msweavb, ivóª I mikvi

msweavb, ivóª I mikvi (Constitution, State and Government) BDwbU-6 ivóª GKwU wpišíb, vqx Ges m e v P mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk cöwzôvb cöv_wgk Ae v _ K ez gvb ch v q DËi Yi Rb ivóª K wewfbœ mg q wewfbœiƒ c wekvk NUv Z n q Q ez gvb mf RM Z ivóª gvbe mgv Ri Acwinvh cöwzôv b cwiyz n q Q msweavb n Q iv óªi gšwjk AvBb I cweî `wjj msweav bi gva gb ivóª I mikvi cwipvwjz n q _v K iv óªi GKwU iyz c~y I Acwinvh A½ n PQ mikvi msweav bi gva g ivóª I mikv ii cvi úwik m úk wba vwiz n q _v K msweav bi gva g GKwU iv óªi cök wz I ˆewkó cökvk cvq ZvB msweavb K iv óªi `c Y ejv nq Avmyb Gev i Avgiv msweavb, ivóª I mikvi kxl K BDwb Ui cv Vi welq K wb æ Dwj- wlz 5wU fv M fvm K i Av jvpbv Kwi: cvv-1 msweav bi msáv I DËg msweavb cvv-2 iv óªi D Ïk I Kvh vejx cvv-3 mikv ii kªyx wefvm cvv-4 RvZxq msnwz cvv-5 wecøe I ms vi c ôv-109

GmGmGBPGj cvv-1 msweavb Constitution D Ïk G cvv k l Avcwb- msweav bi msáv wba viy Ki Z cvi eb msweavb KZ cökvi Zv ej Z cvi eb DËg msweav bi ˆewkó ey bv Ki Z cvi eb msweav bi msáv: h Kvb ai bi mikv ii Drm n Q msweavb MYZvwš K nvk Avi mgvrzvwš K nvk wksev ivrzvwš K nvk-mkj mikv ii wbr ^ msweavb i q Q Kvb iv óªi kvmb c wz wkiƒc Zv Rvbv hvq msweavb _ K msweavb K iv óªi cöwz Qwe ejv nq cö Z K msweavbb mgmvgwqk Kv j mgv R weivrgvb ev Íe cwiw wz Ges cöpwjz wek v mi dj ^iƒc nvj Qvov hgb bškv P j bv, Zgwb msweavb Qvov ivóªhš APj n q c o msweavb n Q RvwZi cweîzg `wjj msweavb n Q iv óªi gšwjk AvBb msweavb mikv ii wewfbœ wefv Mi g a gzvi eèb I cvi úwik m úk wba viy K i _v K GUv mikv ii wewfbœ-wefvm, AvBb wefvm, kvmb wefvm I wepvi wefv Mi g a gzv e Ub I cvi úwik m úk wba viy K i _v K ivóªweávbx Gwi Uj _ K ïiy K i wewfbœ ivóªweávbx msweav bi msáv w` q Qb ivóªweávbx Gwi U ji g Z- 'Constitution is the way of life the state has chosen for itself' A_ vr Kvb ivóª wb R K cwipvjbvi Rb h c_ e Q bq ZvB msweavb Aa vck dvbbvi e jb, 'The system of fundamental political institutions is the constitution' iv óªi gšwjk cöwzôvbmg~ ni g a ci ú ii mgü n jv msweavb dvbbv ii g Z gvbyl Rxe bi AwbðqZv jv K `~i K i wbivcëv Pvq, msweavb GB wbivcëv `vb K i K.wm ûbqvi e jb, 'That body of rules which regulates the ends for which and of the organs through which Governmental power is exercised is called a constitution' msweavb n Q mb weavbmg~n hvi Øviv wk D Ï k Ges Kvb wefv Mi gva g mikvwi gzv cwipvwjz n e Zv wba viy K i wm.gd.óªs msweav bi my `i msáv w` q Qb, wzwb e jb, Ômsweavb n Q mb mkj wbq gi mgwó hv mikv ii gzv, kvwm Zi AwaKvi Ges G `yõ qi m úk wba viy K i Dj mi fvlvq Ôkvmš n Q KZK jv gšwjk weav bi mgwó hv Øviv mikv ii gzv I kvwm Zi AwaKvi wba vwiz nq Õ Kvj R d«wwik ÔConstitution at Govt. and DemocracyÕ MÖ š msweavb K Rules of game Gi mv _ Zzjbv K i Qb Rules of game Øviv hgb Ljva~jv myôzfv e cwipvwjz nq Zgwb kvmbz š i Øviv mikvi myôz I my `ifv e cwipvwjz nq G mkj msáv _ K msweav bi cök Z ^iƒc Abyaveb Kiv hvq AZGe msweavb ej Z ivóª, mikvi Ges mik ii wewfbœ wefv Mi g a cvi úwik m úk gzve Ub Ges kvmk kvwm Zi AwaKvi, `vwqz I cwipvjbv m ^wjz KZK jv gšwjk bxwzgvjvi mgwó K eysvq msweav bi kªyxwefvm cöpwjz kªyxwefvm Abyhvqx msweavb mvaviyz `yõai bi n q _v K (K) wjwlz msweavb I (L) AwjwLZ msweavb wmwfk GWy Kkb-1 c ôv-110

wjwlz msweavb: wjwlz msweavb mȳ úó I mywbw` ó GUv mávb cö Póvi dj wjwlz msweavb mn R cwiez b Kiv hvq bv GwU Abgbxq ev `ȳ úwiez bxq hgb gvwk bhy³iv óªi I evsjv ` ki msweavb wjwlz msweav bi D¾ j ` óvší AwjwLZ msweavb: HwZnvwmK weez bi dj nj AwjwLZ msweavb GwU A úó Ges A bk ÎB mywbw` ó bq AwjwLZ msweavb mn R cwiez b Kiv hvq, GwU mycwiez bxq ev bgbxq weª Ub we k i g a AwjwLZ kvmbzš wb q gv_v DPuy K i `uvwo q Av Q Z e G K_v AvR ^xk Z h ez gvb RM Z Kvb kvmbzš B m ú~y fv e wjwlz wksev AwjwLZ bq jw eªvbm msweavb ms kvab c wzi wfwë Z msweavb K mycwiez bxq I `y úwiez wbq-g `yõfv M fvm K i Qb mycwiez bxq msweavb cwiez b Ki Z n j Kvb RwUj c wz Aej ^b Ki Z nq bv cwiewz Z Ae vi m ½ LvcLvIqv bvi R b GwU mn RB cwiez b Kiv hvq GUv ivr bwzk Rxe bi MwZi m ½ Zvjwgwj q Pj Z cv i `y úwiez bxq msweavb mȳ úó, m ` p, w wzkxj I mywbw` ó GwU mn RB cwiez b Kiv hvq bv e j wbðqzvi cözxk GwU hy³ivóªxq kvmbe e vi Rb AwaKZi Dc hvmx DËg msweav bi ˆewkó mg~n msweav b KZK jv D j- L hvm ˆewkó we` gvb _vk j mb msweavb K DËg ev Av`k msweavb ejv hvq h mkj Yvejx ev Av`k _vk j GKwU msweavb K DËg msweavb ejv hvq, Zv wb æ Av jvpbv Kiv nj: cö_gz: DËg msweavb mȳ úó, hyw³wfwëk I Av`k wfwëk n e wøzxqz: msweavb K hy Mi mv _ gvby li gb-gvbwmkzvi mv _ Zvjwgwj q Pj Z n e mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk I mvs wzk Rxe bi cwiez bi mv _ mv _ DËg kvmbzš I GwM q P j Z ZxqZ: GKwU DËg msweav b wjwlz Ges AwjwLZ mycwiez bxq Ges `ȳ úwiez bxq Dcv`vb _vk Z n e PZz_ Z: DËg msweav bi bvmwi Ki gšwjk gvbwek AwaKvi mwbœ ewkz _vk e hgb m úwë i v, Rxeb i v, Lv`, e, evm vb, wpwkrmv I wk v BZ vw` câgz: AíK_vq msweavb fvjfv e wjwlz _vk e kvmbz š i fvlv n e cöväj, mvejxj I my `i D`vniY ^iƒc Av gwikvi (gvwk b hy³iv óªi) wekc ôv e vcx msweavb we k i g a Ab Zg kªô msweavb lôz: kvmbzvwš K cövavb _vk Z n e kvmbzš m e v P gzv m úbœ I mve fšg mßgz: kvmbzvwš K cövavb K i v Kivi R b wepvi wefvmxq cövavb _vk Z n e DËg kvmbzš cöm ½ dvbbv ii e³e n Q Ômsweav b Ggb wkqy _vk e bv hv KLbI Kvb Dcv q cwiez b Kiv hv e bv, Avevi msweav b Ggb wkqy _vk e bv hv me mgq cwiez b Kiv hv e-guv DËg msweav bi j Y Õ D jøl h, gvwk b hy³iv óªi msweav bi wzbkô eq ii BwZnv m gvî 33wU wewa ms kvab Kiv n q Q K.wm.ûqvi e jb, 'One essential characteristics of the ideally best form of constitution is that it should be as short as possible ivóªweávbx Gd.DB jvwei g Z Rigidity and flexibility are the two opposing tendencies of a good constitution DËg msweavb cöyqb Aek B GKwU mnr ms kvab c wz AbymiY Ki Z nq Av`k msweavb n e mvgvwrk HwZn I Avkv AvKv vi cöwz Qwe msweav bi bvmwi Ki gšwjk gvbwek AwaKvi mwbœ ewkz _vk e mik_v: msweavb n Q ivóª cwipvjbvi g~j `wjj AvBbmfv kvmb wefvm, wepvi wefvm, wbe vpkgûjx Ges kvmk-kvwm Zi ga Kvi gzvmz m ú K i wb ` kbv _v K msweav b h mkj gšwjk bxwzgvjv iv óªi cök wz I c wz wby q K i Zv K msweavb e j msweavb iv óªi `c Y ev Avqbv ^iƒc h `k ev RvwZi msweavb hz DbœZ Av` k i Abymvix m RvwZ ZZ DbœZ GKwU DËg msweavb Aek B mycwiez bxq I `y úwiez bxq Z e GK_v mz Kvb msweavbb m ú~y wjwlz ev AwjwLZ wksev mycwiez bxq ev `y úwiez bxq bq c ôv-111

GmGmGBPGj c VvËi g~j vqb ˆbe w³k cökœ: mwvk DËiwU wjlyb 1. msweavb ev kvmbzš n Q- K. iv óªi mvaviy AvBb L. iv óªi gšwjk AvBb M. iv óªi we kl AvBb N. Avš R vwzk AvBb 2. mikvi cwipvwjz nq- K. kvmbz š i Øviv L. mvaviy AvB bi Øviv M. úkvj AvB bi Øviv N Riywi AvB bi Øviv 3. Constitution at Government and Democracy MÖ š i jlk K? K. Gwi Uj L. dvbbvi M. Kwm ûbqvi N. Kvj R d«wwik 4. AwjwLZ msweavb n Q- K. gvwk b hy³iv óªi L. hy³iv óªi M. fvi Zi N. evsjv ` ki ipbvg~jk cökœ: 1. msweavb wk? 2. DËg msweav bi ˆewkó jv ey bv Kiyb DËigvjvt 1. L, 2. K, 3. N, 4. L mnvqk MÖš : 1. K.C: Wheare- Modern Constitution 2. A.V.: Dicey In Introduction to the Law of the constitution 3. Finer: Theory and practice of Modern Government. wmwfk GWy Kkb-1 c ôv-112

iv óªi D Ïk I Kvh vejx Aims and Functions of the State D Ïk : G cvv k l Avcwb- iv óªi D Ïk m ú K ej Z cvi eb AvaywbK iv óªi Acwinvh Kvh vejx e vl v Ki Z cvi eb iv óªi Hw QK Kvh vejx ey bv Ki Z cvi eb cvv-2 iv óªi D Ïk iv óªi D Ïk I j m ú K A bk gz f` i q Q Kvb Kvb gzev ` ivóª K Hk wik B Qvi ewntcökvk Avevi Kvb Kvb gzev ` mgvr Rxe bi gnëg ms v e j AvL vwqz Kiv n q Q Avevi gzev ` iv óªi cö qvrbxqzv ch ší A ^xkvi Kiv n q Q G ai bi gzev`i Av Q cövpxb MÖxK Avgj _ K ivóªweávbx I wpšívwe`my cövq AvovB nvrvi eqi G welq wb q ZK wezk K i Avm Qb wkš Kvb HK g Z cušq Z cv ibwb cövpxb MÖxK `vk wbk cø Uv I Gwi Uj ivóª K kªô gvbwek msmvb e j D jøl K i Qb Zv `i g Z iv óªi g a bvmwi Ki cwic~y wekvk N U Gwi Uj D jøl K ib, iv óªi evb i hviv emevm K ib Zviv mvaviy gvbyl b n nq Zviv `ezv, bv nq cï gvbe Rxe bi cö qvr bb iv óªi D e n q Q gvby li Kj vy mva bi DciB Gi mv_ KZv wbf i K i gvbe Rxe bi mvgvwrk, ˆbwZKI Ava vwz K Rxe bi cwic~y Zv jvf K i iv óªi g a B ev Íe n q I V ga hy Mi wewkó wpšívwe` Ugvm GKzBbvm Gwi U ji c`v¼ AbymiY K i gvby li Kj vy mvab K iv óªi D Ïk e j D jøl K i Qb cweî Bmjvg a g ivóª wek vmxm Yi Bn jvwk I cvi jšwkk g½ ji Dcvq wn m e M nxz n q Q HK, kvwší I mr Rxe bi cözxkiƒcx Bmjvgx ivóª we kl D Ï k cöwzwôz n qwqj Aóv`k kzvãx Z A vwvg x_ Zvi wel vz Wealth of Nations MÖ š iv óªi wzbwu cöavb Kv Ri K_v e j Qb h_vt 1. Ab iv óªi AvµgY n Z ^xq ivóª K i v Kiv 2. iv óªi Kvb m` m i AwePvi _ K mkj K i v Kiv 3. ivóª hv Z KwZcq e w³i ^v _ Kvh m úv`b bv K i Zvi cöwz mrvm m wó ivlv Aa vck M vbvi iv óªi wzbwu D Ï k i K_v e j Qb cözgz: ivóª e w³mg~ ni g a kvwší-k Ljv cöwzôv Ki e mywepvi I AvB bi kvm bi gva g cö Z Ki AwaKvi i v Ki e wøzxqz: iv óªi DwPZ n e e w³ mgwói Kj vy mvab Kiv Z ZxqZ: ivóª Ab vb ivóªmg~ ni g a kvwší mvnvh I mn hvwmzv e w i gva g wek mf Zvi wekvk I msi Y Ki e iv óªi j I D Ïk m ú K ivóªweávbx ev R m Zvrch c~y gzvgz e ³ K i Qb Zvi g Z, iv óªi Pig I cig D Ïk n Q gvbwek g~j ev ai wekvk Ges mf Zvi DrKl mvab K i gvbe mgv R b vqbxwz Kv qg Kiv wøzxqz: iv óªi bvmwik `i g a ^Kxq ˆewk ó i wekvk NwU q RvZxq Av` k DØy Kiv Z ZxqZ: bvmwikzv eva I e w³ ^vaxbzvi wekvk mvab K i ivóªxq KZ Z i m ½ mymvgäm weavb Kiv ivóªweávbx `i gzvgz we køly Ki j AvaywbK iv óªi PviwU D Ïk cwiùzu n q D V h_v- 1. iv óªi ^vaxbzv- ^ve fšgz I msnwz i v Kiv 2. RvZxq DbœwZ I AMÖMwZmvab Ges wek kvwší I wek mf Zvi wekv k mn hvwmzv Kiv 3. iv óªi kvwší-k Ljv i v Kiv gvbe Rxe bi cö qvr bb iv óªi D e n q Q c ôv-113

GmGmGBPGj gvbe mgv Ri Kj vy mvabb iv óªi j mȳ mej RbMY iv óªi m ú` 4. bvmwike `i ˆ`wnK I gvbwmk wekvk mvab gvby li cö qvrb I Pvwn`vi ZvwM ` µgwekv ki ga w` q M o D V Q ivóªe e v gvbe mgv Ri cö qvr bi ZvwM `B ivóª K bvbvwea Kvh m úv`b Ki Z nq iv óªi Kvh vejx Kvb wbw` ó MwÛi g a AvewZ Z nq bv gvbe mgv Ri Kj vy mvabb iv óªi j ivóªweávbx DB jvwe I M Uj AvaywbK iv óªi Kvh vejx K `yõfv M wef³ K i Qb h_v-1. Acwinvh ev gyl Kvh vejx 2. Hw QK ev MŠb Kvh vejx Acwinvh Kvh vejx: iv óªi ^vaxbzv mve fšgz Ges bvmwi Ki AwaKvi msi Yi R b ivóª K h mkj KvR m úv`b K i Zv K Acwinvh KvR e j iv óªi Acwinvh Kvh wj wb œiƒc: Af š ixy AvBb-k Ljv i v msµvš Kvh vejx: Rvb-gv ji wbivcëv, iv óªi w wzkxjzv I msnwzi R b AvBb-k Ljv i v Kiv iv óªi cweî `vwqz `k i v: ` ki ^vaxbzv I mve fšgz i v Kiv iv óªi iyz c~y KvR ewn:kîyi nvz _ K `k K i vi R b j evwnbx, bš-evwnbx I wegvb evwnbx MVb I ZË veavb iv óªi Acwinvh KZ e cökvmwbk Kvh vejx: mikvix Kvh µg cwipvjbv I ev Íevq bi Rb ivóª K cökvmwbk KvVv gv wbg vy I Kg Pvix wb qvm Ki Z nq A_ bwzk I gỳ ªvbxwZ msµvší Kvh vejx: ` ki Dbœqb Ges mikvwi Kg Pvix `i ezbvw`i Rb ivóª Ki I ïé avh I Av`v qi e e v K i _v K, gỳ ªvbxwZ msµvší KvR iv óªi Acwinvh KvR e j MY nq ˆe `wkk Kvh vejx: ˆe `wkk evwyr ÔmvgwiK Pzw³Õ kvwší I I mn hvwmzv Pzw³, K U bwzk m úk, AvÂwjK RvU MVb cöf wz ˆe `wkk KvR ivóª K i _v K AvBb I wepvi msµvší KvR: AvB bi kvmb cöwzôv, Av`vjZ MVb I cwipvjbvi gva g RbM Yi AwaKvi cöwzôv Ges Acivax `i kvw Í cö`vb iv óªi Acwinvh KvR e j MY nq Hw QK Kvh vejx: bvmwik Rxeb K my `ifv e M o Zvjvi R b ivóª ^ QvcÖ Yvw`Z n q eû RbKj vyg~jk KvR m úv`b K i _v K mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk, mvs wzk I agx q Î bvmwi Ki Kj vy I g½ ji Rb h mg Í KvR ivóª K i m jv K Hw QK Kvh vjx nq Hw QK Kvh vejx wb œiƒc: wk v welqk Kvh vejx: RvwZ K mwvkfv e M o Zvjv Ges bvmwi Ki AwaKvi I KZ e m ú K m PZb Kivi R b ivóª wk v msµvší eûwea KvR K i hgb- zj-k jr, gv`ªvmv, wek we` vjq cöf wz cöwzôvb vcb I cwipvjbv K i _v K wkí-evwyr : ez gvb we k mkj ivóªb wkí-evwy R i cömv ii cö Póv Pvjv Q A_ bwzk Kg KvÛ wekv ki R b, Drcv`b e w i Rb ivóª wkí-kvilvbv vcb, e vsk, exgv I Ab vb cyuwr wewb qvm msmvb jv cwipvjbv K i Rb ^v msi Y: mȳ, mej RbMY iv óªi m ú` Rb ^v i DbœwZi Rb ivóª nvmcvzvj, wkï Kj vy K `ª, wpwkrmv K `ª, gvz m`b I M elyv K `ª vcb K i _v K cvbxq R ji mye vi Rb bjk c Lbb Ges cwi vi-cwiqbœzv Awfhvb cwipvjbv K i g v jwiqv I emší D Q` Awfhvb Ges K jiv I Ab vb e vwai cöwz lak wukv Bb RKkb `qvi e e v K i wmwfk GWy Kkb-1 c ôv-114

hvmv hvm e e v: ` ki hvmv hvm, hvzvqvz e e vi DbœwZi Rb ivóª mok, ij c_, wegvb, bšc_, WvK, Zvi I Uwj dv bi e e v K i AvšÍR vwzk hvmv hv Mi ÎI cö qvrbxq Kvh µg MÖnY K i _v K kªwgk `i Kj vyg~jk KvR: ivóª kªwgk `i Kv h i gqv`, mgq, gryix wba viy, gryix evw I kªg Av`vjZ vcb K i `wi`ª-kªwgk I Rbmvavi Yi jlv-cvovi Rb ivóª wewfbœ Kvh µgmöny K i G cöm ½ Lv ` i wewbg q wk v Kvh µ gi K_v D jøl Kiv hvq mvgvwrk wbivcëv I RbwnZKi Kvh vejx: Rbmvavi Yi Kj v Yi R b ivóª cbkb, Kj vyfvzv, hš_exgv, eq fvzv, ekvifvzv BZ vw` c` c wb q _v K K wl, mpe e vi DbœwZ mvab K i _v K GQvov `ywf, gnvgvix I cövk wzk `y h v Mi mgq cö qvrbxq e e v MÖnY K i _v K iv óªi ^ Qvg~jK Kv h i AvIZv AwZ e vck ez gv b Kvb ivóªb Avi cywjkx ivóª bq ZvB iv óªi Hw QK Kvh vejxi iyz eû Y e w c q Q mvik_v: gvbyl mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk Rxe bi cwic~y Zv jvf K i iv óªi g a ivóª n Q kªô bvmwik msmvb gvbe mgv Ri Kj vy mvabb iv óªi j iv óªi Kvh vejx K `yõfv M fvm Kiv hvq h_v-acwinvh Kvh vejx I Hw QK Kvh vejx c ôv-115

GmGmGBPGj cv VvËi g~j vqb mwvk DËiwU wjlyb 1. Aa vck Mvb vi iv óªi KÕwU D ` k i K_v e j Qb? K. 2wU L. 3wU M. 4wU 2. A vwvg x_ ÔWealth of NationsÕ MÖš wu Kvb kzvãx Z wj L Qb? 1. mß`k kzvãx Z L. lvok kzvãx Z M. Aóv`k kzvãx N. Ebwesk kzvãx 3. iv óªi evb i huviv emevm K i Zviv Ônq `ezv bv nq cïõ G Dw³wU K i Qb - K. m µwum L. c- Uv M. Gwi Uj N. Mvb vi 4. iv óªweávbx DB jvwi I M Uj Kvb iv óªi Kvh vejx `yõfv M fvm K i Qb? K. bmi iv óªi L. BmjvwgK iv óªi M. hy³ivóªxq mikv ii N. AvaywbK iv óªi msw ß DËig~jK cökœ: 1. Aa vck Mvb v ii g Z iv óªi D Ïk jv wk? 2. AvaywbK iv óªi D Ïk jv wk? ipbvg~jk cökœ: 1. iv óªi Acwinvh I Hw QK Kvh vejx Av jvpbv Kiyb DËigvjvt 1. L, 2. M, 3. M I 4. N mnvqk MÖš t R.G. Gettell, Political Science (Boston: Ginn & Co. 1910) wmwfk GWy Kkb-1 c ôv-116

mikv ii kªyxwefvm Classification of Government cvv-3 D Ïk : G cvv k l Avcwb- Gwi Uj KZ K mikv ii kªyxwefvm we køly Ki Z cvi eb AvaywbK mikv ii kªyxwefvm Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb mikv ii kªyxwefvm cövpxbkvj _ K AvaywbKvj ch š hy M hy M eû ivóªweávbx mikv ii kªyxwefvm K i Qb h mg Í ivóweávbx mikv ii Avw` iƒc wb q wpšív-fvebv K i Qb Zv `i g a n iv WvUvm, m µwum, cø Uv, Gwi U ji bvg we klfv e D j- L hvm Z e cövpxbkv ji kªyxwefv Mi g a ivóªweávbx Gwi U ji kªyxwefvmwu Zvrch gwûz m µwum I cø Uvi AbyKi Y Gwi Uj mikv ii kªyxwefvm K i Qb MÖxK `vk wbk Gwi Uj `yõwu g~jbxwzi Dci wfwë K i mikv ii kªyxwefvm K i Qb cö_gwu nj msl vbxwz Ges wøzxqwu j ev D Ïk bxwz msl vbxwzi wfwë Z mikvi K wzwb wzbwu fv M wef³ K i Qb hgb- 1. GKR bi kvmb 2. K qkr bi kvmb 3. eûr bi kvmb D Ïk bxwzi wfwë Z mikvi K `yõwufv M wef³ K i Qb hgb 1. ^vfvwek 2. wek Z Gwi Uj KZ K mikv ii kªyxwefv Mi QK: msl vbxwz mikvi D Ïk bxwz mikv ii ^vfvwekiƒc GKR bi kvmb ivrzš ˆ ^izš K qkr bi kvmb AwfRvZZš awbkzš eûr bi kvmb cwjwu MYZš mikv ii wek Ziƒc bxwz Abyhvqx Dcwi D³ QK _ K eysv hvq h iv óªi gzv hlb GKR bi nv Z _v K Ges kvmk hlb mk ji Kj v Y m gzv cwipvjbv K ib ZLb Zv K ivrzš e j kvmb gzv hlb K qk R bi nv Z _v K Ges m gzv RbM Yi ^v _ cwipvjbv Kiv nq ZLb Zv K ejv nq AwfRvZZš Avevi kvmb gzv hlb eûr bi nv Z _v K Ges Zv hlb mk ji Kj v Y cwipvwjz nq ZLb Zv K cwjwu ejv nq Gwi U ji g Z cwjwu nj DËg mikvi ga weë kªyxi kvmb e e v K wzwb cwjwu e j ey bv K i Qb I D Ïk bxwz Abyhvqx Rbmvavi Yi Dbœqb Kj v Y mikvi cwipvwjz n j Gwi Uj Zv K mikv ii ^vfvwek iƒc e j Qb wkš mikvi Rbmvavi Yi Kj vy K D c v K i e w³ ^v_, `jxq ^v_ ev Mvôx ^v _ cwipvwjz n j Zv K wzwb mikv ii wek Z iƒc e j AvL vwqz K i Qb Gwi U ji kªyxwefvm AvaywbK hy M APj wzwb ivóª I mikv ii g a cv_ K wb ` k Ki Z cv ibwb ez gvb hy M mikv ii iƒc I cök wzi A bk cwiez b N U Q Gwi Uj g~jz bmi iv óªi mv _ cwiwpz wq jb ZvB AvaywbK mikv ii aviyv Zvi kªyxwefv M cöwzdwjz nqwb Zvi mikv ii kªyxwefvm wqj iv óªib kªyxwefvm wzwb MYZš K wek Z mikvi e j D jøl Gwi U ji g Z cwjwu nj DËg mikvi c ôv-117

GmGmGBPGj K i Qb wkš ez gvbkv j MYZvwš K mikvi n Q AvaywbK wpšívavivi wekv k Aby cöiyvi Drm j Zv Z Kvb m `n bb mikv ii AvaywbK kªyxwefvm AvaywbKKv j wewfbœ ivóªweávbx mikv ii kªyxwefvm K i Qb Zv `i g a eøy Umwj, g vkvbfvi, g vwiqu I wjk Ki bvg we klfv e D jøl hvm mikv ii AvaywbK kªyxwefv M iyz c~y Ae`vb i L Qb w db wjkk wjk Ki kªyxwefvm K me v c v mȳ úó hyw³msmz Ges AvaywbK kªyxwefvm e j MY Kiv hvq Avgiv GLb wjk Ki kªyxwefvm m ú K Av jvpbv Kie cö_gz: ^ve fšg gzvi Ae vb Ges Gi cö qvmwewai Dci wfwë K i mikvi K wzwb `yõwu kªyx Z fvm K i Qb h_v-1. MYZš, 2. ˆ ^izš iv óªi mve fšg gzv hlb Rbmvavi Yi Dci b Í _v K Ges RbMY cöz I c iv fv e kvmbkv h AskMÖnY K i ZLb Zv K MYZš e j Ab w` K iv óªi gzv hlb GK e w³i nv Z K `ªxf Z _v K Ges Zv wb Ri B QgZ cö qvm K i ZLb Zv K ˆ ^izš e j wøzxq: ivóª cöav bi gzvjv fi bxwz I c wzi wfwë Z wzwb MYZvwš K mikvi K `yõfv M fvm K i Qb hgb-1. wbqgzvwš K mikvi, 2. cörvzvwš K mikvi wbqgzvwš K ivrz š ivrv ivóªcöavb n ji cök Z kvmb gzv b Í _v K RbMY KZ K wbe vwpz cöwzwbwa `i nv Z hy³iv R i kvmb e e v-gi cök ó D`vniY Ab w` K ivóªcöavb hlb cöz ev c iv fv Ui gva g wbe vwpz nb Zv K cörvzvwš K mikvi e j hgb- gvwk b hy³iv óªi mikvi Z ZxqZ: AvBb wefvm I kvmb wefv Mi g a m ú K i wfwë Z wzwb MYš K gwš cwil` kvwmz mikvi I ivóªcwz kvwmz mikvi G `yõfv M fvm K i Qb gwš cwil` kvwmz mikvi e e vq kvmb wefvm AvBb mfvi wbku `vqx _v K GKwU gwš cwil` Øviv iv óªi kvmb e e v cwipvwjz nh hgb evsjv `k, fviz I weª U b gwš cwil` kvwmz mikvi Ab w` K ivóªcwz kvwmz mikv i kvmb wefvm AvBb wefv Mi wbku `vqx bq GLv b kvmbfvi b Í _v K ivóªcwz ev cöwm W Ui Dci gwš cwil` Zv `i KvRK g i Rb ivóªcwzi wbku `vqx _v Kb ivóªcwz AvBb mfvi wbku `vqx bb hgb-hy³iv óªi cöwm W U PZz_ Z: K `ª I cö ` ki g a gzv e U bi wfwë Z MYZvwš K mikvi K wzwb `yõfv M wef³ K i Qb h_v-gk K `ªxK I hy³ivóªxq mikvi msweav bi gva g iv óªi mkj gzv hlb K `ªi Dci b Í nq ZLb m mikvi K GK Kw `ªK mikvi ejv nq hgb evsjv `k mikvi Avevi msweavb Abyhvqx hlb K `ªxq cöv `wkk mikv ii g a gzv e Ub Kiv nq ZLb Zv K hy³ivóªxq mikvi ejv nq hgb-av gwikvi I KvbvWvi hy³ivóªxq mikvi ˆ ^izš K KZ c i cök wzi Dci wfwë K i wzwb mikvi K wzbfv e wef³ K i Qb h_v- 1. wbi¼zk ivrš, 2. GKbvqKZš, 3. mvgwik KwZcqZš KZ Z i cök wz I e vckzvi wfwë Z ˆ ^izš K Avevi KZ Z ev`x I me vz Kev`x G `yõfv M wef³ K i Qb AvaywbKZv cöey KZ Z ev`x mikvi Avevi mvgwik I emvgwik GB `yõai bi n Z cv i ivóªweávbx w db wjkk AvaywbK ` wófw½i gva g Gfv e mikv ii kªyxwefvm Dc vcb K iqb mvik_v: cövpxbkv j hviv mikv ii kªyxwefvm K i Qb Zv `i g a ivóªweávbx Gwi U ji kªyxwefvmwu iy Z i `vex`vi wzwb msl v I bxwzi Dci wfwë K i mikv ii kªyx wefvm K i Qb ez gvb hy M mikv ii iƒc I cök wzi A bk cwiez b N U Q AvaywbKKv j ivóªweávbx w d bi hšw³k I ev Íe ` wóf½x w` q mikv ii Zvrch gwûz kªyxwefvm K i Qb wzwb kvmb wefvm I AvBb wefv Mi m úk, K `ª I cö ` ki gzv e U bi wfwë Z mikv ii ev Íem Z kªyxweb vm K i Qb wmwfk GWy Kkb-1 c ôv-118

cv VvËi g~j vqb ˆbe w³k cökœ mwvk DËiwU wjlyb 1. `yõwu g~jbxwzi Dci mikv ii kªyxwefvm K i Qb K? K. m µwum L. c- Uv M. Gwi Uj N. n iv WvUvm 2. Gwi U ji g Z DËg mikvi KvbwU? K. MYZš L. ivrzš M. AwfRvZš N. cwjwu 3. mikv ii me vaywbk kªyxwefvm K i Qb K? K. iy kv L. Mvb vi M. g U z N. wjkk msw ß DËig~jK cökœ: 1. Gwi Uj Kvb wfwë Z mikv ii kªyxwefvm K i Qb? ipbvg~jk cökœ: 1. Gwi U ji mikv ii kªyxwefvm Av jvpbv Kiyb 2. AvaywbK mikv ii kªyx wefvm ey bv Kiyb DËvigvjv: 1. M, 2. N. 3. N mnvqk MÖš W. GgvRDÏxb Avng` ivóªweáv bi K_v cö dmi BDbym Avjx `Iqvb, cšiweávb cwiwpwz c ôv-119

cvv-4 GmGmGBPGj RvZxq msnwz (National Integration) D Ïk : G cvv k l Avcwb- RvZxq msnwz wk Zv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb RvZxq msnwzi mgm v m ú K Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb ^vaxbzv jvf Kivi P qi RvwZ MVb AviI KwVb KvR RvZxq msnwz wk? AvaywbKxKiY I ivr bwzk Dbœqb cöwµqvq RvZxq msnwz GKwU iyz c~y vb `Lj K i Av Q Aa vck GjgÛ ivr bwzk Dbœq bi Î KZK jv msk Ui K_v D jøl K i Qb, RvZxq msnwzi mgm v Zvi g a Ab Zg Z Zxq we k i Dbœqbkxj ivóªmg~n Av_ -mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk msk Ui m ylxb Zv `i g~j mgm v n Q RvZxq msnwzi mgm v Gi d j Dbœq bi MwZ e vnz n Q m` ^vaxbzv cövß A bk `kb Dcjwä K i Q h, ^vaxbzv jvf Kivi P q RvwZ MVb AviI KwVb KvR GKwU msáv Øviv RvZxq msnwz ey bv Kiv hvq bv RvZxq msnwz K_vwU e vck A _ e envi Kiv nq RvZxq msnwz ev HK mvab n Q Ggb GK cöwµqv hvi gva g mvgvwrk I mvs wzk w`k w` q c _K KZK jv Mvôx ev m úö`vq K GKwU f LÛMZ AvIZvax b wb q G m RvZxq GKvZ Zv cöwzôv Kiv nq msnwz nj mikv ii mb gzv hvi gva g mb iv óªi fzi mg Í msmv bi Dci wbqš Y ev KZ Z LvUv Z cv i Ges GB gzve j RbM Yi AvÂwjK I mskxy ` wó fw½ `~i K i RvZxq PZbvi m wó K i cö dmi iibk Rvnvb AwfgZ e ³ K i e jb, RvZxq msnwz nj mb cöwµqv hvi Øviv Ggb GKwU RvZxq ivr bwzk e e v m wó Kiv nq hv mkj AvÂwjK e e v K Aaxb ev A½xf Z K i d j (National integration in broadly defined terms refer to the process by which a national political system is created which supersedes or incorporates all the regional subsystem) GKwU ivr bwzk e e vq m úk hy³ Rb Mvôx hlb ^Ztù Z fv e RvZxq PZbvq DØy nq ZLb Avgiv Zv K RvZxq msnwz e j wpwýz Ki Z cvwi Kvb e e v K GKZve ivlvi mvaviy mgm v eysv Z msnwz K_vwU e eüz nq Gi m ½ we kly hvm K i ejv nq RvZxq msnwz, fš MvwjK msnwz, AvPiYMZ, g~j evamz msnwz, ivr bwzk msnwz BZ vw` Avgv `i Av jvp welq n Q RvZxq msnwz Dcwi D³ Av jvpbv I we køly _ K msnwz ej Z hv eysvq Zv n jv: 1. msnwz ej Z RvZxq GKvZ Zv cöwzôvkiy K eysvq 2. GUv Aaxb Í ivr bwzk BDwbU ev AÂj jvi Dci RvZxq KZ Z cöwzôvi cöwz Bw½Z enb K i 3. msnwz ej Z kvmk kvwm Zi hvmm~î vcb Kivi mgm vi K_v eysv bv nq 4. KLbI GUv g j evamz b~ bzg g ZK K eysv bv nq hv mvgvwrk k Ljv I MwZkxjZvi R b cö qvrb 5. msnwz K_vwU gvbwek m úk I g bvfv ei weivu Î K AšÍfz ³ K i Dbœqbkxj RvwZ jv m ú K GKwU K_v iy Z i m ½ ejv n q _v K h Zv `i g~j mgm v n Q RvZxq msnwz AR b Kiv hv A_ bwzk Dbœq bi c~e kz GWIqvW kxjm I Gj evbûvi D jøl K ib h, ivr bwzk Dbœqb I RvZxq msnwz n Q hymcr mshy³ welq RvZxq msnwzi w` K h Kvb c` c ivr bwzk Dbœq bi m~pk wmwfk GWy Kkb-1 c ôv-120

RvZxq msnwz n Q GwjU I RbM Yi ga Kvi fš MvwjK g~j evamz msnwzg~jk AvPiY RvZxq msnwz g~jz f LÛMZ I RvZxqZv eva m wó mgm vi cöwz BswMZ cö`vb K i; hv mskxy AvbyMZ K `~ixf Z Ki e A_ev Aaxb K i b e GKwU ivr bwzk e e vq bvbv DcRvwZ Mvôx ev m úö`vq _vk Z cv i Zv `i g a mskxy Av`k ` wófw½mz cv_ K Ges Ø Ø-msNvZ _vkv ^vfvwek GKwU ivr bwzk e e vi w wzkxjzv Ges c~y Kvh KvwiZvi Rb G mg Ø Øi Aemvb niqv Aek Kvg G mkj DcRvwZ Mvôx K GKwU RvZxq m úö`v qi Aš fz ³ Kivi cöwµqvi bvgb n Q RvZxq msnwz be ^vaxbzv cövß `k jv Z RbmvaviY ivr bwzk e e vq e vckfv e AskMÖn Yi my hvm jvf bv Kivq mlv b RvZxq msnwzi cö qvrbxqzv D PZi gvîvq `Lv w` q Q Z Zxq we k i `k jv bvbv ai bi msnwzmz mgm vi m ylxb mikv ii e vck Kvh µg mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk Î cwiez bi AvKv v-msnwzmz mgm vi m wó K i ivóª hlb m ú` Kv R jvmv bv Ges e Ub Kivi e vcv i mwµq nq ZLb mvaviy gvbyl I Gwj Ui g a bzzb ai bi msnwzi cö qvrb `Lv `q RvZxq msnwz mva bi Î i q Q eûwea mgm v Avgiv GLv b MvôxMZ I m úö`vqmz cv_ K, wk vi Afve I bz Z i msku I GB PviwU mgm v wb q Av jvpbv Kie MvôxMZ I m úö`vqmz cv_ K bzzb ivóª jvi g a ag, ey, fvlv I HwZ n i w`k _ K cv_ K `Lv hvq Jcwb ewkk kvm bi Aemvb NwU q ^vaxbzv jvf Ki ji MvôxMZ cv_ K wewfbœ ÎB cwijw Z nq d j RvZxq HK gvivz Kfv e e nz nq AvÂwjK I m úö`vwqkzvi welev ú RvZxq msnwzi cöwz P v jä n q `Lv `q GKvZ Zvi msk Ui d j mikvi K bvbvwea Amyweavi m ylxb n Z nq wk vi Afve Z Zxq we k i `k jv Z wk vi nvi LyeB Kg G mkj ` ki mgvre e v wewfbœ Kzms v i RR wiz wk vi Afv e Zviv Zv `i bvmwikzv eva I RvZxq PZbv eva m ^ Ü h _ô Ávb jvf Ki Z cv i bv Awk vi Kvi YB cðvrc` mgvr e e vq mskxy ` wófw½, gzvi gvn, A _ i jvf, e w³ ^v_, DMÖ agx q wpšív-fvebv weivr K i D`vi PZbv ev ai Afv e wewfbœ agx q m úö`v qi g a mnae vb A bk mg qb m eci n q D V bv Awk v bvmwik `i g a mskxy Zv I z`ª gvbwmkzvi Rb `q Gi d j RvZxq msnwzi Î HK e wpš v- PZbv cövqkb aviy Ki Z cv i bv ZvB wb:m ` n GK_v ejv hvq h, Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z wk vi Afve msnwzi c _ GKwU eo evav wn m e KvR Ki Q bz Z i Afve Z Zxq we k i `k jv h mg Í Yvejxi gva g msnwz jvf Ki Z cv i bz Z Zvi g a Ab Zg RvZxq HK I msnwzi R b cö qvrb hvm bz Z i RvwZ MV b bz Z i f wgkv Acwimxg Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z ivr bwzk bz e `i `vwqz nxb AvPi Yi Kvi Y RvZxq msnwz mvab evavmö Í n q c o bz e `i e w³z I Av` k i g a m RbkxjZvi Afve cwijw Z nq Avi G Kvi YB GwjU I RbM Yi g a myôz hvmv hvm I mg SvZv M o I Vwb msnwzi R b cö qvrb fvimvg c~y AvÂwjK Dbœqb my hvm bz Z e ZxZ GKwU ` ki Av_ mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk Dbœqb Am e e vcvi Dbœqbkxj ` ki bz e ` wep YZvi mv _ `k cwipvjbv Ki Z m g n j ivr bwzk w wzkxjzv I RvZxq mswnz AR b mnr n e Awk v bvmwik `i g a mskxy Zv I z`ª gvbwmkzvi Rb `q c ôv-121

GmGmGBPGj RvZxq msnwzi R b cö qvrb ivr bwzk cöwzôvb jvi myôz wekvk mvgvwrk b vq wepvi, mvg, AvB bi kvmb ˆbwZKZv cöf wz g~j eva I Av`k RvZxq msnwzi R b LyeB iyz c~y welq Dbœqbkxj ` ki bz e ` ivóª KvVv gvi g a G mkj Av`k cöwzwôz Ki Z cv iwb G e _ Zv I wech q RvZxq msnwzi c euvav ^iƒc RvZxq msnwzi R b cö qvrb ivr bwzk cöwzôvb jvi myôz wekvk j Yxq h, 1958 mvj _ K cvwk Ív b Ges 1975 mvj _ K evsjv ` k ek K qkevi mvgwik n Í ci Kvi Y GmKj ` k ivr bwzk msmvb I RvZxq msnwzi c_ mymg n q IV Z cv iwb mvgwik evwnbx: Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I j vwub Av gwikvi wewfbœ ` k mvgwik evwnbxi n Í c Ges gzv `L ji cöeyzv ivóªweávbx `i cöavb Av jvp wel q cwiyz n q Q mvgwik evwnbxi gzv `L ji d j eû`jxq kvmbe e vi wejywß N U Ges GKbvqKZ cöwzwôz nq gzv `L ji d j MYZš I e w³ ^vaxbzv webó nq mvgwik n Í ci Kvi Y evk ^vaxbzv, ivr bwzk ^vaxbzv I msev`c Îi ^vaxbzv gvivz Kfv e e vnz nq Ges AeavwiZfv e czb N U MYZ š i `Lv `q mvsweavwbk msku Ges e w cvq cökvmwbk RwUjZv mvgwik kvmb webó K i A_ bwzk fvimvg Gi d j zyœ nq bvmwi Ki gšwjk AwaKvi mvgwik evwnbxi n Í c Gfv e Dbœqbkxj ` k RvZxq msnwzi AšÍivq m wó K i mvik_v: we k i Dbœqbkxj RvwZ jv RvZxq msnwzi mgm vq wbgw¾z RvZxq msnwz mikv ii mb gzv K eysvq hvi mvnv h iv óªi hvezxq msmv bi Dci KZ Z Pvjv Z cv i msnwz mg Í AvÂwjK I mskxy ` wóf½x `~ixf Z K i RvZxq PZbvi wekvk mvab K i mkj DcRvZx Mvôx K GKwU RvZxq m úö`v qi AšÍfz ³ Kivi bvg RvZxq msnwz MYZvwš K I ivr bwzk K wói myôz wekvk Ges wep Y bz Z RvZxq msnwz jv fi Î iyz c~y f wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i wmwfk GWy Kkb-1 c ôv-122

cv VvËi g~j vqb ˆbe w³k cökœ: mwvk DËiwU wjlyb 1. ivr bwzk Dbœq bi Î RvZxq msnwzi K_v K e j Qb? K. GWIqvW kxjm L. evbûvi M. GjgÛ N. Kvjg vb 2. ^vaxbzvi jvf Kivi P q KwVb KvR KvbwU? K. ` ki Dbœqb L. RvwZ MVb M. gzv we K `ªxKiY N. cökvmwbk Dbœqb 3. RvZxq msnwzi Rb wk cö qvrb? K. ivr bwzk cöwzôvb jvi myôz wekvk L. ivr bwzk `j MVb M. A_ bwzk Dbœqb N. mylg e Ub msw ß DËig~jK cökœ: 1. RvZxq msnwz ej Z wk eysvq? ipbvg~jk cökœ: 1. RvZxq msnwzi Î cöavb cöavb mgm vejx Av jvpbv Kiyb DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. L, 3. K c ôv-123

cvv-5 GmGmGBPGj wecøe I ms vi Revolution and Reformation D Ïk : G cvv k l Avcwb- wecøe m ú K Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb wecøe m ú K gvk mxq ` wóf½x e vl v Ki Z cvi eb ms v ii msáv w` Z cvi eb wecøe I ms v ii g a Zzjbv Ki Z cvi eb wecøe n jv mvgvwrk I ivóª KvVv gvi gšwjk cwiez b e vckfv e RbM Yi AskMÖnY I n Í c wecø ei g~j welq wecøe wecøe I ms v ii ga w` q we k i BwZnv mi AMÖMwZ mvwaz n q Q mvaviyfv e wecøe ej Z mwnsm c _ GK`j KZ K Aci`j kvm Ki cwiez b eysvq mgvrz š i cöe³v, `vk wbk Kvj gvk m wecøe K BwZnv mi wbqš v wn m e AwfwnZ K i Qb mgvrweávbx G ½jm D jøl K ib, wecøe nj Ggb GKUv nvwzqvi hvi mvnv h mvgvwrk Av `vjb cyi bv ivr bwzk a vb aviyv jv K P Y -wep Y K i `q jwbb wecøe K kvwlz Avi wbcxwoz `i g nvrme e j D jøl K i Qb jwb bi K_vq cyi bv mgvr e e v f ½ bzzb mgvr cöwzôv Kivi A_ n Q wecøe gvi mzzs Gi fvlvq -ey R vqv mgvr KvVv gv D Q` K i kvlynxb mgvr cöwzôv Kivi bvg n Q wecøe gvk mev`x `i g Z, wecøe ej Z ej cö qv Mi gva g cöpwjz ivóªe e v Ges I kvmk kªyxi DrLvZ Ges Av_ mvgvwrk KvVv gvi gšwjk cwiez b K eysvq gvkmx `i g Z Drcv`b m úk I e Ub e e vi Avg~j cwiez bb nj wecøe Avmj K_v n jv wecøe GKwU cömwzkxj bzzb mgvr e e vq DËiY NUvq Gm wc nvw UsU bi g Z- wecøe n Q Kvb mgv Ri cöavb cöavb g~j eva I wek v mi Î Gi mvgvwrk KvVv gv, ivr bwzk cöwzôvb, bzv I mikvwi Kvh Kjvc Ges bxwz mg~ ni gšwjk I Af šíixy cwiez b (A Revolution is a rapid fundamental and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myth of society, in its political institution, social Structure, leadership and Government activities and policies') gyjz wecøe n jv mvgvwrk I ivóª KvVv gvi gšwjk cwiez b wecø ei D jøl hvm ` óvší wn m e Avgiv 1688 mv j Bsj v Ûi MŠiegq wecøe, 1789 mv ji divmx wecøe, 1917 mv ji iyk mgvrzvwš K wecøe, 1949 mv j Px bi wecø ei K_v Avgiv ej Z cvwi nvw UsUb D jøl K ib h, wecøe K Aek B h Kvb ikg MYAv `vjb, we `ªvn, Afz Ìvb, A_ev ^vaxbzv hy _ K c _K K i `L Z n e KviY G jv mgvr KvVv gvi Avg~j cwiez b K i bv G A _ we k wecøe Lye KgB msnwuz n q Q AZx Zi eo eo mf Zv hgb- wgki, cvim, e vwejb, fviz, Pxb, MÖxm I ivg G jvi eskmz cwiez b Ges we `ªv ni AwfÁZv _vk ji KvbwUB wecøe mv` k bq cövpxb mvgªvr jv Z wewfbœ Mv Îi DÌvb-cZb msnwuz n ji Zv K wecøe ejv hvq bv G cöm ½ G v i U nvbœv e jb h, hlv b mwnsmzvi d j GKwU bzzb ivr bwzk e e v cöwzwôz nq Ges m ú~b fv e wfbœ agx mikvi e e v M o Zz j Zv K wecøe ejv nq e vckfv e RbM Yi AskMÖnY I n Í c wecø ei g~j welq Kvb wecøe KZ eo Zv wepvi Ki Z n e Rbmvavi Yi AskMÖn Yi ZxeªZvi Øviv wecøe Ggb Kvb wkqy bq hv Kvb mgv R h Kvb mg q msnwuz n Z cv i wecø ei R b AbyK j cwi ek Avek K hlb ivrbxwz Z bzzb bzzb Mvôxi AskMÖn Yi PzovšÍ we ùviy N U, ZLb wecø ei m wó nq gvbe BwZnv m wecøe msnwuz niqvi ` óvší Lye Kg wmwfk GWy Kkb-1 c ôv-124

gvk mxq ` wó KvY _ K wecøe: gvk mev`xmy HwZnvwmK e Íyev `i wfwë Z wecø ei e vl v K i Qb mgv Ri ˆelwqK Drcv`vb cöyvjxi g a B h Ø Øi exr wbwnz ZviB Aek vex cwiywz nj mgvr wecøe mgv Ri Af šíixy Ges evwn K we iv ai d j ˆecøweK cöwµqv RwUj AvKvi aviy K i mvgvwrk wecø ei g~j Drm nj mgv Ri Af šíixy ci úi we ivax kªyxmg~ ni Ø Ø, bzzb Drcvw`Kv kw³ I mv ekx Drcv`b m ú K i we iva GB we iva kªyx msmöv gi gva g cöwzdwjz nq Kvb Kvb kªyx mbvzb Drcv`b m ú K Ges Zvi Dci cöwzwôz mvgvwrk ivr bwzk e e v wuwk q ivlvi Póv K i wkš wecøex kw³ Zv aÿsm Kivi R b msmövg K i wecøex kªyx cyi bv ivóª gzvi D Q` NUvq, mv ek ivr bwzk Dcwi KvVv gv aÿsm K i bzzb ai bi ivóª gzv Ges bzzb Drcv`b m úk M o Zv j mkj mvgvwrk Ø Øi g~j Ø Ø nj Drcvw`Kv kw³ I Drcv`b m ú K i Ø Ø G we iv ai d j Drcv`b cöyvjx Avi GK Drcv`b cöyvjx Z, GK mgvr _ K Avi GK mgv R DËiY N U bzzb Drcvw`Z kw³ I cyi bv Drcv`b m ú K i we iva hlb Pi g cušqvq ZLb mgvr wecø ei A_ bwzk eywbqv` cö Z nq bzzb Drcvw`Kv kw³ Ges cyi bv Drcv`b m ú K i Awbevh we iv ai d j cyivzb mgvr aÿsm n q bzzb mgvr Rb jvf K i mvgvwrk wecø ei gva gb gvbe mgvr Drcv`b cöyvjxi wbæ ch vq _ K D P ch v q DcbxZ n q Q ivrbxwz Z AskMÖn Yi Kvb we ùviy bv NU j Kvb wecøe msnwuz n Z cv i bv h mkj mgv R wkqy cwigvy mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk Dbœqb mvwaz n q Q Ges Rxeb hvîv RwUj n q c o Q; m mkj mgv R wnsmvz K Kvh Kjv ci b vq wecøe msnwuz niqvi m vebv _v K wecø ei d j cöpwjz ivr bwzk cöwzôvb jv `ªyZ e vckfv e f ½ c o bzzb bzzb mvgvwrk Mvôx jv ivr bwzk cöwµqvq Zrci n q D V Ges bzzb ivr bwzk cöwzôvb c o Zv j cyi bv Drcv`b m ú K i we jvc mvab Ges bzzb Drcvw`Kv kw³i m ½ mvgäm c~y m úk vcbb gvk mxq wecø ei j ˆecøweK cwiw wz _vk jb wecøe msnwuz nq bv Zvi Rb cö qvrb ˆecøweK Z Ë i wfwë Z MwVZ ˆecøweK kªyx, `j I msmvb ˆecøweK cwiw wz, wecøex kªyx I msmv bi H K i gva gb wecøe mdj n Z cv i mvgvwrk wecø e kvwlz I wbcxwoz kªyxb mwµq f wgkv cvjb K i ZvivB wecø ei PvwjKv kw³ wecøe i³ qx wnsmvz K ev kvwšíc~y c _ n Z cv i Z e gvkm ev`xmy ejcö qv Mi Øvw ØK m ú K wek vmx GK_v mz h, ^Z:ù Z fv e KL bv wecøe nq bv wecø ei R b cö qvrb PvwjKv kw³ h mkj Mvôx I kªyx wecøe mvab K i ZvivB wecø ei PvwjKv kw³ wecø ei Î wecøex PvwjKv kw³i iyz Acwimxg kvmk kªyx ivóª gzvi gva g wecøe cöwz iv ai Póv K i kvmk kªyx ^ Qvq ivóª gzv cwiz vm K i bv G Kvi Y h Kvb wecø eb ivóª gzvi cökœuv eo n q `Lv `q wecø ei gva g w i nq Kvb kªyx ivóª gzv `Lj K i KZ Z jvf Ki e gvk mxq ZË wecøe K mskxy A _ e vl v K i bv gvk mev`xmy wecøe ej Z Ggb GKwU HwZnvwmK cöwµqv K eysvb hvi gva g cyi bv mgvr aÿsm nq, M o D V GK bzzb mgvr ˆecøweK cöwµqv mgv Ri Avg~j cwiez b mvab K i Zv `i cöavb j nj kvlygy³ mgvr MVb Kiv ms vi mgv Ri wekvk I AMÖMwZi ^v _ B cö qvrb `Lv `q ms v ii ms vi n Q Ggb GK cwiez b hlv b ivóª I mgv Ri cöpwjz KvVv gv wvk i L cökvm bi Kvb As ki ev we kl Kvb w` Ki cwez b cwiea b, ms hvrb ev we qvrb K ms vi ejv nq Gm wc nvw UsU bi g Z ms vi ej Z Ggb GK cwiez bi K_v eysvq hlv b mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk I ivr bwzk mvg weavb Kiv nq mvgvwrk I ivóªxq Kg Kv Û RbMY e vckfv e AskMÖnY K i _v K (Reform means a change in the direction of greater social, mkj mvgvwrk Ø Øi g~j Ø Ø nj Drcvw`Kv kw³ I Drcv`b m ú K i Ø Ø ^Ztù Z fv e KL bv wecøe nq bv wecø ei R b cö qvrb PvwjK kw³ mgv Ri wekvk I AMÖMwZi ^v _ B cö qvrb `Lv `q ms v ii c ôv-125

GmGmGBPGj ms vi mgv Ri AvswkK cwiez b wb q Av m economic or political regulatory, a broadening of participation in the society and polity.) g~jz mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk, A_ bwzk I mvs wzk cöwzwu ÎB Af š ixy I evwn Kfv e aximwz Z Ges mxwgz cwigv Y cwiez b mvwaz niqv K ms vi e j ez gvb we k AvaywbK ivóªmg~n RbKj vyg~jk Z Ë i mvnv h wewfbœ Î e vckfv e ms vig~jk Kg c wz MÖnY K i Q KviY wecøe cöwz iv a ms v ii f wgkv LyeB iyz c~y wecøe I ms v ii Zzjbv wecøe I ms v ii g a iyz c~y cv_ K cwijw Z nq mvaviyfv e wecøe Ges ms vi `yõwu ci úi we ivax cöwµqv ms vi GKwU mvgvwrk cöwµqv kvmk kªyx ms v ii gva g mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk Ø Ø `~ixki Yi Póv K i ms vi mgvr e e vi cwiez b K i mgv Ri vwqz I msi Yi Póv K i mgv Ri msnwz mvab ms v ii cöavb j wkš wecøe mgvr e e vi Avg~j cwiez b mvab K i gvk mev`xiv g b K i ms viev`x e e v mgv R we` gvb Drcv`b m úk cwiez bi we ivax ms v ii gva g Amg Drcv`b e e v KL bv wbg~ j nq bv kvlk kªyx ms vi K j c~i Yi KŠkj wn m e cöny K i GB j nj: 1. ˆecøweK msmöv gi ZxeªZv n«vm Kiv, 2. Rbmavi Yi g a wecøe we ivax gvbwmkzv M o Zvjv wecøe I ms v ii g a cv_ K nj gvîvi ZviZg wecø ei d j MvUv mgv Ri cwiez b nq Avi ms vi mgv Ri AvswkK cwiez b wb q Av m wecøe AwZ Aímg q Ges `ªyZMwZ Z mvgvwrk KvVv gvi cwiez b K i Ab w` K ms vi kvwšíc~y I aximwz Z cwiez b Av b wecøe GKwU `ki ivrbxwz Z K VviZv I AbgbxqZv e w K i c vší i ms vi ivrbxwz Z bgbxq I D`vi cwi ek m wó K i wecøex K cöwzwµqvkxj `i weiy msmövg Ki Z nq Aciw` K ms vik i Ykxj I wecøex `i weiy A_ vr `yb d«u jovb Ki Z nq wecø ei d j A bk i³cvz nq; hv ms v i mvaviyz N U bv Avmj K_v nj ms vi cöpwjz mvgvwrk KvVv gvi m ú~y cwiez b K i bv GKgvÎ wecø ei gva gb mgvr e e vi Avg~j cwiez b m e mvik_vt wecøe I ms v ii g a w` qb wek e e vi cwiez b AMÖMwZ mvwaz n q Q wecøe GKwU cömwzkxj bzzb mgvre e vi DËiY NUvq wecøe cöwz Aímg q mgvr e e vi Avg~j cwiez b wb q Av m Ab w` K ms vi kvwšíc~y I aximwz Z mgv Ri cwiez b NUvq wmwfk GWy Kkb-1 c ôv-126

cv VvËi g~j vqb ˆbe w³k cökœ mwvk DËiwU wjlyb 1. wecøe K kvwlz Avi wbcxwoz `i g nvrme e j D jøl K i Qb K? K. Kvj gvk m L. jwbb M. G ½jm N. gvi mzzs 2. divwm wecøe msnwuz n qwqj KZ mv j? K. 1688 L. 1789 M. 1917 N. 1949 3. wecøe K BwZnv mi wbqš K wn m e D jøl K i Qb K? K. vwjb L. jwbb M. KvjgvK m N. nvwpwgb msw ß DËig~jK cökœ 1. wecø ei msáv w`b 2. wecøe I ms v ii Zzjbv Kiyb ipbvg~jk cökœ: 1. gvk mxq ` wó Kvb _ K wecø ei e vl v Kiyb DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. L, 3. M mnvqk MÖš : 1. W. GgG Iqv`ỳ f ubqv, mvgvwrk cwiez b I ivr bwzk Dbœq bi iƒc ilv 2. Hanna Aren t, On Revolution, Viking press 1963 c ôv-127