi wczv Avw` eªvþmgv Ri cöwzôvzv `i GKRb n ji cövpxb wn `y mgv Ri A bk ms vi wek v m A zyœ wq jb GKevi er b K ii cybivq ˆcZv aviy K iwq jb hgb, Zgb wzwb ms vik `i ` j wf o weaev `i weevnixwz mg_ b K ibwb wzwb eªvþy-aeªvþy `i we qi we ivaxzv Ki Zb iex `ªbv _i mywekvj ipbvivwri wfzi weaev we qi Rvivj mg_ b Rvwb q GKwU cöeüi bb G-cÖm ½ wpwv wbe ÜiI LuvR wg jwb GKwU gvî M í (cöwz ewkbx) weaev we qi cöm½ G b ig Kvwnbx wj L Qb, Avi Ôew¼ gi cöfv eõ Aš Z `ywu Dcb v m ( Pv Li evwj, bškvwywe) weaev weevn `wl q msmv ii Akvwš i P~ovš cwiywzi Kvwnbx ˆZwi K ib wn `yweevn cöe Ü gbyi GKwU k vk D wz K i wz b 11

weaev weev ni wec B e jb, j Lb, Ô xi g Zz i ci wøzxqevi weevn msmvihvîvi myweavrbk nb Z cv i, wkš weaevi wøzxqevi weevn AwaKvsk j msmv i wek Ljv Avbqb K i Õ wek Ljv N U hw` mš vbvw` _v K Ômš vbvw` bv _vwk ji weaev igyx K cyivzb fz Kzj nb Z b~zb fz Kz j jbqv hviqv bvbv Kvi Y mgv Ri AmyL I AmyweavRbK ;... GBRb gby cyi li wøzxqevi weev ni úó weavb w`qv Qb Õ evwjkv cöwzgv `ex wbtmš vb Zv e UB, Dciš cyivzb fz Kzj _ K bzzb fz Kz j wb q hviqvii Amyweav bb, ïay Rvovmuv Kv evwoi 6 b ^i _ K 5 b ^ i e`j cöwzgv-i_x `ªbv_ kl ch š wbtmš vb wq jb wn `yweevn cöeü jlvi Pvi eqi ci 1298 mv j wzwb j Lb ÔcÖvP I cözxp Õ cöeüwu cöv P i mvgvwrk e e vi m ½ cöwz P i g~jz Bsj v Êi mgv Ri Zzjbv K i cöv P i YMvb MvBevi my hvm K i bb we kl K i bvix cöm ½ GB cöe Ü wzwb ˆeae cxwoz bvixi wfzi kvwš, mš `h, mymvgvwrkzv I Dc hvwmzv Lyu R cvb Ôevn mv` k Avgv `i weaev qy ivcxq wpikzgvixi mgvb n ji cöavb GKUv wel q cö f` Av Q Avgv `i weaev bvixcök wz KL bv ï k~b cwzz _ K Abye izv jv fi Aemi cvq bv Zuvi Kvj KL bv k~b _v K bv, evû `ywu KL bv AKg Y _v K bv, ü`q KL bv D`vmxb _v K bv... M nkv h i fvi hv ^fvezb g qiv fv jvev m ZvI Zuvi Afve bb Ges IiB g a ivgvqy gnvfviz `y Uv-GKUv cyivy coevi wksev kvbvevi mgq _v K,...Õ (cövp I cöwzp, iex `ªiPbvejx 6ô, c t 541) Ggb fv jvevmvi weaev K iex `ªbv_ cybivq we q w` Z PvB eb Kb? we` vmvmi gnvkq `i ms vi evwz K wzwb wcz Av`k _ K m i G m Ask wb Z Pvbwb cöwzgv `exi we q ïay weaevi cöwz we kl `vq eva _ K bq GQvov i_x-cöwzgvi we q Z cöwzgv `exi eogvgv MM b `ªbv_ VvKz ii we kl Av cvknxb mn hvwmzv D j L Kivi g Zv iex `ªbv _i KvKv wmix `ªbv _i eo Q j Y `ªbv _i eo Q j MM b `ªbv_ cöwzgvi gvzv webwqbx mgv Ri f q KzwÉZ n j ej jb, Ô Zvgv `i fq bb Zvgv `i wcq b Avwg AvwQ, Zvgvq mgvr Z vm Ki j AvwgI mgvr Z vm Kie ZvB e j GKUv ev Pv g qi Rxeb Gfv e bó n Z `Iqv hvq bvõ (VvKzievwoi A `ignj, wpîv `e, c t 148) QvUgvgv wel vz Aebx `ªbv_ VvKziI GB we q mg_ b K i Qb R wzwi `ªbv_ VvKzi Zuvi Wv qwi Z wj L Qb, Ômgi MMb `i m ½ i_xi weevn m ^ Ü K_v nj Iiv Gevi Lye mvnm `wl q QÕ (H) MM b `ªi we kl f~wgkv Z GB we q n q hvq weaev weev ni d j msmv ii wek LjZv N U e j h iex `ªbv _i GK`v wek vm wqj gnwl i g Zz i c i i_xi we qi ga w` q mb åvwš nq Zv NyPj cöwzgv K wb q i_x `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_ AZ š my L wq jb iyykvi g Zz i cuvp eqi ci Zuvi ^vgx m Z `ªbv _i m ½ Qvqvgqxi we q Z iex `ªbv_ g~j f~wgkv cvjb K ib m Z `ª we qi K qk gvm c i gviv M j weaev Qvqvgqxi we qi Av qvr b iex `ªbv _i mg_ b wqj we kl K i Qvqvgqxi wczv mzx `ª gvnb weaev weev ni mg_ K Zv wq jbb Ges cvî bwjbxkvš mgvrms vik cöl vz eªvþ bekvš P Ævcva v qi cyî, iex `ªbv _i m ½I bekvš eveyi NwbôZv wqj bwjbxkvš wb RI weaevweev ni Rvivj mg_ K wq jb gnwl -g Zz Ëvi (g Zz : 19 Rvbyqvwi, 1905) cövá iex `ªbv_ weaev we qi wkqy wkqy Av qvr b f~wgkv ivl ji G-wel q wzwb Kv bv cöeü j Lbwb, wkš Ôwe` vmvmipwiîõ ipbvq weaevweev n we` vmvm ii GKwbôZvi cöksmv K ib ˆewK \ mnvqk MÖš mg~n t 1 iex `ª-iPbvejx wøzxq I lôlê, 125Zg iex `ªRb Rqš x Dcj cökvwkz, wek fvizx, ˆekvL 1395 2 wqbœcî, iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, wek fvizx, 1411 3 iex `ªbv _i wpš vrmr, mgvrwpš v, MÖš vjq cövt wjt, 1392 4 we` vmvmi ipbvejx 1, ZzwjKjg, 3q ms iy, 1404 5 iex `ªRxebK_v, cöfvzkzgvi gy Lvcva vq, Avb `, câg gỳ ªY, 1997 6 iexrxebx, cökvš Kzgvi cvj, 4_ I 5g LÊ 7 iex `ªbv_ I iex `ªbv_, c~y vb ` P Ævcva vq, Avb `, 2007 8 VvKzievwoi A `ignj, wpîv `e, Avb `, 3q ms iy, 2006 9 GK Î iex `ªbv_, AwgZvf PŠayix, `ÕR cvewjwks, 1983 10 wewpîv, iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, iex `ªkZel c~wz Dcj wek fvizx, cö_g cökvk 25 ˆekvL 1368, cö_g evsjv `k ms iy, AíK_v, XvKv, 1399 saadkamali@email.com 12