Astronomy A B1 1. In which sequence are the items listed from least total mass to greatest total mass? (1) solar system, Milky Way, universe (2) Milky Way, solar system, universe (3) universe, Milky Way, solar system (4) Milky Way, universe, solar system 2. The explosion associated with the Big Bang theory and the formation of the universe is inferred to have occurred how many billion years ago? (1) less than 1 (3) 4.6 (2) 2.5 (4) over 10 8. Which object forms by the contraction of a large sphere of gases causing the nuclear fusion of lighter elements into heavier elements? (1) comet (2) planet (3) star (4) moon 9.The diagram below shows the spectral lines for an element. Which diagram best represents the spectral lines of this element when its light is observed coming from a star that is moving away from Earth? 3. Evidence that the universe is expanding is best provided by the (1) red shift in the light from distant galaxies (2) change in the swing direction of a Foucault pendulum on Earth (3) parallelism of Earth s axis in orbit (4) spiral shape of the Milky Way Galaxy 4. What is the inferred age of our solar system, in millions of years? (1) 544 (2) 1300 (3) 4600 (4) 10,000 5. Which statement best describes the age of our solar system and the universe? (1) The universe is at least twice as old as our solar system. (2) Our solar system is at least twice as old as the universe. (3) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 5 billion years old. (4) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 10 billion years old. 6. The red shift of visible light waves that is observed by astronomers on Earth is used to determine the (1) sizes of nearby galaxies (2) relative motions of distant galaxies (3) densities of the planets (4) rotation periods of the planets 7. What does a red shift in light from distant celestial objects indicate to a scientist on Earth? (1) The gravitational force on Earth changes. (2) The universe appears to be expanding. (3) The Jovian planets are aligned with the Sun. (4) Galaxies are becoming more numerous. 10. Light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation are given off by stars using energy released during (1) nuclear fusion (3) convection (2) conduction (4) radioactive decay 11. The reaction below represents an energy-producing process. The reaction represents how energy is produced (1) in the Sun by fusion (2) when water condenses in Earth s atmosphere (3) from the movement of crustal plates (4) during nuclear decay 12. Which process produces the energy that allows the stars of the universe to radiate visible light? (1) convection (3) insolation (2) nuclear fusion (4) radioactive decay 13. One factor responsible for the strength of gravitational attraction between a planet and the Sun is the (1) degree of tilt of the planet s axis (2) distance between the planet and the Sun (3) planet s period of rotation (4) amount of insolation given off by the Sun 1
14. If the average distance between Earth and the Sun were doubled, what changes would occur in the Sun s gravitational pull on Earth and Earth s period of revolution? (1) Gravitational pull would decrease and period of revolution would increase. (2) Gravitational pull would decrease and period of revolution would decrease. (3) Gravitational pull would increase and period of revolution would increase. (4) Gravitational pull would increase and period of revolution would decrease. 15. Which planet is located approximately ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is from the Sun? (1) Mars (2) Jupiter (3) Saturn (4) Uranus 16. Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets are (1) smaller and have lower densities (2) smaller and have greater densities (3) larger and have lower densities (4) larger and have greater densities 17. Which pair of shaded circles best represents the relative sizes of Earth and Venus when drawn to scale? 20. The diagram below shows cutaway views of the inferred interior layers of the planets Mercury and Venus. What is the reason for the development of the interior layers of these two planets? (1) Impact events added the mantle rock above the cores. (2) Heat from the Sun melted the surface rocks to form the mantles above the cores. (3) Gravity separated the cores and mantles due to their density differences. (4) Rapid heat loss caused the cores to solidify before the mantles. Base your answer to question 21 on the diagram below. This diagram shows a portion of the solar system. 18. The bar graph below shows one planetary characteristic, identified as X, plotted for the planets of our solar system. Which characteristic of the planets in our solar system is represented by X? (1) mass (3) eccentricity of orbit (2) density (4) period of rotation 19. Which planet has the least distance between the two foci of its elliptical orbit? (1) Venus (3) Mars (2) Earth (4) Jupiter 21. What is the average distance, in millions of kilometers, from the Sun to the asteriod belt? (1) 129 (3) 503 (2) 189 (4) 857 22. As viewed from Earth, most stars appear to move across the sky each night because (1) Earth revolves around the Sun (2) Earth rotates on its axis (3) stars orbit around Earth (4) stars revolve around the center of the galaxy 23. A Foucault pendulum is used to prove that (1) the Sun rotates on its axis (2) the Sun revolves around Earth (3) Earth rotates on its axis (4) Earth revolves around the Sun 2
24. Large craters found on Earth support the hypothesis that impact events have caused (1) a decrease in the number of earthquakes and an increase in sea level (2) an increase in solar radiation and a decrease in Earth radiation (3) the red shift of light from distant stars and the blue shift of light from nearby stars (4) mass extinctions of life-forms and global climate changes 25. Which statement describes the general relationship between the temperature and the luminosity of main sequence stars? (1) As temperature decreases, luminosity increases. (2) As temperature decreases, luminosity remains the same. (3) As temperature increases, luminosity increases. (4) As temperature increases, luminosity remains the same. 26. The star Algol is estimated to have approximately the same luminosity as the star Aldebaran and approximately the same temperature as the star Rigel. Algol is best classified as a (1) main sequence star (3) white dwarf star (2) red giant star (4) red dwarf star 27. Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength? (1) ultraviolet (3) visible light (2) gamma rays (4) radio waves 28. Which bar graph correctly shows the orbital eccentricity of the planets in our solar system? Base your answers to questions 29 through 31 on the data table below, which shows information about the four largest asteroids found in our solar system. 29. The asteroids shown in the data table are located between the orbits of (1) Venus and Earth (3) Mars and Jupiter (2) Earth and Mars (4) Jupiter and Saturn 30. Compared to the diameter of Earth s Moon, the diameter of Ceres is about (1) one-fourth of the Moon s diameter (2) one-half of the Moon s diameter (3) twice the diameter of the Moon (4) four times the diameter of the Moon 31. The surface rocks of Vesta contain significant amounts of the mineral pyroxene. If rocks on Vesta are similar to rocks on Earth, which two igneous rocks would most likely be found on the surface of Vesta? (1) basalt and scoria (2) dunite and granite (3) peridotite and pumice (4) rhyolite and pegmatite 3
32. The diagrams below show apparent changes in the positions of the stars in the Big Dipper that have occurred in the past 200,000 years. The directions of individual star movements as seen from Earth are shown by the arrows. Which diagram best represents how the Big Dipper will appear when viewed from Earth in 200,000 years? 33. When Hermes is located at position A and Earth is in the position shown in the diagram, the asteroid can be viewed from Earth at each of the following times except (1) sunrise (3) 12 noon (2) sunset (4) 12 midnight Base your answers to questions 33 through 36 on the passage and diagram provided. The diagram shows the orbits of the four inner planets and the asteroid Hermes around the Sun. Point A represents a position along Hermes orbit. The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes It s dogma [accepted belief] now: an asteroid hit Earth 65 million years ago and wiped out the dinosaurs. But in 1980 when scientists Walter and Luis Alvarez first suggested the idea to a gathering at the American Association for Advancement of Sciences, their listeners were skeptical. Asteroids hitting Earth? Wiping out species? It seemed incredible. At that very moment, unknown to the audience, an asteroid named Hermes halfway between Mars and Jupiter was beginning a long plunge toward our planet. Six months later it would pass 300,000 miles from Earth s orbit, only a little more than the distance to the Moon. Hermes approaches Earth s orbit twice every 777 days. Usually our planet is far away when the orbit crossing happens, but in 1937, 1942, 1954, 1974 and 1986, Hermes came harrowingly [dangerously] close to Earth itself. We know about most of these encounters only because Lowell Observatory astronomer Brian Skiff rediscovered Hermes on Oct. 15, 2003. Astronomers around the world have been tracking it carefully ever since. 34. How does the period of revolution of Hermes compare to the period of revolution of the planets shown in the diagram? (1) Hermes has a longer period of revolution than Mercury, but a shorter period of revolution than Venus, Earth, and Mars. (2) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than Mercury, but a longer period of revolution than Venus, Earth, and Mars. (3) Hermes has a longer period of revolution than all of the planets shown. (4) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than all of the planets shown. 35. Why is evidence of asteroids striking Earth so difficult to find? (1) Asteroids are made mostly of frozen water and gases and are vaporized on impact. (2) Asteroids are not large enough to leave impact craters. (3) Asteroids do not travel fast enough to create impact craters. (4) Weathering, erosion, and deposition on Earth have destroyed or buried most impact craters. 36. According to the diagram, as Hermes and the planets revolve around the Sun, Hermes appears to be a threat to collide with (1) Earth, only (2) Earth and Mars, only (3) Venus, Earth, and Mars, only (4) Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars 4
Astronomy B2 - C Base your answers to questions 1 and 3 on the Luminosity and Temperature of Stars graph in the Earth Science Reference Tables. 1. Describe the relationship between temperature and luminosity of main sequence stars. [1] 2. In which group of stars would a star with a temperature of 5000 C and a luminosity of approximately 100 times that of the Sun be classified? [1] 3. Complete the table below by identifying the color and classification of the star Procyon B. The data for the Sun have been completed as an example. [1] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Base your answers to questions 4 through 6 on the passage below and on your knowledge of stars and galaxies. Stars Stars can be classified according to their properties, such as diameter, mass, luminosity, and temperature. Some stars are so large that the orbits of the planets in our solar system would easily fit inside them. Stars are grouped together in galaxies covering vast distances. Galaxies contain from 100 billion to over 300 billion stars. Astronomers have discovered billions of galaxies in the universe. 4. Arrange the terms galaxy, star, and universe in order from largest to smallest. [1] 5. Complete the table below by placing an X in the boxes that indicate the temperature and luminosity of each star compared to our Sun. [1] 6. The star Betelgeuse is farther from Earth than the star Aldebaran. Explain why Betelgeuse appears brighter or more luminous than Aldebaran. [1] 5
Base your answers to questions 7 through 9 on the graph below, which shows the early formation of main sequence stars of different masses (M). The arrows represent temperature and luminosity changes as each star becomes part of the main sequence. The time needed for each star to develop into a main sequence star is shown on the main sequence line. 7 Describe the relationship between the original mass of a star and the length of time necessary for it to become a main sequence star. [1] 8 Describe the change in luminosity of a star that has an original mass of 0.5 M as it progresses to a main sequence star. [1] 9 Identify the force that causes the accumulation of matter that forms the stars. [1] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Base your answers to questions 10 and 11 on the data table below, which provides information about four of Jupiter s moons. 10 Identify the planet in our solar system that is closest in diameter to Callisto. [1] 11 In 1610, Galileo was the first person to observe, with the aid of a telescope, these four moons orbiting Jupiter. Explain why Galileo s observation of this motion did not support the geocentric model of our solar system. [1] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Base your answers to questions 12 through14 on the star chart below, which shows part of the winter sky visible from New York State. Some of the brighter stars are labeled and the constellation Orion is outlined. 12 Identify the color of the star Bellatrix, which has a surface temperature of approximately 21,000 C. [1] 13 In the space below list the stars, other than Bellatrix, found on the chart in order of decreasing luminosity. Rigel, the most luminous star, has been listed. [1] 14 Explain why the constellation Orion is visible at night to an observer in New York State in December and January, but not in June and July. [1] 6
Base your answers to questions 15 and16 on the data table below, which lists six stars, numbered 1 through 6, found in the constellation Taurus. The table shows the celestial coordinates for these six stars. 15. On the grid below, use an X to plot the position of each of the six stars. Record the number of the plotted star beside each X and connect the Xs in the following order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The first star, Zeta Tauri, has been plotted for you. [1] 16. Complete the data table below that provides additional information about two of the stars in Taurus. [1] Base your answers to questions 17 through 19 on the passage below. Is Earth Gaining Weight? Scientists believe that Earth may gain more than 100 tons of dust from space every day. The dust comes from thawing comets as they orbit the Sun and from pieces of asteroids that collided with other asteroids. Most asteroids orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. Each dust particle dates back to the days when our solar system was created. So in a way, each tiny speck of dust holds clues to how our solar system formed. All the space dust produced by comets and asteroids in our solar system is drawn to the Sun by its gravitational force. However, space dust that passes within about 60 miles of Earth s surface may be slowed enough by friction with Earth s atmosphere to be pulled to the surface by Earth s gravity. 17. State one reason why more space dust is attracted to the Sun than to Earth. [1] 18. In which temperature zone of Earth s atmosphere is space dust first slowed enough by friction to be pulled to Earth s surface? [1] 19. Approximately how many million kilometers from the Sun are most asteroids located? [1] 7
Base your answers to questions 20 through 23 on the diagram below, which shows the heliocentric model of a part of our solar system. The planets closest to the Sun are shown. Point B is a location on Earth s equator. 20. State the name of planet A. [1] 21. Explain why location B experiences both day and night in a 24-hour period. [1] 22. On the graph below draw a line to show the general relationship between a planet s distance from the Sun and the planet s period of revolution. [1] 23. Identify one feature of the geocentric model of our solar system that differs from the heliocentric model shown. [1] 8