Building Simulation. Xuefeng Gao (Frank)

Building Simulation Xuefeng Gao (Frank)

Terminology

Building Simulation?

energy and mass flow? structural durability? aging? egress? construction site simulation?

our focus is on energy performance modeling, explained by physical transport processes

this area has its origin in early studies of energy and mass flow processes in the built environment

groundwork was done in 1960s and 1970s energy performance lighting HVAC air flow

The earliest attempts to adapt computer programs to building performance simulation (or calculation as an early term) date from late 1960s. -- Godfried Augenbroe

later on... combined moisture and heat transfer acoustics control systems urban and micro climate

later on... combined moisture and heat transfer acoustics control systems urban and micro climate

later on... combined moisture and heat transfer acoustics control systems urban and micro climate

Until the mid-1990s major software vendors began to show interest in the building simulation area DOE-2, ESP-r, TRNSYS

Since late 1990s domains other than energy are increasingly covered by specialized tools the launch of EnergyPlus (the merger of BLAST and DOE-2) made it quickly became the most popular whole building energy simulation program among researchers.

EnergyPlus models heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation,other energy flows, and water use. time-steps less than an hour, moduar systems and plant integrated with heat balance-based zone simulation, multizone air flow, thermal comfort, water use, natural ventilation, and photovoltaic systems.

Pervasive/invisible Web-enabled Design integrated Code shared Interoperable OOP, EKS, SPARK, IDA, NMF,... STEP, COMBINE, IAI,... Invisible e-simulation, controls, remote, DAI+ ESP+, BLIS, DAI, SEMPER Function complete R&D applied Energy, light, acoustics, CFD EnergyPlus, ESP, DAE 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Godfried Augenbroe, 2002. Trends in building simulation.

Drury B.Crawley (DOE) et al contrasted the capabilities of building energy performance simulation programs BLAST, BSim, DeST, DOE-2.1E, ECOTECT, Ener-Win, Energy Express, Energy-10, EnergyPlus, equest, ESP-r, IDA ICE, IES, HAP, HEED, PowerDomus, SUNREL, Tas, TRACE and TRYSYS.

Table 1 General Modeling Features BLAST BSim DeST DOE-2.1E ECOTECT Ener-Win Energy Express Energy-10 EnergyPlus equest ESP-r HAP HEED IDA ICE IES <VE> PowerDomus SUNREL Tas TRACE TRNSYS Simulation solution! Sequential loads, system, plant calculation without feedback X X X Simultaneous loads, system and plant solution X 2 X X 3 X X X 4 X X 5 X X 6 X X X X X 7 X X Iterative non-linear systems solution X 3 X X X X X X X X X X X Coupled loads, systems, plant calculations X X X 4 X X X X X X X X X Space temperature based on loads-systems feedback X X X X 8 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Floating room temperatures 9 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Time step approach X User-selected for zone/environment interaction X 2 X 10 R X 11 X 12 X 13 X X X 14 X X 15 Variable time intervals for zone air/hvac system interaction X 2 X 10 X X X 16 X R User-selected for both building and systems X X X X X 17 Dynamically varying based on solution transients X X X 18 Full Geometric Description! Walls, roofs, floors X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 19 Windows, skylights, doors, and external shading X X X X X P X X X X X X 20 X X X X X X Table 2 Zone Loads BLAST BSim DeST DOE-2.1E ECOTECT Ener-Win Heat balance calculation 38! X X X X 39 3 X X X 39 X X X X X X X X X Building material moisture adsorption/desorption 40! X 41 X 3 X X O X X 42 X P X 43 Element conduction solution method Frequency domain (admittance method) X X X X Time response factor (transfer functions) X X X 3 X X X X X X X Finite difference / volume method X X X X 44 X X Interior surface convection Dependent on temperature X X 3 P X X 45 X X X X X X X Dependent on air flow X X P X X X X E Dependent on CFD-based surface heat coefficient E E X User-defined coefficients 46 X X X 47 X X E 48 X R X X X X X Internal thermal mass X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Human thermal comfort 49! Fanger X X X X X X X X X X Kansas State University X X X Pierce two-node X X MRT (Mean Radiant Temperature) X X X X X 50 X X X X X Radiant discomfort 51 X X X P X!"#$%&'$(#)*$+,*!&-&.(/($(,'*"0*12(/3(#)*4#,%)5*6,%0"%7&#8,*9(72/&$("#*6%")%&7'* Simultaneous CFD solution E E 52 PAQ (Perceived Air Quality) 53 X P Table 7 HVAC Systems BLAST BSim DeST DOE-2.1E ECOTECT Ener-Win Energy Express Energy Express Discrete HVAC components 135 X P X X X X R R X X Idealized HVAC systems X X X X X X 136 X X X X 137 User-configurable HVAC systems X X P X X X 138 X 139 X X X X R X X X Air loops 140 X P X P X X X X X R X X X Fluid loops 141 X P X X X X X X P R X X X Run-around, primary and secondary fluid loops with independent pumps and controls X P X X X X P X X X 142 Fluid loop pumping power 143 X X 144 X X X Pipe flow-pressure networks 145 X X Air distribution system 146 X P X X X 147 X X X X R X Multiple supply air plenums P X P X 147 X X Simplified demand-controlled ventilation! Ventilation rate per occupant and floor area X X X X X X 148 X X X P X Ventilation air flow schedule X X X X X X X 149 X X X X X X X User-defined ventilation control strategy 150 X 151 X X X X X X CO 2 modeling CO 2 zone concentrations, mechanical and natural X X X X O 111 Energy-10 Energy-10 EnergyPlus EnergyPlus equest equest ESP-r ESP-r HAP HAP HEED HEED IDA ICE IDA ICE IES <VE> IES <VE> PowerDomus PowerDomus SUNREL SUNREL Tas Tas TRACE TRACE TRNSYS TRNSYS Energy-10: early design stage, roughly defined, less accuracy EnergyPlus: detailed, powerful engine, no interface equest: detailed, simple interface, widely used in industry as in US... 135 Including part-load performance

What the simulation brought about in design?

Architectural form used to appear as the ultimate result of a process of research. -- Antoine Picon

Silent, invisible electronic world of virtual design must ultimately end in physical reality -- Norman Foster

At the heart of the matter is the question: where do the aesthetic eye and an algorithm converge? How will a computer know when to stop and how does that related to what we like? -- Cecil Balmond

Design Project Start Time Project End

Analysis Design Project Start Time Project End

Tools Analysis Design Project Start Time Project End

Tools Analysis Design Project Start Time Project End

Tools Analysis Tool late or not efficient Design Project Start Time Project End

speeding up the design process increasing efficiency enabling the comparison of a broader range of design variants better understanding of the consequences of design decisions

It is an instrument, which is exceptionally suitable to answer whatif -type questions.-- Sten de Wit

What would happen if we would like to make this design alteration?

What would be the effect of this type of retrofit?

What would be the building respond to these extreme conditions?

Are the answers accurate?

Commonly the answers to these questions can only be estimated with some degree of uncertainty lack of knowledge about the properties of the building or building component Simplified simulation model given consideration of the complexity of the building

Help! What to do with this call for help!?

In practical commissioning

Information from Energy Audit Base Model Adjust uncertain variables Calibrated Model I Configure settings to mimic actual system performance Calibrated Model II Chilled Water Steam Electricity! Yearly Metered Data Monthly Metered Data Level I Calibrate by Outcome Ideal (design) vs. Actual! Level II Calibrate by Behavior What-if based on current actual Performance! What-if Scenario Analysis "#$%&!!! Slide made by Bin Yan

Simulation Aided Design -- a proposal

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ANDRE, P., GEORGES, B., LEBRUN, J., LEMORT, V. & TEODORESE, I. V. 2008. From model validation to production of reference simulations: how to increase reliability and applicability of building and HVAC simulation models. Building Services Engineering Research & Technology, 29, 61-72. AUGENBROE, G., 2002. Trends in building simulation. Building and Environment, 37(8 9):891 902. CRAWLEY, D. B., HAND, J. W., KURNMERT, M. & GRIFFITH, B. T. 2008. Contrasting the capabilities of building energy performance simulation programs. Building and Environment, 43, 661-673. CRAWLEY, D.B., LAWRIE, L.K., PEDERSEN, C.O., WINKELMANN, F.C., WITTE, M.J., STRAND, R.K., LIESEN, R.J., BUHL, W.F., HUANG, Y.J., HENNINGER, R.H., GLAZER, J., FISHER, D.E. SHIREY, D., 2004. EnergyPlus: new, capable and linked. Journal of Architectural and Plan- ning Research (In Press, winter issue). ENERGYPLUS DOCUMENTATION, 2010. Engineering Reference: the Reference to EnergyPlus Calculations. University of Illinois and the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. HABERL, J. & BOU-SAADA, T. 1998. Procedures for Calibrating Hourly Simulation Models to Measured Building Energy and Environmental Data. ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 120, pp. 193-204. LIU, M. & CLARIDGE, D. E. 1998. Use of calibrated HVAC system models to optimize system operation. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering-Transactions of the Asme, 120, 131-138. OLOFSSON, T., SJÖGREN, J. U. & ANDERSSON, S., 2005. Energy performance of building evaluated with multivariate analysis. Ninth International IBPSA Conference.